Needs and Challenges of Nigeria Petroleum Industry in Assessing Process Safety Cumulative Risk

A cross-sectional exploratory assessment of the needs and challenges of petroleum industry in Nigeria, in assessing process safety cumulative risk for major accidents prevention was investigated. A purposive cum random sampling technique was used in this study, among selected petroleum companies operating in Nigeria. Survey questionnaires were received from 216 participants made up of asset integrity engineers/operators, process safety experts, production safety professionals in the petroleum industry in Nigeria. Data analyses were carried out to cover descriptive and inferential statistics. Overall, the study recognized that assessing process safety cumulative risk is not a simple process due largely to the changing nature of safety critical barriers degradation data. The study result showed four main challenges faced by petroleum industries in Nigeria, in assessing process safety cumulative risk: 1) the study showed that 94% of the respondents agreed that there is limited accessibility to safety critical barriers degradation data (little automation). Also 2) 94% of the respondents accounted for poor knowledge of process safety cumulative risk is and agreed it to be of low rating. The result further showed that 3) 90% of the respondents demonstrated that there are no guidance and procedures in assessing process safety cumulative risk and finally 4) 92% of the respondents reported that there is no real-time risk visualization model/ tool. Addressing these issues and challenges by the petroleum industries in the study area, will lead to successful assessment of process safety cumulative risk, thereby reducing the risk of major accidents.

Estimation on Global Reaction Heat for the Aromatization Process of Liquefied Petroleum Gas

The reaction heat effect analysis for the aromatization process of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was completed in this paper. In order to characterize this complex reaction system, one set of independent reactions was determined by means of atomic coefficient matrix method. Based on reaction thermodynamic and stoichiometric knowledge, the heat effect, Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant for each independent reaction was calculated for the specified conditions. Under these conditions, based on the initial and final composition data from LPG aromatization experiments, the actual extent of reaction for each independent reaction was determined. Furthermore, the global reaction heat and adiabatic temperature rise of LPG aromatization reaction system could be estimated. This work would provide a theoretical guidance for the design and scale-up of reactor for LPG aromatization process, as well as for the selection of proper operating conditions.

《China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology》征订启事

China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology(中国炼油与石油化工)(ISSN 1008-6234;CN 11-4012/TE)创刊于1999年,季刊,是中国出版的炼油和石油化工方面的第一份英文期刊,由石油化工科学研究院主办,属综合(指导)类科技期刊,报道内容以中国国内信息为主,兼顾世界各地的重要科技动态。

An Improved Calculation of the Thermodynamically Based Allocation of Cumulative Exergy Consumption in the Petroleum Distillation Process

从 exergy 分析的应用程序产生的最普通的问题之一在产出几个有用产品的石油蒸馏过程是累积 exergy 消费(CExC ) 的分配。基于 exergy 的概念，在石油蒸馏过程的产品(MSPP ) 的最小的分离电源的改进计算在这篇文章被提供。MSPP 的计算能从 exergy 的概念被导出。相关数学模型被建立。最后，到案例研究的这个方法的申请被给，并且结果作为一个分配参数与用质量的相比。

Operations Improvement Function and Organisational Adaptability of Petroleum Tank Farms in South-South, Nigeria

The study examined the nexus between operations improvement function (dimensioned by contingency planning, benchmarking and continuous improvement processes) and organisational adaptability of Petroleum tank farms in South-South, Nigeria. The contingency theory and the theory of routine dynamics underpinned the study, and positivism was the underlying philosophy. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey through the use of questionnaire. 820 middle and top-level managers constituted the elements of the population, and the Krejcie & Morgan’s formula was used to determine the sample size of 262 respondents. Structural Equation Modeling was deployed to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 significance level. The results showed that contingency planning;benchmarking and continuous improvement processes all have a significant positive relationship with organisational adaptability of Petroleum tank farms in South-South, Nigeria. The study concludes that Petroleum tank farms’ operations should focus on the adoption of contingency planning, benchmarking and continuous improvement processes to enhance organisational adaptability. Therefore, it is recommended that the management of Petroleum tank farms should put in place mechanisms to advance continuous improvement processes by allocating the necessary amount of resources, such as energy, time and money, in order to promote the continuous development of the continuous improvement systems. Furthermore, managers of Petroleum tank farms should make better the adoption of contingency planning, ensuring that there is as much necessary training and information for employees on how to act during a crises situation, in order to evaluate safety and prepare in advance for recovery from disasters.

富产化学品的绿色高效石油碱催化新技术

近年来,碱催化技术和原油直接制化学品技术越来越受到人们的关注。本文报道中国海洋石油集团有限公司开发的原油直接催化转化制化学品(DPC)碱催化技术,包括催化剂性能、工业试验效果、碱催化技术与分子筛酸催化技术的比较以及碱催化反应特点、反应机理等。DPC碱催化技术开发的关键是在发现可大幅减少焦炭和干气产率的催化新材料基础上,合成制备出高水热稳定性的介孔材料及具有高碱活性稳定性的碱催化剂,并开发出配套的反应-再生新工艺。处理劣质重油原料时,DPC技术比延迟焦化技术和催化裂化(FCC)技术更具优势,而与处理常压渣油或减压渣油的加氢处理工艺,即常压渣油加氢脱硫(ARDS)或减压渣油加氢脱硫(VRDS)技术相比,DPC技术也具有更多的优势。DPC技术在大幅降低干气和焦炭产率的同时,还能大幅提高化学品收率,是目前唯一适用于原油、蜡油、常压渣油、减压渣油、油砂沥青等各类原料的新技术。经初步证实,DPC碱催化技术遵循负碳离子反应机理,几乎不发生氢转移和芳烃缩合反应,但也表现出一定的裂解和异构化反应能力,是当前对用分子筛固体酸催化处理重油技术的颠覆性技术,可以取代延迟焦化、FCC、ARDS或VRDS工艺,为原油直接制化学品提供理论与技术指导、支撑与引领。

海外油气在产项目综合能力分析

在“一带一路”倡议实施的背景下,能源领域的油气项目合作建设受到了广泛关注。中国作为石油进口国,同海外国家开展石油项目的合作是确保国家油气供应和能源安全的关键。与国内油气项目相比,海外项目投资大且回收期长,风险更高,政治、环境等不确定因素多。目前现有的评价考核体系大多从经济或风险单因素角度出发进行分析评测,其综合性与全面性不足,需要建立一套科学的项目综合能力评判方法对在产项目评价,选取优质项目运营。采用层次分析法计算权重,构建了一套多维度综合考虑各影响因素且能定量分析项目的评价体系,通过实证数据进行海外石油项目综合能力的比较,实现对海外在产项目的遴选及高质量发展。

APPLICATION OF HOT-PRESS SINTERING TECHNIQUE TO EXPLOSIVE CHARGE LINER OF PETROLEUM PERFORATION BULLET

介绍了一种制备石油射孔弹的药形罩的新方法，采用粉末冶金技术，热压烧结工艺制备石油射孔弹的药形罩，并对药形罩的烧结工艺进行了研究。实验结果表明，采用该工艺制备的石油射孔弹药形罩可以满足要求。

热裂解工艺对石油焦资源化利用的影响研究

文章首先概述了石油焦的性质和组成,然后分析了热裂解工艺的原理和方法,最后根据热裂解工艺对石油焦资源化利用的影响,提出了应用热裂解工艺促进石油焦资源化利用的途径。

石油工业废水处理常用工艺研究

随着石油工业的不断发展,其排放废水带来的环境问题引起了社会广泛关注。虽然石油工业废水处理工艺技术非常多,但是不同工艺技术在处理废水方面也有所差异,需要在了解实际情况后慎重选择,只有这样才能取得理想的废水处理效果。本文基于石油工业废水的特点及危害,对废水处理常用工艺进行细致阐述,并从加强废水了解、选择合适工艺、加强联合应用等方面入手,提出几点废水处理工艺注意事项,以供参考。

Evaluation of Petroleum System in Xihu Depression, East China Sea Shelf Basin

According to the theory of petroleum system and the characteristics of petroleum geology, the Xihu depression in the East China Sea shelf basin is divided into four petroleum systems: the Pinghu Formation as source rock and the Huagang Formation as reservoir rock, the Huagang Formation as source rock and reservoir rock, the Paleocene as source rock and the burial-hill as reservoir rock, and the Miocene as source rock and reservoir rock. The system with the Pinghu Formation as source rock and the Huagang Formation as reservoir rock is the most important one in the depression, which has high hydrocarbon generation and accumulation efficiency and is the most important object to hydrocarbon exploration at present.

Group separation of coal components and new ideas of coal utilization as petroleum

Four different groups of components were separated from coal under mild conditions of extraction and stripping process. Within these groups, and with pre-separation, individual utilization of all coal components can be realized, similar to petroleum components and enhance the inherent value and utilization value of coal, as well as increase environmental benefits. The characteristics of each component were analyzed with measurements by FTIR, GC/MS, TEM and the establishment of caking properties. The results show that coal can be separated into residues, ultra-pure coal, asphaltene components and light components by adding solvents for stripping into the CS2/NMP mixed extraction solution. Those four groups of components present great differences in the presence of carbon and hydrogen elements, in the structure of functional groups, in their macroscopic structure and micro-morphology and caking properties. Every component possesses its own inherent values and approaches. A new idea of coal processes and utilization, similar to the use of petroleum is proposed.

Study on fault-controlled hydrocarbon migration and accumulation process and models in Zhu I Depression

Through the analysis of the faults and their internal structure in Zhu I Depression,it is found that the internal structure of the late fault is obviously segmented vertically.It develops unitary structure(simple fault plane)in shallow layers,binary structure(induced fracture zone in hanging wall and sliding fracture zone in footwall)in middle,layers and ternary structure(induced fracture zone in hanging wall and sliding fracture zone in middle,and induced fracture zone in footwall)in deep layers.Because the induced fracture zone is a high porosity and permeability zone,and the sliding fracture zone is a low porosity and ultra-low permeability zone,the late fault in middle layers has the character of"transporting while sealing".The late fault can transport hydrocarbon by its induced fracture zone in the side of the hanging wall and seal hydrocarbon by its sliding fracture zone in the side of the footwall.In deep layers,the late fault has the character of"dual-transportation",induced fracture zones in both sides of hanging wall and footwall can transport hydrocarbon.The early fault that only developed in the deep layers is presumed to be unitary structure,which plays a completely sealing role in the process of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation due to inactivity during the hydrocarbon filling period.Controlled by hydrocarbon source,early/late faults,sand bodies and traps,two reservoir-forming models of"inverted L"and"stereo-spiral"can be proposed in middle layers,while two reservoir-forming models of"cross fault"and"lateral fault sealing"are developed in the deep layers of Zhu I Depression.

Process intensification in gas/liquid/solid reaction in trickle bed reactors: A review

As an important form of reactors for gas/liquid/solid catalytic reaction,trickle bed reactors (TBRs) are widely applied in petroleum industry,biochemical,fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries because of their flexibility,simplicity of operation and high throughput.However,TBRs also show inefficient production and hot pots caused by non-uniform fluid distribution and incomplete wetting of the catalyst,which limit their further application in chemical industry.Also,process intensification in TBRs is necessary as the decrease in quality of processed crude oil,caused by increased exploitation depths,and more restrictive environmental regulations and emission standards for industry,caused by increased environment protection consciousness.In recent years,lots of strategies for process intensification in TBRs have been proposed to improve reaction performance to meet the current and future demands of chemical industry from the environmental and economic perspective.This article summarizes the recent progress in techniques for intensifying gas/liquid/solid reaction in TBRs and application of intensified TBRs in petroleum industry.

Dynamic Systems of Petroleum Accumulation in the Nanpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

为石油累积和分发的理解区分石油累积(DSPA ) 的动态系统是重要的。根据形成压力框架，石油的基因类型和水管系统的特征，石油累积的三个动态系统在 Nanpu 消沉在垂直侧面被识别， Bohai 海湾盆。更深的 DSPA (到 Es2 的包括的形成 Es3 ) 是有高过压、高度成熟的自我采购的油的一个封上的系统。大多数在系统的原油近来在时期积累了渐新世(23.5 妈) 和迟了的上新世(2.4 妈) 。中间的 DSPA (到 Ed1 的包括的形成 Es1 ) 是 overpressured 有成熟或降低成熟的自我采购的油的封上一半的系统。在系统的油的累积也发生在迟了的渐新世(23.5 妈) 和迟了的上新世(2.4 妈) 。更浅的 DSPA (到 Q 的包括的形成 Ed2 ) 是有从中间的系统的降低成熟的采购侨民的油的一个静水力学的系统。在这个系统以内的油仅仅在迟了的上新世时期积累了。在更浅的系统的油沿着 sandbodies 由侧面的移植在中间的系统从先前积累的油沿着差错垂直地移居了，而在更深的系统的石油累积主要从由沿着 sandbodies 并且很少的侧面的移植的本身从系统移植了的系统被导出。在这种情况中，看起来更深的系统是除了另外的二个证明有利系统的更潜在的探索前景。

Control Factors and Diversities of Phase State of Oil and Gas Pools in the Kuqa Petroleum System

Based on the analysis of the hydrocarbon geochemical characteristics in the Kuqa petroleum system of the Tarim Basin,this study discusses the causes and controlling factors of the phase diversities and their differences in geochemical features.According to the characteristics and differences in oil and gas phase,the petroleum system can be divided into five categories:oil reservoir,wet gas reservoir,condensate gas-rich reservoir,condensate gas-poor reservoir and dry gas reservoir.The causes for the diversities in oil and gas phases include diversities of the sources of parent material,maturity of natural gas and the process of hydrocarbon accumulation of different hydrocarbon phases.On the whole,the Jurassic and Triassic terrestrial source rocks are the main sources for the hydrocarbon in the Kuqa Depression.The small differences in parent material may cause diversities in oil and gas amount,but the impact is small.The differences in oil and gas phase are mainly affected by maturity and the accumulation process,which closely relates with each other.Oil and gas at different thermal evolution stage can be captured in different accumulation process.

Overview on Routes for Development of China's Petroleum Refining Technology

China has formed a complete and packaged system of domestic petroleum refining industry. Till 2020 the demand for petroleum products in China will record a sharp growth. However, China is currently confronted with a shortage of oil resources, unsatisfactory quality of petroleum products, a widening gap between demand and supply of steam cracking feedstocks, and a stern situation in environmental protection.In this context the petroleum refiners of China, while taking into account the actual conditions, should seek for the way of deep processing to produce transportation fuels and chemical feedstocks that can hardly be replaced by other energy forms, continue to bring into full play FCC process as core process for making finished oil products, speed up the development of hydrocracking to achieve integration between refining and chemical production, adopt measures that can combine feedstock pre-treatment, novel FCC technologies and after-treatment of products to improve the quality of finished products, as well as realize the recycling of wastewater and control over air pollution caused by SOx to accelerate the development of petroleum processing industry in China.