The effects of process conditions on the plasma characteristic in radio-frequency capacitively coupled SiH_4/NH_3/N_2 plasmas: Two-dimensional simulations

A two-dimensional （2D） fluid model is presented to study the behavior of silicon plasma mixed with SiH4 , N2 , and NH3 in a radio-frequency capacitively coupled plasma （CCP） reactor. The plasma–wall interaction （including the deposition） is modeled by using surface reaction coefficients. In the present paper we try to identify, by numerical simulations, the effect of variations of the process parameters on the plasma properties. It is found from our simulations that by increasing the gas pressure and the discharge gap, the electron density profile shape changes continuously from an edge-high to a center-high, thus the thin films become more uniform. Moreover, as the N2 /NH3 ratio increases from 6/13 to 10/9, the hydrogen content can be significantly decreased, without decreasing the electron density significantly.

Effects of Tensor Couplings on Nucleonic Direct URCA Processes in Neutron Star Matter

The relativistic neutrino emissivity of the nucleonic direct URCA processes in neutron star matter is investigated within the relativistic Hartree-Fock approximation. We particularly study the influences of the tensor couplings of vector mesons ω and ρ on the nucleonic direct URCA processes. It is found that the inclusion of the tensor couplings of vector mesons w and p can slightly increase the maximum mass of neutron stars. In addition, the results indicate that the tensor couplings of vector mesons ω and ρ lead to obvious enhancement of the total neutrino emissivity for the nucleonic direct URCA processes, which must accelerate the cooling rate of the non- superfluid neutron star matter. However, when considering only the tensor coupling of vector meson ρ, the neutrino emissivity for the nucleonic direct URCA processes slightly declines at low densities and significantly increases at high densities. That is, the tensor coupling of vector meson ρ leads to the slow cooling rate of a low-mass neutron star and rapid cooling rate of a massive neutron star.

THE EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS ON THE INTRAMOLECULAR PROCESSES ——NMR STUDY

The influences of methanol-d_4(MeOD), dimethylsulfoxide-d_6 (Me_2SO(D)) and dioxane(C_4H_8O_2) solvents on the intramolecular processes are studied by NMR. It has been shown that the addition of these solvents in CdEGTA complex aqueous solution can increase the rate constant (k) of the nitrogen inversion and decrease the activation energy of this process. The linear relations between In(k) and the reciprocal of the solvent dielectric constants (1/ε) are obtained for all the three solvents.

Cultural Awareness＇ Functions in Chinese Learners＇ English Acquisition --An Analysis through the Way of Signal-processing

The significance of cultural awareness in foreign language learning is an issue that earns hot discussion in the both fields of linguistics and instructional science. Being different from others, the observing angle in this paper lies in how the signal is processed. The four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing are classified, by ways of signal processing, into two categorizes, namely receptive skills to which listening and reading belong, and productive skills to which speaking and writing belong. By analyzing the signal processing progress occurred in each of the four skills, the author is to argue the functions of cultural awareness in each of these four skills, in order to reinforce the importance of emphasizing cultural awareness in the new standards for English in China.

Effects of GW5074 in the process of imDCs inducing differentiation of naive CD4^+ T cells into Treg cells in vitro

Objective To establish a stable and efficient method of culturing imDCs in vitro,and to explore the effect of GW5074,which blocks ERK1 /2 signal pathway in the process of immature dentritic cells ( imDCs) on inducing differentiation of the naive allogeneic CD4 + T

Ligand Size Effect on PdLn Oxidative Addition with Aryl Bromide： A DFT Study

The process and mechanism of the ligand volume controlled Pd（PR3）2 （PR3=PH3, PMe3, and PtBu3） oxidative addition with aryl bromide were investigated, using density functional theory method with the conductor-like screening model. Association pathway and dissocia-tion pathway were investigated by the comparison of several energies. The cleavage energy of Pd（PR3）2 complex was calculated, as well as the oxidative addition reaction barrier energy of Pd（PR3）n （n=1,2） with aryl bromide in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent. This study proved that the ligands volume possessed a great impact on the mechanism of oxidative addition： less bulky ligand palladium associated with aryl bromide via two donor ligands,but larger bulky ligand palladium coordinated via monoligand.

Effect of Pouring Process on the Microstructures of Semi-Solid AlSi_7Mg Alloy

The effect of different pouring temperatures and different pouring heights, the distance between the mouth of the pouring ladle and the top of the mold, on the microstructure of AlSi7Mg alloy have been researched in the paper. When the pouring temperature is close to the liquidus temperature, the primary alpha -Al in 'the billets of AlSi7Mg alloy solidified into spherical and nodular fine grains distributed homogeneously. The optimum pouring temperature for semi-solid AlSi7Mg billet with spherical or nodular primary alpha -Al is 615 degreesC. At the same pouring temperature, the higher the pouring ladle, the more easily the spherical and nodular primary alpha -Al obtained in the semi-solid AlSi7Mg billet. When the pouring temperature is close to the liquidus temperature and the pouring ladle is relatively high, it is the great cooling rate, the flow of the molten allay caused by pouring and the large simultaneous solidification region induced by the near liquidus temperature, that promote the formation of spherical or nodular primary cr-Al.

Effects of processing parameters on fatigue properties of LY2 Al alloy subjected to laser shock processing

We address the effects of processing parameters on residual stresses and fatigue properties of LY2 Al alloy by laser shock processing （LSP）. Results show that compressive residual stresses are generated near the surface of samples due to LSP. The maximum compressive residual stress at the surface by two LSP impacts on one side is higher than that by one LSP impact. The maximum value of tensile residual stress is found at the mid-plane of samples subjected to two-sided LSP. Compared with fatigue lives of samples treated by single-sided LSP, lives of those treated by two-sided LSP are lower. However, these are higher than untreated ones.

Space debris tracking based on fuzzy running Gaussian average adaptive particle filter track-before-detect algorithm

Although tracking with a passive optical telescope is a powerful technique for space debris observation, it is limited by its sensitivity to dynamic background noise. Traditionally, in the field of astronomy, static background subtraction based on a median image technique has been used to extract moving space objects prior to the tracking operation, as this is computationally efficient. The main disadvantage of this technique is that it is not robust to variable illumination conditions. In this article, we propose an approach for tracking small and dim space debris in the context of a dynamic background via one of the optical telescopes that is part of the space surveillance network project, named the Asia- Pacific ground-based Optical Space Observation System or APOSOS. The approach combines a fuzzy running Gaussian average for robust moving-object extraction with dim-target tracking using a particle- filter-based track-before-detect method. The performance of the proposed algorithm is experimentally evaluated, and the results show that the scheme achieves a satisfactory level of accuracy for space debris tracking.

Simulation of the Microphysical Processes and Effect of Latent Heat on a Heavy Rainfall Event in Beijing

An extraordinary rainstorm that occurred in Beijing on 21 July 2012 was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The results showed that:(1) The two precipitation phases were based on a combination of cold cloud processes and warm cloud processes. The accumulated conversion amount and conversion rate of microphysical processes in the warm-area phase were all much larger than those in the cold front phase.(2) 72.6% of rainwater was from the warm-area phase. Rainwater mainly came from the melting of graupel and the melting of snow, while the accretion of cloud water by rain ranked second.(3) The net heating rate with height appeared as an overall warming with two strong heating centers in the lower and middle layers of the troposphere and a minimum heating center around the melting layer. The net heating effect in the warm-area phase was stronger than that in the cold front phase.(4) Warm cloud processes contributed most to latent heat release, and the thermal effect of cold cloud processes on the storm in the cold front phase was enhanced compared to that in the warm-area phase.(5) The melting of graupel and snow contributed most to latent heat absorption, and the effect of the evaporation of rainwater was significantly reduced in the cold front phase.

Effect of Nonlinear Dynamic Process on Formation and Breakdown of Blocking

With the L-P approximate method(variation of parameter method), a barotropic channel model in β-plane is used to study the effect of nonlinear interaction between two waves with different scales on the formation of blocking. The approximate analytical solution, which can describe the process of the blocking formation, maintenance and breakdown, has been obtained by using the method of aproximate expansion. The importance of nonlinear interaction between two waves with different scales is stressed in the solution. The result suggests that the nonlinear interaction is the main dynamic process of the blocking formation. Some required conditions of blocking formation are also discussed.

Understanding Corporate Costs and Sustainability

This material aspires to start to evaluate every sorts of corporate cost form the view of modem corporation. Traditionally, there are material costs together with depreciation, salary cost, personal cost, financial cost, and other cost. For managerial purposes, this paper distinguishes between standard and nonstandard cost. Special attention is devoted to responsibility costs and division of costs. In this modem age, however it is a question whether the understanding of cost should be so narrow and limited to money that a corporation spends during the course of its production, or whether it should include also the constitution of negative externalities--the damages the company causes to the environment. Therefore, the final part of this contribution part deals with function of cost and attempts to provide an evaluation of basic sorts of cost in modem corporation from a broader societal perspective.

STATISTIC PROPERTIES OF NOISE FIELD OF MOVING SOURCE IN SHALLOW WATER AND ITS EFFECTS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR THE NOISE RANGING SONAR

In this paper the properties of space- time correlation function of the noise field of moving source in layered statistic inhomogeneous medium are studied and the effects of random fluctuating boundary are considered as well.It has been shown, theoretically and experimentally, multi-path propergating effects cause the dispersion of the correlation function and fluctuations of the medium refraction index and the boundary cause the fluctuation of it.The effect of the movement of the noise source on the output of real- time correlator is equivalent to a low- pass filter added the drift of space- time correlation function.These properties of the correlation function cause grave degradation of the signal processing gain of noise ranging sonar system.The fluctuating and the distortion of conrrelation function made it difficult to realize the noise ranging.So in this paper, a method of space correlation ranging by a linear array of four points with short separation and long span and a technigue of dual- correlation signal processing are presented. By this, the influences of previously mentioned factors are greatly overcomed.Futhermore, for the long period and great delay fluctuation of the dual- correlation function output caused by internal wave, a method of limited memory Quasi- Kalman filtering is developed and the effective accurate ranging and tracing of noise ranging sonar are able to be tralized finally.

Study on Application of Photoshop Software in the Interior Design Renderings

With the rapid development of computer technology, two-dimensional and three-dimensional technology continues is also attracting attention, computer graphics is more and more widely applied to various fields, especially with the popularity of decoration, interior design has become the gold industry, computer graphics has played an indispensable role in the interior design, has become an important means of expression of interior design the. Complete the design process： first using the Auto CAD idea sketch design, and then use 3Ds MAX to create the deployment model, import material, build cameras add light, render output, and finally the use of Photoshop post processing. Only through the Photoshop post processing to make the post effect diagram to achieve realistic results. This paper introduces some methods of Photoshop in interior design commonly used in making and adjustment.

Development of high elongation steels by quenching and partitioning process

Based upon the composition of C-Si-Mn,four types of transformation induced plasticity（ TRIP） steels with different contents of Si and M n were designed,which are subjected to quenching and partitioning（ Q＆P）processes with variable austenitizing temperatures. The as-treated steels exhibits good combination of high strength and substantial elongation. In particular,with austenitizing at 820 ℃,0. 18C-1. 8Si-2. 2M n（ %） steel and0. 18C-1. 8Si-2. 5M n（ %） steel possessed high elongation（ more than 20%） with the tensile strength over 1000 M Pa. The microstructures of the as-treated steels were obtained by scanning electron microscope,the volume fraction and carbon content of retained austenite has been quantified by X-ray diffraction. The designed Q＆P processed steels contained a multiphase microstructure including ferrite,lath martensite,and retained austenite. The volume fraction and carbon content of those steels were higher,which was treated by Q＆P processes with austenitizing at 820 ℃. Due to the TRIP effect during the deformation process,retained austenite gives better stability as well as effectively improves the formability of steels with slightly decreasing the strength,contributing to overall better performance.

Effect of goethite on anaerobic co-digestion process of corn straw and algae biomass

1 Introduction Recently the demand for fossil fuel has grown significantly with the rapid development of the Chinese economy.Renewable energy was developed to replace traditional fossil fuels,which would decrease the

Improved preprocessed Yaroslavsky filter based on shearlet features

An improved preprocessed Yaroslavsky filter（IPYF）is proposed to avoid the nick effects and obtain a better denoising result when the noise variance is unknown.Different from its predecessors,the similarity between two pixels is calculated by shearlet features.The feature vector consists of initial denoised results by the non-subsampled shearlet transform hard thresholding（NSST-HT）and NSST coefficients,which can help allocate the averaging weights more reasonably.With the correct estimated noise variance,the NSST-HT can provide good denoised results as the initial estimation and high-frequency coefficients contribute large weights to preserve textures.In case of the incorrect estimated noise variance,the low-frequency coefficients will mitigate the nick effect in cartoon regions greatly,making the IPYF more robust than the original PYF.Detailed experimental results show that the IPYF is a very competitive method based on a comprehensive consideration involving peak signal to noise ratio（PSNR）,computing time,visual quality and method noise.

The dynamic analysis of natural environment change of nuclear test field in Lop Nur region of China

Using earth satellite observation means, remote sensing information distilled technique and regional research production, we have roundly analyzed and made an integrated evaluation about the Lop Nur nuclear test field in western China. This product reveals the rarely-known nuke explosion effect and response events of geology conditions. It also offers us legible and practical first-hand materials about human extreme effects, important engineering environment and intimidating influence process. By excavating and appraising the materials gradually on the natural environment factors changing in the test field through macroscopic elimination and typical filtration, it can supply basic scientific data for security of national nuclear usage, appraising the nuclear environment synthetically and developing nuclear strategy expediently.

Effect of Deformation Condition on Axial Compressive Precision Forming Process of Tube with Curling Die

The effect of the deformation condition on the axial compressive precision forming process of tube with curling die was investigated by using a rigid-plastic FEM. The results show that the forming accuracy depends mainly on geometric condition rp/d0, little on tube material properties and friction condition; the relative gap △/2rp of double-walled tubes obtained decreases with Increasing rp/d0, and there is a parameter k for a given to/do or rp/t0, when rp/d0 >k, △/2rp< 1, otherwise △/2rp>1.

Calcium effect on the process of cold-hardening of rice seedlings

Low temperature is an important environmen-tal factor that limits the productivity and dis-tribution of plant. The ability to cold acclima-tion is a common adaptive response in plantsnative in temperate regions and results in en-hancing tolerance to chilling stress. In presentstudy the seedlings of Tesanai 2 were grown at28±1℃ and under a photo flux density (PFD)of 30μmol/m~2s for 8 d. The cold acclimationresponse is triggered by 14℃ under a PFD of75 μmol/m~2s for 3 d. Rice seedlings for cold-hardening were germinated from seeds treatedwith or without immersion in 30 mmol/L ofCaClsolution. Change of membrane systemprotection in leaves at various periods(viz:fol-lowing cold-hardening, chilling stress and onthe 3rd day of recovery), the ratio of survival