Exploring Nutritional Compositions,Volatile Compounds,Health Benefits,Emerging Processing Technologies,and Potential Food Products of Glutinous Rice:A Review

Glutinous rice(Oryza sativa var.glutinosa)stands out as one of the most popular rice varieties globally,amidst thousands of rice cultivars.Its increasing popularity is attributed to its rich nutritional compositions and health benefits.This review aims to summarize the nutritional compositions,volatile compounds,and health benefits of glutinous rice.Further,in-depth studies are necessary to explore the utilization of glutinous rice in enhancing processing technologies and developing new food products.Glutinous rice has been shown to possess numerous health benefits,including antioxidant activity,bioactive compounds,anti-cancer properties,anti-inflammatory effects,anti-diabetic potential,and cholesterol-lowering effects.Besides its nutritional compositions,the major volatile compounds identified in glutinous rice could serve as a functional food for human consumption.Emerging processing technologies related to glutinous rice are elaborated to improve the latest developments for incorporating them into various food products.

Flexible Fixture Design for the Top and End Surface Processing of NP2_NP4 Cylinder Heads

This paper focuses on the design of fixtures for NP2 and NP4 cylinder heads on a horizontal machining center of flexible machining automatic lines.It began with an analysis of the diagrams of part processing and working procedure which formed the basis for the design of the processing technology scheme,a selection of suitable machine tools,and the setting of processing parameters.Fixtures tailored to the chosen machine tools were then designed to meet the processing requirements.Additional aspects of the project included the design of part drawings,calculation of working time quota,design of auxiliary guides,support clamping,and hydraulic circuits,all aimed at fulfilling practical production requirements.

Processing Technology and Quality of Low-fluoride Brick tea

In order to promote the quality of brick tea and reduce its fluoride content, the fluoride contents in leaves of 25 tea varieties at the .stage of one bud and five leaves were determined by the method of fluodde-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that the fluodde contents in the 25 varieties were in the range of 181.92-345.06 mg/kg, end the fluoride content in ＇Zhongcha 302＇ was the lowest. Based on traditional production process of brick tea, 3 new low-fluoride brick tea production processes with ＇Zhongcha 302＇ as the raw material at the stage of one bud and five leaves were constructed. The fluoride content, physicochemical in- dex, sensory end main chemical contents in the brick tea samples were determined. The best processing process of Iow-fluodde brick tea was process 3, which included aldng, fixing, rolling, second fixing, second roiling, sun-drying, pile-fermentation, steaming, pile-fermentation, drying and shaping into brick by vapor treating. The re- sults showed that the fluoride content and physicochemical index of the brick tea sample of the third low-fluoride brick tea production process accorded with National Standard GB/T 9833.4-2013. The sensory evaluation of the brick tea sample was better than that of brick tea manufacture by the traditional process. The water extract, tea polyphenols, amino acids, caffeine and water-soluble sugar in the brick tea sample increased by 9.41%, 36.39%, 26.94%, 27.23% and 15.29%, respectively. Low-fluodds bdck tea could be produced by selecting low fluoride tea varieties, controlling the tondemess of fresh leaves, and optimizing the processing technique.

Combined Insights from Leachate Structure and Microstructure Characteristics for Eating Quality of Convenience Rice Processed by Super-Heated and Pressurized Steam Technologies

Convenience rice has become widely popular due to its easy availability for cooking. This study investigated the starch structure and composition of leachate and the microstructure of reheated convenience rice using novel processing technologies: super-heated steaming(SHS), auto-electric cooking(AEC), and pressurized-steam cooking(PSC). Additionally, the effect of two different target water contents(58% and 63%) was also evaluated. The PSC_63% sample had the highest total solids and amylopectin amount in the leachate. The amylopectin amount in the leachate differed significantly based on the targeted water content. Morphological characterization revealed that the swelling of starch and the coated layer on the surface of rice grains were most pronounced in the PSC_63% sample due to the pressure processing. The textural hardness of the AEC_58% sample was much higher than that of the other samples. The PSC_63% sample had the highest textural adhesiveness value, which can be attributed to the highest amylopectin amount in the leachate. Sensory characterization showed that the PSC_63% sample had the highest glossiness, whiteness, moistness, and overall acceptability. The principal component analysis score plots presented substantial differences in the leachate and textural and sensory characteristics of reheated convenience rice among the different processing technologies.

Ecosystem Services of Grazed Grasslands in the Flooding Pampa

The Flooding Pampa grasslands are the last remnant of the Rio de la Plata grasslands in Argentina.Anthropo-genic interventions have led to severe degradation and,as a result,the ecosystem services provided by the grass-lands are declining,in terms of provisioning,regulating,and supporting services.We synthesized the existing literature on the ecosystem goods and services provided by these grasslands under grazing in different conditions and conservation status.We found that plant and animal diversity and primary production are the most studied ecosystem services,while climate regulation,water supply,nutrient cycling,meat production and erosion control,in that order,are less studied.Cultural services are under-researched.Continuous grazing and glyphosate spraying are the main drivers of grassland degradation.Controlled grazing and conservative stocking rates have been shown to reverse degradation and demonstrate that livestock production is compatible with ecosystem conserva-tion by maintaining regulating and provisioning services.As these management strategies are poorly integrated,improving their implementation will require important changes in farmers’decisions and the development of policies that create the economic conditions for this to happen.Research is needed to understand the conditions that prevent the knowledge generated from being transferred to producers and translated into practices that would improve the provision of ecosystem services.

Innovations and applications of the thermal recovery techniques for heavy oil

Heavy oil represents a vital petroleum resource worldwide.As one of the major producers,China is facing great challenges in effective and economic production of heavy oil due to reservoir complexity.Plenty of efforts have been made to promote innovative advances in thermal recovery modes,methods,and processes for heavy oil in the country.The thermal recovery mode has been shifted from simple steam injection to a more comprehensive“thermal+"strategy,such as a novel N2-steam hybrid process and CO_(2)-enhanced thermal recovery techniques.These advanced techniques break through the challenges of heavy oil extraction from less accessible reservoirs with thinner oil layers and greater burial depths.Regarding thermal recovery methods,China has developed the steam-assisted gravity drainage method integrating flooding and drainage(also referred to as the hybrid flooding-drainage SAGD technology)for highly heterogeneous ultra-heavy oil reservoirs and the fire flooding method for nearly depleted heavy oil reservoirs,substantially improving oil recovery.Furthermore,a range of processes have been developed for heavy oil production,including the open hole completion process using sand control screens for horizontal wells,the process of integrated injection-recovery with horizontal pump for horizontal wells,the steam dryness maintenance,measurement,and control process,efficient and environment-friendly circulating fluidized bed(CFB)boilers with high steam dryness,the recycling process of produced water,and the thermal recovery process for offshore heavy oil.Based on the advances in methodology,technology,and philosophy,a series of supporting technologies for heavy oil production have been developed,leading to the breakthrough of existing technical limit of heavy oil recovery and the expansion into new exploitation targets.For the future heavy oil production in China,it is necessary to embrace a green,low-carbon,and energy-efficient development strategy,and to expand heavy oil extraction in reservoirs with larger burial depth,more viscous oil,thinner oil layers,and lower permeability.Moreover,it is highly recommended to collaboratively maximize oil recovery and oil-to-steam ratio through technological innovations,and boost intelligentization of heavy oil production.

Raman spectroscopy as process analytical tool in downstream processing of biotechnology

Downstream processing or product recovery plays a vital role in the development of bioprocesses.To improve the bioprocess efficiency,some unconventional methods are much required.The continuous manufacturing in downstream processing makes the Process Analytical Technologies(PATs)as an important tool.Monitoring and controlling bioprocess are an essential factor for the principles of PAT and quality by design.Spectroscopic methods can apply to monitor multiple analytes in real-time with less sample processing with significant advancements.Raman spectroscopy is an extensively used technique as an analytical and research tool owing to its modest process form,non-destructive,non-invasive optical molecular spectroscopic imaging with computer-based analysis.Generally,its application is essential for the analysis and characterization of biological samples,and it is easy to operate with minimal sample.The innovation on various types of enhanced Raman spectroscopy was designed to enhance the Raman analytical technique.Raman spectroscopy could couple with chemometrics to provide reliable alternative analysis method of downstream process analysis.Thus,this review aims to provide useful insight on the application of Raman spectroscopy for PAT in downstream processing of biotechnology and Raman data analysis in biological fields.

The Rice Processing Industry in Nepal: Constraints and Opportunities

A rice mill survey covering diverse rice processing companies in terms of their milling output, type of technology and year of establishment was conducted to understand the current situation of the rice milling industry and to identify enablers and barriers to its growth in Nepal. Coarse rice varieties dominate Nepal’s rice processing industry, with a 42% share by total weight, followed by medium rice (34%) and fine varieties (less than 7%). Polished white rice (Arwa) was the dominant rice type in Nepal in the survey, followed by parboiled and steamed rice. The price and profit margins increased from coarse to fine rice varieties and from Arwa to parboiled and steamed rice. The cost of milling also followed a similar trend. The rice milling industry in Nepal largely influences the adoption or non-adoption of any specific type of rice variety by dictating specific brands in the market and this has important implications for rice research and development. The rice processing industry of Nepal was unable to compete with the Indian rice milling industry because of: 1) low profit margins due to the high cost of rice production and procurement, 2) a lack of economies of scale, 3) a lack of milling technologies for long and extra-long and steamed rice in the country and a lack of investment to modernize rice milling technology, and 4) unavailability of paddy throughout the year locally. Millers were willing to upgrade their rice milling technology to include high throughput parboiling, steamed rice as well as long and extra-long grain rice. This will be a strategic decision in counteracting the ever-increasing rice imports in Nepal. We believe that the findings of the study will be vital for formulating an appropriate rice research, development and rice processing strategy for Nepal to achieve food and nutritional security and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Investigation of the processing technology and mechanism of Kansui radix by licorice based on response surface methodology and integrative pharmacology

Background:The herbs should be processed by different methods before use,and the efficacy and toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may change,which may enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity after processing.Gansui(Kansui radix)is a common clinical herbal medicine,and there are considerable changes in its toxicity and efficacy after processing.Gaocao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome)has a detoxifying effect.Methods:Using the contents of euphorbiadienol and the alcohol-soluble extract of Glycyrrhizae radix-processed Kansui radix as evaluation indexes,response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing technology of Kansui radix by exploring the effects of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount,frying temperature,and frying time on the processing technology of Kansui radix.Meanwhile,response surface software was used to analyze experimental data to determine the processing parameters of Kansui radix by Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma.Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine is used to analysis the potential ingredients of Kansui radix and verify the potential ingredients by western blotting.Results:The technology of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui radix was optimized for the Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount of 27%,frying temperature of 180℃,and frying time of 11 min.The network pharmacology analysis revealed that Kansui radix could cause kidney,liver,and heart injury by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Kansui radix at high or low dose could decrease the ratio of p-AKT/AKT while Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui could increase it.Conclusion:The model established by response surface methodology is relatively accurate and can predict the contents of euphorbiadienol and alcohol extract of processed Kansui radix.The toxic effects and its mechanism of action of Kansui radix and processed Kansui radix on kidney,liver,and heart,from the perspective of systems biology,have provided scientific evidence to its clinical application.

Development and Processing of Millettia speciosa Instant Tea

This paper analyzed the effect of raw material crushing fineness,cooking time,ethanol content during ethanol precipitation and other factors on the preparation of raw material extract from Millettia speciosa Champ. instant tea. The raw materials of Millettia speciosa Champ.,Philippine flemingia root and radix fici simplicissimae were crushed into 10 mesh or finer powder,and cooked for 60 min. During ethanol precipitation,the ethanol content was about 50% to 70%,standing 12 h. The ophiopogon root was cooked in 1∶ 15 boiling water for 45 min,and chrysanthemum was leached for 45 min with 1∶ 20 demineralized water at 80 ℃. After concentration,preparation and spray drying,the finished Millettia speciosa Champ. instant tea was created. The detection of each product index indicated that Millettia speciosa Champ. instant tea had good taste and flavor,and there were no heavy metals,harmful substances and excessive microbes,thereby showing that the raw material of Millettia speciosa Champ. instant tea was selected reasonably,the mixture ratio was rational,and the processing technology was of some security,stability and maturity,which provided a theoretical basis for its development and application.

Composition,Processing Technology and Property of Ceramic Die Materials Containing Rare Earth Additives

Development and application of new ceramic die materials is one of the important topics in the field of die research. The composition, processing technology, mechanical property and engineering performance of the ceramic materials such as cermet, ZTA, TZP, TZP/Al2O3, TZP/TiC/Al2O3, PSZ and Sialon, etc., with rare earth yttrium, lanthanum and cerium, and so on working as additives, were investigated and analyzed in the present study. Problems existed in the research and application of rare earth ceramic die materials were discussed. Rare earth additives can effectively improve the mechanical property and engineering performance of ceramic die materials. Thus, it will have further perspectives of wider application. More attention should be paid in the future to the toughening and strengthening of the ceramic die materials, the adding forms and kinds of rare earth elements and acting mechanisms of rare earth additives in ceramic die materials.

Advances in research on chemical constituents,pharmacological actions and processing of atractylodes macrocephala

Rhizome atractylodes macrocephalae is the dry roots of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.It is one of commonly used Chinese medicine.In the "Shennong′s Herbal",it was listed as the top grade.It mainly contains volatile oil,atractylenolides,atractylodes polysaccharides,glycosides and amino acids.And it has the medical functions of good for spleen and intestine,diuretic and dehumidification,hidroschesis,miscarriage prevention and soon.In order to provide references for further development and utilization,this paper systematic arranged the Chinese medicine atractylodes chemical composition,pharmacological effects,processing technology and effect of processing technology on chemical composition and pharmacological action.

Effects of Different Processing Methods on the Qualityof Squid Chips

Taking squid as raw material, the effects of frying temperature and frying time on the quality of squid chips were studied under the conditions of normal pressure frying and high-temperature hot-air frying respectively. And the best processing technology of squid chips was determined. The results showed that crispy squid chips can be obtained by frying the squid after vacuum freeze-drying, and the best processing technology of squid chips is to treat the material by hot air drying at 160℃ for 4 min after pretreatment, seasoning, protease treatment, pre-freezing and freeze-drying. The squid chips made by this technology have a flavor of frying, tightly-shrunken surface tissue, a little browning, less hardness, crispness and no greasy taste.

A comprehensive review of bioactive compounds and processing technology of sesame seed

Sesame seeds are promulgated as traditional high-quality edible oil crops,rich in lipid(40–65%),protein(19–35%),and bioactive compounds.The review starts with bioactive components(fatty acid,tocopherol,phytosterol,sesamin,sesamolin,and sesamol)of sesame seeds.It considers processing techniques for extracting oil(aqueous extraction and pressing)from seeds.Novel technologies,such as enzyme-assisted aqueous,supercritical CO_(2),and microwave-assisted solvent extraction,are also discussed.The methods of utilization of sesame seed cake are also analyzed.In the future,the processing technology of sesame seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

Organelle Structures: Bridging Strategy and Technological Processes

The shifting requirements as imposed on operations ma nagement require adjusting and tailoring the organisational structure to meet ma rket demands. However, translating these requirements directly into hierarchical structure will not ensure the integration of processes across organisational un its and guarantee desirable performance. Therefore, management and management li terature wonders: · How should we connect processes to the external environment within a strategi c framework · Which organisational structures do meet performance requirements · Which choices and freedom do we have within organisational structures · How and when do we implement organisational structures That the hierarchical structure does not meet as such the performance requiremen ts nor did it relate to these became already clear during case studies performed in the ’70s. The conclusion was drawn that organisational changes should affect working processes before they proof to be viable. This required the development of new approach through empirical studies and base d on literature. This led to the development of the organelle structure. The org anelle structure should connect to the strategy and the product flow. Thereto, a decision model has been developed for revealing these relations and the practic al implication. During a number of case studies this methodology has been refined and includes t he strategic choice between variants for the organelle structure with their own performance capabilities; we distinguish about 20 variants ranging between the f unctional organisation and the product flow organisation. These ranges of choice s however can be connected to different order entry points, stemming from logist ic concepts. This extends the performance to improved lead-times and improved c ontrol. Strategic choices relate the organelle structure to external performance criteria dictated by product/market-combinations: · lead-time · quality · costs and internal choices for performance criteria: · flexibility · productivity · resource utilisation · innovative performance. Case studies reveal the drastic improvements of the performance of operations an d manufacturing. The paper will discuss a few of these implementations to demons trate the impact. They also show how one derives the hierarchical structure from the choice for the organelle structure. Organelle structures do bridge the link of an industrial company to its environm ent and the internal possibilities, dictated by characteristics of product flow and process execution. The link to the environment results in a strategic framew ork for assessment of alternatives and possibilities. Choices for organelle stru ctures depend strongly on choices on the order entry points of the hardware flow and the specification flow. The evaluation of the characteristics takes place a gainst the strategic framework ensuring competitive advantage as well as a high probability of factual implementation and performance improvement.

Optimization of Processing Technology for Roasted Licorice with Water by Orthogonal Method

[Objectives]To optimize the processing technology for roasted licorice with water.[Methods]Through the orthogonal experimental design,taking the water added,moistening time,frying temperature and frying time as the factors,and the content of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizic acid as the evaluation index,the processing technology for roasted licorice with water was optimized.[Results]The best processing technology of licorice was as follows:Pure licorice slices were mixed with water and moistened for 3 h,and then fried at 160℃for 6 min.20 kg of water was added to every 100 kg of licorice.[Conclusions]The best processing technology for roasted licorice with water was established,laying a foundation for the research and application of roasted licorice with water and its preparation.

Study on Processing Technology for Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix by Bean Curd

[Objectives] The aim was to explore the best parameters for processing Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix by bean curd. [Methods] Orthogonal test( L_(16)(4~3)) was designed to investigate the optimal soaking time,decocting time and bean curd proportion for processing Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix by bean curd. The contents of monoester alkaloids and diester-alkaloids were measured as the evaluation indexes. [Results]The contents of monoester alkaloids were 0. 11%,0. 07%,0. 062% and 0. 048% respectively under the four levels of soaking time,were0. 081%,0. 066%,0. 074% and 0. 067% respectively under the four levels of decocting time,and were 0. 070%,0. 072%,0. 080% and0. 073% respectively under the four levels of bean curd proportion. The content of diester-alkaloids was all below 0. 034%. The influence intensity of the three factors on the content of monoester alkaloids ranked as soaking time > decocting time > bean curd proportion. Under any of the above conditions,the content of diester-alkaloids was below the limit of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of diester-alkaloids was reduced obviously with the increased use of bean curd. [Conclusions] The optimum processing conditions for Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix were A_3B_3C_2,i. e.,soaking time of 6 d,decocting time of 5 h and bean curd proportion of 25%.

Correlation Analysis of Processing Technology,Physical Parameters and Chemical Components during Plain Stir-baking of Trichosanthis Radix

[Objectives]To explore the correlation of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components during plain stir-baking of Trichosanthis Radix.[Methods]Based on mixture uniform experiment design,the Trichosanthis Radix was prepared by plain stir-bake method.Delphi method was used to evaluate and select the highest-scoring processed product for measuring physical parameters.UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the contents of starch and polysaccharide.The correlation and linear regression model of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components were established with the aid of SPSS 26.0[Results]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the relative density and chromaticity showed a decreasing trend in the processed products of Trichosanthis Radix,the oxidation value,hydroscopic rate and swelling decreased firstly and then increased,and pH increased firstly and then decreased.The content of total starch decreased,the content of polysaccharide increased,and there was a negative correlation between them.There was a significant positive correlation between temperature and oxidation value,swelling and hydroscopic rate,hydroscopic rate and polysaccharide,and there was a significant negative correlation between relative density and hydroscopic rate or polysaccharide,total starch and hydroscopic rate or swelling.The linear relation model between processing technology and physical parameters and chemical components was r2>0.9.[Conclusions]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the physical parameters of Trichosanthis Radix changed,and there may be mutual conversion between total starch and polysaccharides.To a certain extent,physical parameters can be used to evaluate the quality of processed products of Trichosanthis Radix.This study is expected to provide a reference for research on quality evaluation of processed products of traditional Chinese medicine.

South China University of fechnology Advanced Metallic Materials Research and Processing Technology Center

A dvanced Metallic Materials Research and Processing Technology Center was found in December 1998. As a unit under The College of Mechanical Engineering, the Center is an expansion of the former Cast and Composite Materials Research Group, which was found in the early eighties of last century. The Center is focusing in the basic and applied research, and development of advanced metallic materials and their processing technology. It also functions as an organization