ANALYSIS ON SPATIAL DIFFERENCE OF LAND USECHANGE BASED ON PHYSICAL AND CULTURALLANDSCAPE ATTRIBUTES──A Case Study at Mongolian AutonomousCounty of Qian Gorlos, Jilin Province

Land use changes are regarded as landscape pattern change driven by many interactive natural and social-economic factors. Different combination of physical geographical elements induced the difference of spatio-temporal pattern of land use change. There are four physical geographical regions in Mongolian Autonomou County of Qian Gorlos of Jilin Province. Based on spatial analysis and statistical analysis, we conclude that the primary pattern of land use and the tendency of land use changes are all different in four physical geographical regions. During 1987 – 1996, the dominant land use change processes were from grassland or forest to arableland, from unused land to paddy and grassland to unused land. Though land use change is mainly affected by social and economic condition in short period, the composite characters of physical geographical elements controls land use dynamic process. The relationship between land use dynamic process and the character of physical geographical units differ in different regions. Possible human impacts on land use change are explored with application of buffer areas of series distance along main roads and radius around main settlements. A few models are built to describe the relationship between land use spatial change rates and distance to road and settlements. According to our result, the relationship with the proximity to roads was a negative liner function, with the change rate decreasing rapidly when moving away from roads. Within a distance of less 7.5km from main traffic lines, land use changes occur red more. The bulk of grassland was apt to be opened up for cultivation around the settlements and the transformation from dryland to paddy occurred within the distance of 1km away from settlements.

Field performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation on tomato crop growth, yield, water use efficiency, quality and profitability

Sustainable irrigation method is now essential for adaptation and adoption in the areas where water resources are limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to test the performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation（AWDFI） on crop growth, yield, water use efficiency（WUE）, fruit quality and profitability analysis of tomato. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six treatments replicated thrice during the dry seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. Irrigation water was applied through three ways of furrow： AWDFI, fixed wetting and drying furrow irrigation（FWDFI） and traditional（every） furrow irrigation（TFI）. Each irrigation method was divided into two levels： irrigation up to 100 and 80% field capacity（FC）. Results showed that plant biomass（dry matter） and marketable fruit yield of tomato did not differ significantly between the treatments of AWDFI and TFI, but significant difference was observed in AWDFI and in TFI compared to FWDFI at same irrigation level. AWDFI saved irrigation water by 35 to 38% for the irrigation levels up to 80 and 100% FC, compared to the TFI, respectively. AWDFI improved WUE by around 37 to 40% compared to TFI when irrigated with 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Fruit quality（total soluble solids and pulp） was found greater in AWDFI than in TFI. Net return from AWDFI technique was found nearly similar compared to TFI and more than FWDFI. The benefit cost ratio was viewed higher in AWDFI than in TFI and FWDFI by 2.8, 8.7 and 11, 10.4% when irrigation water was applied up to 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Unit production cost was obtained lower in AWDFI compared to TFI and FWDFI. However, AWDFI is a useful water-saving furrow irrigation technique which may resolve as an alternative choice compared with TFI in the areas where available water and supply methods are limited to irrigation.

Real time remaining useful life prediction based on nonlinear Wiener based degradation processes with measurement errors

Real time remaining useful life(RUL) prediction based on condition monitoring is an essential part in condition based maintenance(CBM). In the current methods about the real time RUL prediction of the nonlinear degradation process, the measurement error is not considered and forecasting uncertainty is large. Therefore, an approximate analytical RUL distribution in a closed-form of a nonlinear Wiener based degradation process with measurement errors was proposed. The maximum likelihood estimation approach was used to estimate the unknown fixed parameters in the proposed model. When the newly observed data are available, the random parameter is updated by the Bayesian method to make the estimation adapt to the item's individual characteristic and reduce the uncertainty of the estimation. The simulation results show that considering measurement errors in the degradation process can significantly improve the accuracy of real time RUL prediction.

Direct Observation of Carrier Transportation Process in InGaAs/GaAs Multiple Quantum Wells Used for Solar Cells and Photodetectors

The resonant excitation is used to generate photo-excited carriers in quantum wells to observe the process of the carriers transportation by comparing the photoluminescence results between quantum wells with and without a p-n junction. It is observed directly in experiment that most of the photo-excited carriers in quantum wells with a p-n junction escape from quantum wells and form photoeurrent rather than relax to the ground state of the quantum wells. The photo absorption coei^cient of multiple quantum wells is also enhanced by a p-n junction. The results pave a novel way for solar cells and photodetectors making use of low-dimensional structure.

Agronomic management practices in dryland wheat result in variations in precipitation use efficiency due to their differential impacts on the steps in the precipitation use process

Yield loss due to low precipitation use efficiency(PUE)occurs frequently in dryland crop production.PUE is determined by a complicated process of precipitation use in farmland,which includes several sequential steps:precipitation infiltrates into the soil,the infiltrated precipitation is stored in soil,the soil-stored precipitation is consumed through transpiration or evaporation,transpired precipitation is used to produce dry-matter,and finally dry-matter is re-allocated to grains.These steps can be quantified by six ratios:precipitation infiltration ratio(SW/SWe;SW,total available water;SWe,available soil water storage at the end of a specific period),precipitation storage ratio(SWe/P;P,effective precipitation),precipitation consumption ratio(ET/SW;ET,evapotranspiration),ratio of crop transpiration to evapotranspiration(T/ET;T,crop transpiration),transpiration efficiency(B/T;B,the increment of shoot biomass)and harvest index(Y/B;Y,grain yield).The final efficiency is then calculated as:PUE=SWe/P×SW/SWe×ET/SW×T/ET×B/T×Y/B.Quantifying each of those ratios is crucial for the planning and execution of PUE improvements and for optimizing the corresponding agronomic practices in a specific agricultural system.In this study,those ratios were quantified and evaluated under four integrated agronomic management systems.Our study revealed that PUE and wheat yield were significantly increased by 8–31%under manure(MIS)or biochar(BIS)integrated systems compared to either conventional farmers’(CF)or high N(HN)integrated systems.In the infiltration and storage steps,MIS and BIS resulted in lower SWe/P but higher SW/SWe compared with CF and HN.Regarding the consumption step,the annual ET/SW under MIS and BIS did not increase due to the higher ET after regreening and the lower ET before regreening compared with CF or HN.The T/ET was significantly higher under MIS and BIS than under CF or HN.In the last two steps,transpiration efficiency and harvest index were less strongly affected by the agronomic management system,although both values varied considerably across the different experimental years.Therefore,attempts to achieve higher PUE and yields in rainfed wheat through agronomic management should focus on increasing the T/ET and SW/SWe,while maintaining ET/SW throughout the year and keeping SWe/P relatively low at harvest time.

Evolution process of rock mass engineering system using systems science

The rock mass engineering system （RMES） basically consists ofrock mass engineering （RME）, water system and surroundingecological environments, etc. The RMES is characterized by nonlinearity,occurrence of chaos and self-organization （Tazaka, 1998;Tsuda, 1998; Kishida, 2000）. From construction to abandonmentof RME, the RMES will experience four stages, i.e. initial phase,development phase, declining phase and failure phase. In thiscircumstance, the RMES boundary conditions, structural safetyand surrounding environments are varied at each phase, so arethe evolution characteristics and disasters （Wang et al., 2014）.

Preparation of Strontium Bismuth Tantalum (SBT) Fine Powder by Sol-Gel Process Using Bismuth Subnitrate as Bismuth Source

Strontium bismuth tantalum (SBT) fine power was prepared by Sol-Gel method. Pentaethoxy tantalum, strontium acetate and bismuth subnitrate were used as raw materials, and were dissolved in proper order in ethylene glycol to form transparent sol. The mixed precursor was dried at 80℃ and annealed at 800℃ for 1 h. Crystallized nanometer sized SBT fine powder was obtained and characterized by XRD.

Morphology and Structure of SiO_2 Film Using Thermal Oxidation Process on(111)Silicon Crystals in Dry Oxygen Atmosphere

By means of scanning electron microscope(SEM)and high voltage electron microscope(HVEM)we have observed and analysed morphology and micro-structure of silicon oxide film with different thickness formed on(111)silicon monocrystal under dry oxygen atmosphere at 1100℃.Compared with their oxidation kinetic curves consisted of three stages,we suggested a mechanism on forming silicon oxide film.According to electron and X-ray diffraction analyses the silicon oxide films consisted of silica with different crystal structure.We also have discussed a stacking fault and a dislocation formed in the Si-Sio_2 interface region simulaneously forming silicon oxide film.

Study of the Mineralization Process of granular apatites in Weng'an Baidou Phosphate Deposit Using Microbeam Analyses

1 Introduction Studies of marine sedimentary phosphate rock have lasted decades,scholars proposed some standpoints about mineralization,however,the genesis of mineral deposits remains to be a controversial question(She et al.,2013).There are many viewpoints of mineralization about the Doushantuo phosphorites,Central Guizhou,including biological mineralization(Mi et al.,2010;Shi et al.,2005),

A SIMPLE LAND SURFACE PROCESS MODEL FOR USE IN CLIMATE STUDY

A quantitative description of the processes taking place among the atmosphere, vegetation and soil is needed for studying air-land interaction and interrelation between the geosphere and the biosphere. In this paper, a simple land surface process model is proposed. Through transfers and exchanges of heat and water, the therrnal and moisture states of the atmosphere, vegetation and soil are linked in a coupled system, in which vegetation is considered as a horizontally uniform layer, soil is divided into three layers and the horizontal differences of variables in the system are neglected. The preliminary results of the experiment indicate that the model is capable of predicting the thermal and moisture conditions of the land surface and suitable to climate study.

Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emission inventory for Pakistan:Part I energy and industrial processes and product use

In order to further improve the accuracy and reliability and reduce uncertainties in the national GHG inventories for Pakistan,this study call for using 2006 IPCC Guidelines,to help to identify the national targets for GHG mitigation with respect to the nationally determined contributions(NDCs).GHG(CO2,CH4,and N20)inventories for Pakistan have been developed by conducting a detailed sectoral assessment of IPCC source sectors,energy,industrial processes and product use(IPPU),agriculture,forestry and other land use(AFOLU),and the waste sector.Further,sector wise comparative analysis of GHG inventories(1994-2017)based on the 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines have also been presented.Results indicated an average relative difference of 4%in total GHG emissions(CO2 equivalent)from energy sector between 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines.With 3.6%average annual growth rate based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines,CO2 from energy sector remained the most abundant GHG emitted,followed by CH4 and N2O.While the average absolute difference in emissions of CH4 and N20 from the energy sector is notable,the total estimated GHG emissions by 2006 IPCC Guidelines duplicate those by 1996 IPCC Guidelines.In the mineral industry with 2006 IPCC Guidelines,an average annual growth rate of 6.7%is observed,contributing 64%of total IPPU sector CO2 emissions.Nevertheless,the relative difference between the two Guidelines in overall IPPU sector emissions remained negligible.There might be a need for switching to 2006 IPCC Guidelines to consider more parameters such as additional source sectors and new default emission factors that fit into national circumstances.

Data signal processing via manchester coding-decoding method using chaotic signals generated by PANDA ring resonator

We investigate the nonlinear behaviors of light recognized as chaos during the propagation of Gaussian laser beam inside a nonlinear polarization maintaining and absorption reducing （PANDA） ring resonator system. It aims to generate the nonlinear behavior of light to obtain data in binary logic codes for transmission in fiber optics communication. Effective parameters, such as refractive indices of a silicon waveguide, coupling coefficients （~）, and ring radius ring （R）, can be properly selected to operate the nonlinear behavior. Therefore, the binary coded data generated by the PANDA ring resonator system can be decoded and converted to Manchester codes, where the decoding process of the transmitted codes occurs at the end of the transmission link. The simulation results show that the original codes can be recovered with a high security of signal transmission using the Manchester method.

Fast time-division color electroholography using a multiple-graphics processing unit cluster system with a single spatial light modulator

We demonstrate fast time-division color etectroholography using a multiple-graphics-processing-unit （GPU） cluster system with a spatial light modulator and a controller to switch the color of the reconstructing light. The controller comprises a universal serial bus module to drive the liquid crystal optical shutters. By using the controller, the computer-generated hologram （CGH） display node of the multiple-GPU cluster system synchronizes the display of the CGH with the color switching of the reconstructing light. Fast time-division color electroholography at 20 fps is realized for a three-dimensional object comprising 21,000 points per color when 13 GPUs are used in a multiple-GPU cluster system.

Co-doping method used to improve the charge transport balance in solution processed OLEDs

In this paper, co-doping method is used to improve the current efficiency of solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs). By changing the ratio of two thermally activated delayed fluorescent(TADF) emitters, we studied the performance of device and its mechanism. A solution processed OLED with a structure of indium tin oxide(ITO, 150 nm)/PEDOT:PSS(30 nm)/CBP:4 Cz IPN-x%:4 Cz PN-y%(30 nm)/TPBi(40 nm)/Li F(1 nm)/Al(100 nm) was fabricated. The current efficiencies of 26.6 cd/A and 26.4 cd/A were achieved by the devices with dopant ratio of 6% 4 Cz IPN:2% 4 Cz PN and 2% 4 Cz IPN:6% 4 Cz PN in emitting material layer(EML), respectively. By investigating the tendency of current density change in devices with different doping ratio, we suggested that the enhancement of the current efficiency should be due to the charge transport balance improvement induced by assist dopant in EML.

Simulation of stabilizing process of dielectric nanoparticle in optical trap using counter-propagating pulsed laser beams

The stabilizing process of glass particle in water by optical trap using the pulsed counter-propagating Gaussian beams is investigated. The influence of the optical power and the particle dimension on the rate and time of the stabilizing process is simulated and discussed.

Mass transfer mechanisms in fixed-bed adsorption of erythromycin

The equilibrium and kinetic characteristics of the adsorption of erythromycin to Sepabeads SP825 were determined.The equilibrium data in a batch system was well described by a Langmuir isotherm.The separation performance was investigated in a fixed-bed system with respect to the adsorption superficial velocity,ionic strength and pH.A mathematical model was used to simulate the mass transfer mechanism,taking film mass transfer,pore diffusion and axial dispersion into account.The model predictions were consistent with the experi-mental data and were consequently used to determine the mass transfer coefficients.

Synthesis and opto-electrical properties of Cu2NiSnS4 nanoparticles using a facile solid-phase process at low temperature

Cu_2NiSnS_4 nanoparticles were prepared for the first time using a facile solid-phase process at a temperature of 180 °C. The crystalline structure, morphology and optical properties of the Cu_2NiSnS_4 nanoparticles were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM) and ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis) spectrophotometer. The band gap and conversion efficiency of Cu_2NiSnS_4 nanoparticles were studied at various temperature. The results showed that the Cu_2NiSnS_4 nanoparticles exhibited an optimum band gap of 1.58 e V and a conversion efficiency of 0.64% at 180 °C, indicating that it maybe be useful in low-cost thin film solar cells.