Research on the Formation Mechanism for the Co-agglomeration of Producer Services and Manufacturing in the Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is witnessing a surge in economic development,showcasing robust resilience in the co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries,along with the increasingly evident impact generated by such co-agglomeration.Based on the panel data collected from ten cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(excluding Zhaoqing)spanning from 2010 to 2020,we examined the formation mechanism for industrial co-agglomeration in the area from three dimensions:industrial correlation,spatial correlation,and policy guidance.Our analysis was based on a vertical correlation model and was validated using the seemingly unrelated regressions(SUR)method.The findings are as follows:(a)There currently exists no spatial correlation between the producer services and manufacturing sectors in the area,and the correlation between the two remains limited to the former providing specialized services to the latter.(b)Policy guidance has a positive impact on the location selection of industries within the area.By implementing a comprehensive range of favorable policies,local governments can provide effective and scientifically guided recommendations regarding the location of producer services and manufacturing sectors.Therefore,it is crucial to foster the collaboration between producer services and manufacturing sectors and further enhance the co-agglomeration between the two sectors.In addition,the government authorities should also strive to enhance its economic governance capacity,thereby facilitating the formation of such co-agglomeration.

An Empirical Study on Chinese City Network Pattern Based on Producer Services

Globalization and informatization have accelerated city networking process over the world, which makes research on city network a hot topic in the fields of urban geography and economic geography. With Chinese economic structure adjustment and city economic growth, producer services have begun to play an increasingly important role in city-region networking. This paper employs the methodology of world city network to analyze and explain the spatial development characteristics of China's urban network system based on the data of nationwide producer services enterprise network. The research result indicated that the distribution of producer services network has a positive effect on the development of Chinese city networks. City network connectivity is closely related to the significance of city in producer services development, and the former will gradually decline with the drop of the latter. Accordingly, the 64 cities can be divided into the national central cities, regional central cities, sub-regional central cities and local central cities in accordance with their position and role in the nationwide producer services network. It is concluded that high-grade cities with quality producer services dominate the pattern of Chinese city networks and there emerges three spatial agglomerations of producer services enterprises in Changjiang (Yangtze) River Delta, Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Economical Region. Moreover, the distribution of different producer services industry varies from city to city, which also affects the characteristics of network development.

Relationship Between Producer Services Developing Level and Urban Hierarchy——A Case Study of Zhujiang River Delta

As the Central Place Theory indicates, the centricity of a central city can influence the extension of its ser- vice. Since the service industry in the theory is mostly consumer services, it is worth studying the relationship between the producer services and the centricity of the city in the service society with producer services becoming a more im- portant part of the service industry. The paper takes the case of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta (PRD), a developed region in China, to study the relationship between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy. Based on the analysis about the spatial difference of the producer services in the nine cities of the PRD, and the divi- sion of the nine cities according to some economic indices, it is shown that there is a correlation between the develop- ing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy. Furthermore, two deductions about the future status of the pro- ducer services in the city and the location of the producer services in a large region can be made from this correlation between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy.

Comprehensive Assessment and Promotion Policy of Producer Services' Competitiveness in Beijing City:A Comparative Analysis among Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen

The five central cities-Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen-of the three most important strategic regions in China,namely Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region,the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta,are taken as a comparative analysis on urban producer services' competitiveness,especially focusing on the comparative advantages and disadvantages of producer services in Beijing.Firstly,based on an integrated indicator system including one objective hierarchy,four standard hierarchies and 35 indicator hierarchies,the study applies factor analysis model and analytic hierarchy process model reformed by entropy technology to measure the comprehensive competitiveness of producer services in the above five cities.Secondly,Beijing has comparative advantages of capital resource,industrial base,scientific research resource and market scale,since it takes the first place of the five cities in the comprehensive competitiveness of producer services,the competitiveness of industrial development,business environment and living environment,only inferior to Shanghai in the competitiveness of talent capital.Thirdly,Beijing has comparative disadvantages in the level of producer services development,urban innovation capability and living environment.Finally,five proposals are put forth to enhance the competitiveness of producer services in Beijing,namely perfecting the system of laws and statutes,supporting the development of industry association,implementing scientific development planning,introducing preferential fiscal and taxation policies and strengthening human capital reserve.

An Empirical Research of Producer Services＇ Cluster Development To Regional Industrial Structure Optimization And Upgrading --Based on the Research of 16 central cities＇ Panel Data in Yangtze River Delta

Based on the 16 central cities＇ Panel Data in Yangtze River Delta, location quotient index is used in this paper to measure and analyze the current cluster situation of producer services in Yangtze River Delta, fixed effects model of Panel Data model is also used in this paper, and the industrial structure is taken as the dependent variable, while the core explanatory variables is the degree of producer services＇ cluster development, which is calculated by location quotient, moreover, three control variables introduced in this paper and they are technology advantage, education level and R＆D spending, and the mentioned above is to empirically study the impacts of producer services＇ cluster development to the regional industrial structure. As a result, producer services＇ cluster development has a significant positive role in promoting the regional industrial structure optimization and upgrading, though the extent is not yet a big push and is still to be further strengthened. In this paper, it has provided a strong evidence that under China＇ s new normal economy, producer services is badly needed to promote regional industrial structure, and finally it makes specific suggestions based on the current cluster situation of producer services in Yangtze River Delta.

What's So Special about China's Producer Services?An Input–output Analysis

In the present study, five stylized facts about China ＂s producer services are established through international, intersectoral and intertemporal comparisons based on input --output tables. First, the overall service input ratio is the lowest in all the sample economies. Second, most producer services are supplied by the traditional labor-intensive sectors. Third, manufacturing is the biggest user of producer services, and service industry is the second, while the opposite is true for most of the other sample economies. Fourth, unlike other economies, China ＂s ＂R＆D＂ is characterized more by consumer services than producer services. Fifth, China has fairly lower service input ratios in almost all the industries. The backward and forward linkages coefficients are both smaller for ＂real estate activities＂ and ＂finance and insurance. ＂＂ Policy reform should focus not only on specific producer services but also on reducing obstacles that are inhibiting the balanced development of diverse producer services that will help China to optimize its economic structure.

Research on China City Network Based on Producer Service Industries

Based on the concept of the world city network(WCN), this paper analyzes city network that is based on producer service industries in China's Mainland at three levels. The corresponding findings include: firstly, at the sub-node level, the location decision-making of producer service industries is no longer merely dependent on linear expansion along the hinterland to establish spatial monopoly, but on a network layout mode based on setting up branch offices in core cities to maximize the profits; secondly, at the city node level, Beijing and Shanghai have become the two major cities for the agglomeration of producer service industries. The coastal city clusters are the principal areas for the concentration of producer service industries, while the majority of other cities are in the peripheral area of the network where there are comparatively low connectivities; thirdly, at the city network level, the primacy effect of Beijing and Shanghai in the city network is extremely signifi cant and the linkage among core cities, namely, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, in the three major city clusters forms the core network of the producer service industries in China's Mainland.

Manufacturing Demand and Producer Services Efficiency in China:Threshold Effect of Economic Development

Considering the important role the demand from manufacturing has played in the development of producer services,this paper analyzes the influence mechanism of manufacturing demand on producer services efficiency through two channels,which are the scale effect and innovation incentives.Meanwhile,the paper also evaluates the moderating effect of economic development level on the relationship between manufacturing demand and producer services efficiency.Based on the panel data of China’s manufacturing industry and producer services from 1995 to 2014,the empirical result shows that:(1)the demand from manufacturing was helpful to improve producer services efficiency,and compared with the labor-intensive manufacturing,the demand from capital-intensive manufacturing played a more important role in improving producer services efficiency;(2)at different stages of economic development,the promoting effect of manufacturing demand on producer services efficiency showed a nonlinear threshold effect rather than a simple linear effect,namely after crossing a certain threshold of economic development level,the promoting effect would be more significant.More specifically the threshold level faced by capital-intensive manufacturing industry was higher than that faced by labor-intensive manufacturing industry.These findings may be helpful for governments to make industrial development strategy.

The Source of Momentum for Producer Services’Growth China:A Research from the Perspective of Driving Force Decomposition

Under the background of growth driving force conversion,this paper examines the source of growth in the producer services sector in China with the stochastic frontier analysis(SFA)model,using provincial service sector data during 2005-2016.Research fi ndings show that(1)the total factor productivity(TFP)of producer services in China is characterized by multi-stage changes,with technological progress being the primary driving force and industrial growth being“technology-led”.(2)Innovation,represented by increased TFP,is the leading driving force of producer services’growth and the overall structure of driving forces is reasonable;(3)the driven structure of niche industries varies greatly,and the conversion of driving forces must take into account industry characteristics;(4)as developed regions are more capable of coping with external impacts and policy stimuli,innovation is the main driving force for them,while for other regions,where innovation as a driving force is weak and old driving forces has led to extensive growth,their structure way evolve to an irrational state.It is necessary to seize opportunities to promote innovation-driven model and take producer services sector as the main battlefield for the cultivation of new driving forces,giving full consideration to the heterogeneity of different industries and regions.

The development of producer services in China

This paper introduces the background of development of the producer service sector in China.According to detailed statistics,several development characteristics are analyzed in the various aspects such as the proportion and scale,absolute development level,internal structure,contribution rate to GDP,labor productivity,investment returns,foreign direct investment,and so on.Then,it summarizes the development experiences of China’s producer services in regards to theoretical innovation,development strategies,traction roles,development of sub-sectors,supply innovation,and expansion of openness levels.Finally,it analyzes several problems in China’s producer service sector during the course of development,concerning development level,internal structure,exporting capacity,and regional distribution of China’s producer services.It points out the development direction of softening production factors.

Measurement and Interpretation of Connectivity of Chinese Cities in World City Network,2010

This is an empirical paper that measures and interprets the position of Chinese cities in the world city network in 2010. Building on a specification of the world city network as a′interlocking network′in which business services firms play the crucial role in city network formation, information is gathered about the presence of global service firms in cities. This information is converted into data to provide the′service value′of a city for a firm′s provision of corporate services in a 526(cities)×175(firms) matrix. These data are then used as the input to the interlocking network model in order to measure cities′connectivity and its predominant geographical orientation. Here we focus on the position of some key Chinese cities in this regard, and discuss and interpret results in the context of the urban dimensions of the′opening up′of the Chinese economy.

Changing Connectivities of Chinese Cities in the World City Network,2010–2016

Against the backdrop of the sizable economic growth of China in recent years, this paper uses the most recent data gathering of the Globalization and World Cities(Ga WC) research network to update and supplement earlier research on the shifting global connectivity of Chinese cities. The update consists of an evaluation of the connectivity of Chinese cities in 2016, the supplement of an analysis of the changing position of Chinese cities in the world city network between 2010 and 2016. To this end, we build on a specification of the world city network as an ‘interlocking network' in which producer services firms play the crucial role in city network formation. Information about the presence of leading producer services firms in cities in 2010 and 2016 is used as the input to a bipartite network projection algorithm in order to measure cities' network connectivity. The first set of results discusses the geographies of urban connectivity in the world city network in 2016. The second set of results discusses standardized measures of change to reveal the major dimensions of the transformations between 2010 and 2016. We find that, with the exception of Hong Kong, Macao and Kaohsiung of Taiwan, all Chinese cities record connectivity gains. This wholesale rise in connectivity is nonetheless geographically uneven, with above all Beijing, Chengdu/Chongqing and Changsha/Wuhan becoming more connected. We conclude that the wholesale rise of Chinese cities in the world city network and their changing trajectories in the post-crisis era are embedded in shifting external and internal political economies.

Post-industrial Economic Restructuring and Wage Inequality in Urban China, 2003-2015: A Sectoral Perspective

Income inequality in urban China has attracted growing attention from China’s urban researchers and policy makers. Whereas many studies have interrogated the pattern and process of the income gap in Chinese cities undergoing the institutional transformation from plan to market, relatively little is known about how such unequal distribution of income is related to China’s ongoing structural transformation toward a post-industrial economy. Drawing on a decomposition methodology based on the Theil index, this study aimed to address this lacuna through an empirical investigation of China’s urban wage inequality from a sectoral perspective. Our empirical study identified the low-wage manufacturing sector and the high-wage producer services sector as the two biggest contributors to urban wage inequality in China. Urban wage inequality within the producer services was found to be caused by the spatial concentration of a disproportionate number of high-paying jobs in a few developed, high-tier city-regions on the eastern coast. Our empirical findings have important implications for the formulation of policies to address the income inequality that plagues China’s continuing urbanization.

生产性服务业集聚对PM2.5的影响——以黄河流域为例

Regional and persistent PM_(2.5) pollution seriously undermines the development of urban ecological civilizations and the advancement of high-quality economies.The producer service sector,an example of a typical knowledge-intensive service industry,plays an important role in advancing the manufacturing industry and fostering economic growth while concurrently improving urban environmental conditions.Based on panel data of prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2006 to 2019,this study constructed a Spatial Durbin Model and a mediation effect model to comprehensively explore the impact of producer services agglomeration on PM_(2.5) pollution.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)From 2006 to 2019,PM_(2.5) pollution in the study area exhibited an initial rise followed by a subsequent decline,with notable spatial heterogeneity.PM_(2.5) pollution in the lower reaches of the Yellow River was significantly higher than in the middle and upper reaches.In addition,the spatial pattern of producer services agglomeration showed distinct “core-edge” characteristics.(2) The agglomeration of producer services had a significant negative impact on local and adjacent PM_(2.5) pollution,and there was a more pronounced haze reduction effect in the case of specialized agglomerations of producer services and low-end producer services.(3) The agglomeration of producer services indirectly improved PM_(2.5) pollution by promoting technological innovation and optimizing industrial structure,with the latter playing a greater mediating effect.This study not only helps expand the theoretical and empirical research on producer services agglomeration but also offers valuable insights for pursuing a green transformation of the Yellow River Basin by optimizing industrial patterns through the producer services sector.This approach represents a reference for curbing PM_(2.5) pollution and guiding the region toward a greener future.

A novel method for approximating intercity networks： An empirical comparison for validating the city networks in two Chinese city-regions

A network perspective has increasingly become an organizational paradigm for understanding regional spatial structures. Based on a critical overview of existing empirical models for estimating intercity networks based on firm linkages, this study extends the re- cently proposed regional corporate city model algorithm by proposing a new method for ap- proximating urban networks based on the Iocational strategies of firms. The new method considers both regional and hierarchical network features and avoids the information loss associated with the conversion from two-mode firm-city networks to one-mode city-city networks. In addition, networks estimated by using the method proposed herein are suitable when employing social network analysis. Finally, this method is empirically validated by ex- amining intercity firm networks formed by advanced producer services firms in China＇s two largest metropolitan areas, namely the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. The pre- sented empirical analysis suggests two main findings. First, in contrast to conventional methods （e.g., the interlocking city network model）, our new method produces regional and hierarchical urban networks that more closely resemble reality. Second, the new method al- lows us to use social network analysis to assess betweenness and closeness centralities. However, regardless of the model applied, the validity of any method that measures urban networks depends on the soundness of its underlying assumptions about how network actors （firms, in our case） interact.