Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation in the surface and ground water treatment plants using Yellow River as water source

This work investigated the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products （C-DBPs, N-DBPs） upon chlorination of water samples collected from a surface water and a ground water treatment plant （SWTP and GWTP） where the conventional treatment processes, i.e., coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration were employed. Twenty DBPs, including four trihalomethanes, nine haloacetic acids, seven N-DBPs （dichloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, bromochloroace- tonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane）, and eight volatile chlorinated compounds （dichloromethane （DCM）, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene） were detected in the two WTPs. The concentrations of these contaminants were all below their corresponding maximum contamination levels （MCLs） regulated by the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China （GB5749-2006） except for DCM （17.1 ~tg/L detected vs. 20 μg/L MCL）. The SWTP had much higher concentrations of DBPs detected in the treated water as well as the DBP formation potentials tested in the filtered water than the GWTP, probably because more precursors （e.g., dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen） were present in the water source of the SWTE

Removal of disinfection by-products formation potential by biologically intensified process

The removal of disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPFP) in artificially intensified biological activated carbon(IBAC) process which is developed on the basis of traditional ozone granular activated carbon was evaluated. By IBAC removals of 31% and 68% for THMFP and HAAFP were obtained respectively. Under identical conditions, the removals of the same substances were 4% and 32% respectively only by the granular activated carbon(GAC) process. Compared with GAC, the high removal rates of the two formed potential substances were due to the increasing of bioactivity of the media and the synergistic capabilities of biological degradation cooperating with activated carbon adsorption of organic compounds. A clear linear correlation(R 2=0.9562 and R 2=0.9007) between DOC HAAFP removal rate and Empty Bed Contact Time(EBCT) of IBAC process was observed, while that between THMFP removal rate and EBCT of GAC was R 2=0.9782. In addition certain linear correlations between THMFP, HAAFP and UV 254 (R 2=0.855 and R 2=0.7702) were found for the treated water. For IBAC process there are also more advantages such as long backwashing cycle time, low backwashing intensity and prolonging activated carbon lifetime and so on.

Geological Controls on the CBM Productivity of No.15 Coal Seam of Carboniferous–Permian Taiyuan Formation in Southern Qinshui Basin and Prediction for CBM High-yield Potential Regions

Coalbed methane(CBM) resources in No.15 coal seam of Taiyuan Formation account for 55% of the total CBM resources in southern Qinshui Basin(SQB), and have a great production potential. This study aims at investigating the CBM production in No.15 coal seam and its influence factors. Based on a series of laboratory experiments and latest exploration and development data from local coal mines and CBM companies, the spatial characteristics of gas production of No.15 coal seam were analyzed and then the influences of seven factors on the gas productivity of this coal seam were discussed, including coal thickness, burial depth, gas content, ratio of critical desorption pressure to original coal reservoir pressure(RCPOP), porosity, permeability, and hydrogeological condition. The influences of hydrological condition on CBM production were analyzed based on the discussions of four aspects: hydrogeochemistry, roof lithology and its distribution, hydrodynamic field of groundwater, and recharge rate of groundwater. Finally, a three-level analytic hierarchy process(AHP) evaluation model was proposed for predicting the CBM potentials of the No.15 coal seam in the SQB. The best prospective target area for CBM production of the No.15 coal seam is predicted to be in the districts of Panzhuang, Chengzhuang and south of Hudi.

Integrated Manufacturing Cell Formation Technology Orienting Multi-product Type and Variant Volume Production

What is pursued by multi-product type and variant volume（MPTVV） production is rapid response and quick switching,so that structure of transferring line in manufacturing system is no longer unalterable.Cell formation（CF） algorithm is the key technology of cellular manufacturing system（CMS）.Currently,CF methods are mainly extended on the idea of group technology（GT） that covers a lot on analysis of resource capability matching and its algorithm.Various constraints are considered,but seldom utilized comprehensively.Aimed to the problem of manufacturing cell（MC） formation under MPTVV production mode,integrated formation technologies for typical MC as group type of cell（GC）,flow type of cell（FC） and inherited cell（IC） are presented based on technical analysis of CF.Oriented to practical production constraints like delivery time,product batch,equipment ability,key machine,key part and machine sharing,etc,an integrated formation model is constructed and internal interrelations of these constraints are analyzed synthetically.Ulteriorly,formation goals of types of MCs and their formation procedures under joint effect of formation constraints and rules are spread.In case study,three highly balanced GC are formed first;then FC formation are implemented based on the same data which indicate good balancing effect of cell load and flow-style production for key tasks;When task is adjusted,a new scheme is constructed on the result of FC configuration by using IC formation method,and more optimal performance of flow-style production is manifested.The proposed comparative study of different type of cells strongly explains the validation of integrated MC formation in support of rapid manufacturing resource transformation under MPTVV production mode.

Efficient CO_(2)Reduction to Formate on CsPbI_(3) Nanocrystals Wrapped with Reduced Graphene Oxide

Transformation of greenhouse gas(CO_(2))into valuable chemicals and fuels is a promising route to address the global issues of climate change and the energy crisis.Metal halide perovskite catalysts have shown their potential in promoting CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),however,their low phase stability has limited their application perspective.Herein,we present a reduced graphene oxide(rGO)wrapped CsPbI_3 perovskite nanocrystal(NC)CO_(2)RR catalyst(CsPbI_3/rGO),demonstrating enhanced stability in the aqueous electrolyte.The CsPbI_3/rGO catalyst exhibited>92%Faradaic efficiency toward formate production at a CO_(2)RR current density of~12.7 mA cm^(-2).Comprehensive characterizations revealed the superior performance of the CsPbI_3/rGO catalyst originated from the synergistic effects between the CsPbI_3 NCs and rGO,i.e.,rGO stabilized theα-CsPbI_3 phase and tuned the charge distribution,thus lowered the energy barrier for the protonation process and the formation of~*HCOO intermediate,which resulted in high CO_(2)RR selectivity toward formate.This work shows a promising strategy to rationally design robust metal halide perovskites for achieving efficient CO_(2)RR toward valuable fuels.

Metal oxides heterojunction derived Bi-In hybrid electrocatalyst for robust electroreduction of CO_(2) to formate

Electrochemical reduction of Bi-based metal oxides is regarded as an effective strategy to rationally design advanced electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR).Realizing high selectivity at high current density is important for formate production,but remains challenging.Herein,the BiIn hybrid electrocatalyst,deriving from the Bi2O3/In2O3heterojunction(MOD-Biln),shows excellent catalytic performance for CO_(2)RR.The Faradaic efficiency of formate(FEHCOO-) can be realized over 90% at a wide potential window from-0.4 to-1.4 V vs.RHE,while the partial current density of formate(jHCOO-) reaches about 136.7 mA cm^(-2)at-1.4 V in flow cell without IR-compensation.In additio n,the MOD-Biln exhibits superior stability with high selectivity of formate at 100 mA cm^(-2).Systematic characterizations prove the optimized catalytic sites and interface charge transfer of MOD-Biln,while theoretical calculation confirms that the hybrid structure with dual Bi/In metal sites contribute to the optimal free energy of*H and*OCHO intermediates on MOD-Biln surface,thus accelerating the formation and desorption step of*HCOOH to final formate production.Our work provides a facile and useful strategy to develop highly-active and stable electrocatalysts for CO_(2)RR.

XPS,Chemical Trapping, and DRFTIR Study on Mechanism of By-Products Formation in Selective (AMM)Oxidation of Propylene on MoO_3 and γ-Bi_2MoO_6

XPS and chemical trapping experments with H2, NH3, and CH3I as trapping agents were carried out for studying the adsorption of propylene over MoO3 or r-Bi2MoO6. The results show that the fragmentation of carbon chain takes place during the adsorption of propylene through breaking C -C double bond and C-C bond on Mo2+ and the adjacent lattice oxygen, leading to formation of the oxygen- or nitrogen-containing by-products of C1 and C2 species. Diffuse-Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (DRFTIR) Spectroscopy was used to study the surface species formed during the chemisorption and reaction of propylene over y-Bi2MoO6 at a lower temperature. The results that C1, C2 adspecies were detected by DRFTIR at 175℃ are consistent with the results of XPS and chemical trapping experiments, whlle the results at 50℃ Grasselli et al.

Removal characteristics of disinfection by-products formation potential by bioaugmentation activated carbon process

The high-active bacteria were screened from 8 dominant bacteria obtained from the natural water body,and then the bioaugmentation activated carbon was formed by hydraulic immobilization of the high-active bacteria. Plant-scale studies on removal characteristics of disinfection by-products formation potentials (DBPFP) by bioaugmentation activated carbon process were conducted for micro-polluted raw water treatment. The results show that the bioaugmentation activated carbon process has adopted better purification efficiency to THMFP and HAAFP than traditional biological activated carbon process,and that average removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP can reach 35% and 39.7% during the test period,increasing by more than 10% compared with traditional biological activated carbon process. The removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP are stable because of the biodegradation of the high-active bacteria and the adsorption of active carbon. The biodegradability of CHCl3 formation potential is better as compared with that of CHCl2Br and CHClBr2 formation potentials among THMFP,and high removal efficiency of CHCl3formation potential is obtained by bioaugmentation degradation of the high-active bacteria. The biodegradability of HAAFP is better in comparison with that of THMFP,and the chemical properties of HAAFP are propitious to adsorption of activated carbon. Thus,HAAFP is on predominance during the competitive removal process with THMFP.

The heterotic effects on dry matter production and grain yield formation in hybrid rice

We studied the characteristics of dry matterproduction and matter partitioning in hybridrice and the relationships of them with heterot-ic effect in 1993. Two popular indica hybrids, Shanyou 63(Zhenshan 97A/Minhui 63 ) and Teyou 63(Longtepu A/Minhui 63), as well as theircommon restorer line, Minhui 63 (elite cultivar

政治经济学视域下数字新质生产力的形成逻辑与内涵研究

数字技术快速发展,各行业数字化转型不断深化,数字新质生产力正在成为推动经济增长和社会进步的关键力量。为了全面解析数字新质生产力的形成逻辑和丰富内涵,进而推动其发展,本文采用文献分析、理论分析与数理推导的方法,基于马克思主义政治经济学的生产力理论,探讨了社会生产力的历史演进及其发展趋势,深入解读了数字新质生产力的本质及内涵、外延,重点分析其形成逻辑和作用特征。研究结果表明,数字新质生产力的本质是由前沿数字技术创新驱动的,更具包容性、更体现新内涵的先进生产力。数字新质生产力的基本内涵包括劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升,外延涉及全要素生产率的提升和产业结构的优化两个核心方面。数字技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置以及产业深度转型升级三者的联合作用推动了数字新质生产力的形成,其作用特征表现为高科技、高效能和高质量。文章进一步阐释了数字新质生产力的构成,即以数字技术、数据要素、数字产业化与产业数字化为核心的动力机制与劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象等生产要素相互渗透,进而提出了数字新质生产力的计算公式,用于评估其影响力。研究表明,数字新质生产力的出现既是对传统马克思主义生产力理论的继承,也是其创新发展,是社会生产力发展进入新阶段的具象表现之一,对数字新质生产力的深入研究,为理解并推动数字经济时代的高质量发展提供了重要视角。

肉制品中晚期糖基化终末产物研究进展

肉类富含蛋白质和脂质,有利于晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)的生成。研究表明,AGEs会对人体产生多种危害,应尽量减少其在加工过程中的生成量。本文对近年来食品中尤其是肉制品中AGEs的形成、危害、检测进行介绍,并综述影响肉制品中AGEs生成量的因素,以期为探究减少肉制品加工过程中AGEs生成量的新方法提供思路。

供需评价异化视角下农业生产托管服务价格形成机制存在的问题——来自江汉平原的调查问卷

农业生产托管服务价格是影响托管服务供给和需求的重要因素。基于江汉平原农业生产托管服务供需双方对托管服务价格评价的调查结果,分析了农业生产托管服务价格形成机制的现状与存在的问题。结果表明,目前农业生产托管服务价格并不是供需双方一致达成的均衡价格,农业生产托管服务市场属于不完全市场,托管服务价格水平普遍偏高,供给方有让利给需求方的空间和动机,但存在供需错配问题,托管服务价格及补贴政策对供需的调节作用并没有得到充分发挥。为此,应完善供需沟通渠道,加强服务标准建设,大力发展新型农业经营方式,优化托管补贴对象,加强政策宣传和明确补贴指向,以促进农业生产托管服务价格形成机制的完善。

基于核磁共振测井的页岩油产能分析及甜点评价

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组页岩油水平井产能差异大,各井产水率区别明显,其主控因素尚不清楚,现有甜点分类标准无法满足该区页岩油精细开发的需要,基于核磁共振测井截止值的含油性及可动性解释难以精细识别页岩油甜点。以核磁共振测井和实验室核磁共振测试为基础,基于分频处理、分流体核磁共振测井孔隙结构表征、弹性能排油模拟等技术,精细表征页岩油层中不同类型流体分布;分别刻画油水赋存孔径,建立可动油量评价模型,对流体赋存、孔径分布、可动油量等进行定量表征;结合单井试油和生产数据,明确水平井产能控制因素。研究表明:大孔轻质组分占比、可动油孔隙度与水平井产能的相关性明显优于孔隙度、含油饱和度和核磁可动油孔隙度;水影响指数则反映地层水对页岩油流动的影响程度,该值越小,相同可动油孔隙度下水平井产能越高、含水率越低。以大孔轻质组分占比、水影响指数和可动油孔隙度为指标,将页岩油油层划分为3类,由Ⅰ类至Ⅲ类油层,日产油量快速减小,含水率明显升高,可作为芦草沟组页岩油甜点精细评价的依据。

五里堠井田煤层气井单相水流阶段合理降幅的确定

为了确定煤层气井单相水流阶段的合理降幅,最大化地保证煤层气井的水压传播距离,以五里堠井田煤层气井为研究对象,对研究区地下水势进行计算,拟合得出地下水势与平均日产水量的关系;以研究区地下水势平均值为界限,将研究区地下水势分为高地下水势和低地下水势,分析了高地下水势区、低地下水势区煤层气井产水特征差异。基于地下水势、地层供液指数、单相水流阶段压裂液量返排率的关系,建立了单相水流阶段合理降幅数学模型,研究区排采数据验证了模型的准确性。在此基础上,根据研究区地下水势差异性,预测了相应的单相水流阶段合理降幅范围。研究结果表明:研究区地下水势与平均日产水量为正相关关系,不同水势区煤层气井产水特征差异明显,其中,高地下水势区煤层气井排采初期日产水量增长迅速,排采中后期日产水量衰减明显;低地下水势区煤层气井排采初期日产水量增长较慢,排采中后期日产水量无明显变化。单相水流阶段,随着地下水势的增加,地层供液指数、压裂液返排率也随之增大;不同地下水势区域,单相流阶段合理降幅范围不同。研究区东北部及中部,单相水流阶段合理降幅范围为0.018~0.024 MPa/d;研究区西北部、南部,单相水流阶段合理降幅范围为0.007~0.017 MPa/d。该研究成果为未投产区及相似地质条件下煤层气井单相水流阶段排采制度的制定提供了借鉴与指导。

数据生产:概念、场景、技术与审思

数字化转型为经济社会发展提供了重大机遇,同时也面临诸多挑战,如数据从哪里来、如何持续供给、如何培育数据核心能力及数据生产场景与技术等问题亟待探讨。通过对数据生产的概念、结构、特征、场景与技术的讨论,希望引起理论界、实践界对数据生产新业态的关注,促进数字化、智能化、智慧化等新质生产力的发展,为我国数字化转型与治理能力现代化服务。

新质生产力与乡村绿色发展:新业态培育与新路径探索

发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点,也是农业农村绿色发展的重要抓手。5位来自相关领域的青年学者,以笔谈方式,对新质生产力与乡村绿色发展进行了深入探讨。相关内容及核心观点如下:(1)新质生产力是壮大农业新产业的重要着力点,培育农业新模式的重要黏合剂,加快催生涉农新业态,可为农业生产、经营管理带来新动力、活力和竞争力,促使农业转向“多元化、多业态、多功能”,快速步入“全产业链、复合型”的绿色发展赛道;(2)中国式现代化农业新质生产力体系,能够促进乡村治理工程化和决策信息化,促进组织重建、产业重塑和空间重构,有利于构建城乡融合和乡村振兴的产业链-价值链-供应链体系,全面推进科技赋能乡村绿色发展;(3)新质生产力通过驱动科技创新、绿色转型、资源效率和数智素养提升推动乡村绿色发展,有利于发展高价值农业,促进乡村地区生态系统服务价值转化和农业生产转型升级,推进宜居宜业和美乡村建设和乡村全面振兴。

基于高温高湿条件下苹果加工过程中代谢产物的多样性分析

通过分析发酵对苹果品质影响的内在机制,为苹果功能成分及代谢调控机制提供科学依据,助力苹果产业纵深发展。采用非靶向代谢组学技术分析了高温高湿条件下苹果加工过程产生的各类差异代谢化合物,分别使用主成分分析方法、聚类热图、偏最小二乘判别方法、KEGG通路富集等对代谢组数据进行分析。结果表明,通过主成分分析(PCA)显示了不同发酵过程中苹果代谢组成的显著阶段性变化,代谢物质鉴定表明,存在334种代谢物,其中脂质和类脂分子所占比例最大,达到44.61%。利用聚类树图和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)揭示了在发酵末期苹果样本的代谢物水平明显高于未发酵样本,有效地区分了不同发酵阶段的苹果样本。通过KEGG路径分析进一步指出,苹果的苯丙素生物合成和苯丙氨酸代谢途径在发酵期间非常活跃,并且在高温条件下激活了玉米素生物合成和鞘脂代谢的特定途径,这对苹果的高温适应性和风味的形成具有重要影响。

热加工食品中晚期糖基化终末产物和5-羟甲基糠醛的形成、检测与控制

食品加工过程中的美拉德反应有助于形成一些热诱导毒性产物,包括晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural,5-HMF)。食源性AGEs在体内的积累和循环与糖尿病并发症的发生有关,同时可能诱发氧化应激、炎症和动脉粥样硬化。5-HMF的代谢物5-磺基氧甲基糠醛(5-sulfooxymethylfurfural,5-SMF)有潜在基因毒性和致癌性。如何控制热加工食品中这些危害物的形成已成为食品行业的关注焦点。本文从美拉德反应和焦糖化反应两条途径探究了AGEs和5-HMF的形成机理,并对近5年二者的检测方法进行了综述,阐述了各类方法的优缺点,以期为建立二者的通用检测方法奠定基础。在此基础上,从削减前体物质的供给、阻断中间体的转化,以及去除已经生成的AGEs和5-HMF这3个方面着手,综述了近年来相应所采用的抑制策略,以期为AGEs和5-HMF在食品中的控制及热加工食品质量与安全管理提供理论依据。

都市圈“三生”功能空间关联网络特征与形成机制分析——以杭州都市圈为例

研究目的:以杭州都市圈为例,探究都市圈国土空间“三生”功能空间关联网络特征及其形成机制,为促进区域国土空间功能协同提升、完善国土空间开发保护策略提供参考依据。研究方法:综合评价法、社会网络分析法、QAP回归模型。研究结果:(1)2000—2020年杭州都市圈生产功能呈现先升后降的态势,生活功能快速提升,生态功能稳中有降;生产和生态功能的空间分异特征显著,生活功能表现出日益均衡的空间分布特征。(2)研究期内,杭州都市圈生活功能网络密度持续提升,生产功能网络密度先升后降,生态功能网络密度保持稳定,在空间上形成了以杭州和绍兴主城区为核心节点的复杂、稳定的网络结构形态。(3)地理空间邻近性对“三生”功能空间关联网络的形成均产生正向影响,耕地和林地资源禀赋差异、经济发展水平差距、产业结构差异、固定资产投资差异等因素在不同程度上对“三生”功能空间关联网络的形成产生显著影响。研究结论:应以网络化思维促进都市圈“三生”功能协同提升,依托一体化建设统筹资源优化配置,并通过因地制宜、优势互补促进区域空间协调发展。

发酵肉制品中酪胺形成途径与控制方法的研究进展

发酵肉制品是指在自然或人工控制条件下,经微生物或酶的作用,发生一系列变化,形成的具有特殊风味、色泽、质地和较长保存期的肉制品。发酵肉制品深受消费者的喜爱,但是其富含蛋白质,有极大的可能出现高含量的生物胺。其中以组胺和酪胺的毒性最强,食用富含酪胺的食物会引起头痛、高血压等不良反应。因此控制发酵肉制品中的酪胺含量是极其有必要的。本文对发酵肉制品中酪胺的形成途径、控制方法及作用效果进行了综述。其中,主要形成途径是酪氨酸经脱羧酶作用脱羧,此外存在着与脂质氧化产物有关的化学途径,而较为有效的控制方法是添加辅料和接种发酵剂。本文以期为降低发酵肉制品中的酪胺含量,提高发酵肉制品的安全性提供理论支持。