Direct seeded rice is promising alternative to traditional transplanting, but requires appropriate crop and water management to maintain yield performance and achieve high water productivity. Present study evaluated t...Direct seeded rice is promising alternative to traditional transplanting, but requires appropriate crop and water management to maintain yield performance and achieve high water productivity. Present study evaluated the effect of seed priming and irrigation on crop establishment, tillering, agronomic traits, paddy yield, grain quality and water productivity of direct seeded rice in alternate wetting and drying （DSR-AWD） in comparison with direct seeded rice at field capacity （DSR- FC）. Seed priming treatments were osmo-priming with KCI （2.2%）, CaCI2 （2.2%） and moringa leaf extracts （MLE, 3.3%） including hydro-priming as control. Among the treatments, seed osmo-primed with MLE emerged earlier and had higher final emergence, followed by osmo-priming with CaCI2. Tillering emergence rate and number of tillers per plant were the highest for seed priming with CaCI2 in DSR- AWD. Total productive and non-productive tillers, panicle length, biological and grain yields, harvest index were highest for seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 in DSR-AWD. Similarly, grain quality, estimated in terms of normal grains, abortive and chalky grains, was also the highest in DSR-AWD with MLE osmo-priming. Benefit cost ratio and water productivity was also the highest in DSR-AWD for seed priming with MLE. In conclusion, seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 can be successfully employed to improve the direct seeded rice performance when practiced with alternate wetting and drying irrigation.展开更多
油菜是重要的油料作物,对缺磷敏感,我国油菜主产区土壤供磷状况较差,缺磷常导致油菜籽减产。于2019—2021年度2季在长江中游地区进行磷肥用量田间试验,设置0、45、90、135和180 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)5个施磷水平,探究磷营养供应状况同...油菜是重要的油料作物,对缺磷敏感,我国油菜主产区土壤供磷状况较差,缺磷常导致油菜籽减产。于2019—2021年度2季在长江中游地区进行磷肥用量田间试验,设置0、45、90、135和180 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)5个施磷水平,探究磷营养供应状况同时对油菜籽产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施磷显著增加油菜单株角果数、角粒数和千粒重,进而增加了油菜产量。不施磷处理的平均产量仅190 kg hm^(-2),施磷增产8.5~12.5倍,根据产量效应得到的最高产量施磷量为51.8~65.0 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)。油菜籽磷含量、含水率、含油率、蛋白质、硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸和硬脂酸对磷肥用量的响应均达到极显著水平,芥酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸的响应较小。随着施磷量的增加,油菜籽含油率呈先增后降的趋势(施磷90 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)和135 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)最高),蛋白质含量呈缓慢升高趋势,硫甙含量显著降低。在磷肥投入量为90~135 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)时获得最大油分产量和蛋白质产量。过量的磷肥施用会降低油菜籽的油酸含量,提高了亚麻酸含量。通径分析表明,籽粒磷含量、含油率和亚麻酸含量对产量有较大的直接正作用,含水率、蛋白质和亚麻酸通过籽粒磷含量对产量有较大的间接正作用,硫甙、油酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸通过籽粒磷含量对产量有较大的间接负作用。综合结果显示,以油菜籽产量和食用油品质为目标的推荐磷肥用量为45~90 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2),以追求饲用饼粕蛋白质产量为目标,推荐磷肥用量为90~135 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)。展开更多
The use of balanced fertilizers in adequate amount is very important to increase crop productivity and production in Ethiopia. The study was executed to quantify maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield response to different r...The use of balanced fertilizers in adequate amount is very important to increase crop productivity and production in Ethiopia. The study was executed to quantify maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield response to different rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) under balanced fertilization of other nutrients. On farm trials were conducted at seven sites on 8 farmers’ fields in Negele Arsi districts, west Arsi zone of Oromia region for three consecutive cropping seasons (2014-2016). Six rates of N, P, S and eight rates of K treatments established separately for each nutrient were laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates per farm. Nutrient response function modelling showed that 184, 20 and 80 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> were the agronomic optimum rate for N, P, and K, respectively. Mean agronomic efficiency (AE) of N, P and K were recorded at the lower rates of these nutrients, application of 46, 10 and 20 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> N, P and K resulted in 19.1, 61.0, and 24 kg additional grain yield•kg<sup>−1</sup> N, P and K, respectively. Also, the mean partial factor productivity (PFP) of N, P and K were 77.6, 370 and 158 kg additional grain•kg<sup>−1</sup> applied N, P and K respectively. Economically optimal rate (EOR) of N, P and K were 48 - 114 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> N with CP 8 - 3.5, 12 - 20 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> P with CP 18 - 4.5 and 32 - 53 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> K with CP 8-4, from these rates net returns of US$487.23 - 143.30, US$698.16 - 498.3 and US$359.31 - 193.63 could be obtained respectively. To conclude, application of 84, 12 and 40 kg•ha<sup>−1 </sup>N, P and K could be recommended for the production of maize.展开更多
文摘Direct seeded rice is promising alternative to traditional transplanting, but requires appropriate crop and water management to maintain yield performance and achieve high water productivity. Present study evaluated the effect of seed priming and irrigation on crop establishment, tillering, agronomic traits, paddy yield, grain quality and water productivity of direct seeded rice in alternate wetting and drying （DSR-AWD） in comparison with direct seeded rice at field capacity （DSR- FC）. Seed priming treatments were osmo-priming with KCI （2.2%）, CaCI2 （2.2%） and moringa leaf extracts （MLE, 3.3%） including hydro-priming as control. Among the treatments, seed osmo-primed with MLE emerged earlier and had higher final emergence, followed by osmo-priming with CaCI2. Tillering emergence rate and number of tillers per plant were the highest for seed priming with CaCI2 in DSR- AWD. Total productive and non-productive tillers, panicle length, biological and grain yields, harvest index were highest for seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 in DSR-AWD. Similarly, grain quality, estimated in terms of normal grains, abortive and chalky grains, was also the highest in DSR-AWD with MLE osmo-priming. Benefit cost ratio and water productivity was also the highest in DSR-AWD for seed priming with MLE. In conclusion, seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 can be successfully employed to improve the direct seeded rice performance when practiced with alternate wetting and drying irrigation.
文摘油菜是重要的油料作物,对缺磷敏感,我国油菜主产区土壤供磷状况较差,缺磷常导致油菜籽减产。于2019—2021年度2季在长江中游地区进行磷肥用量田间试验,设置0、45、90、135和180 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)5个施磷水平,探究磷营养供应状况同时对油菜籽产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施磷显著增加油菜单株角果数、角粒数和千粒重,进而增加了油菜产量。不施磷处理的平均产量仅190 kg hm^(-2),施磷增产8.5~12.5倍,根据产量效应得到的最高产量施磷量为51.8~65.0 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)。油菜籽磷含量、含水率、含油率、蛋白质、硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸和硬脂酸对磷肥用量的响应均达到极显著水平,芥酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸的响应较小。随着施磷量的增加,油菜籽含油率呈先增后降的趋势(施磷90 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)和135 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)最高),蛋白质含量呈缓慢升高趋势,硫甙含量显著降低。在磷肥投入量为90~135 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)时获得最大油分产量和蛋白质产量。过量的磷肥施用会降低油菜籽的油酸含量,提高了亚麻酸含量。通径分析表明,籽粒磷含量、含油率和亚麻酸含量对产量有较大的直接正作用,含水率、蛋白质和亚麻酸通过籽粒磷含量对产量有较大的间接正作用,硫甙、油酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸通过籽粒磷含量对产量有较大的间接负作用。综合结果显示,以油菜籽产量和食用油品质为目标的推荐磷肥用量为45~90 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2),以追求饲用饼粕蛋白质产量为目标,推荐磷肥用量为90~135 kg P_(2)O_(5)hm^(-2)。
文摘The use of balanced fertilizers in adequate amount is very important to increase crop productivity and production in Ethiopia. The study was executed to quantify maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield response to different rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) under balanced fertilization of other nutrients. On farm trials were conducted at seven sites on 8 farmers’ fields in Negele Arsi districts, west Arsi zone of Oromia region for three consecutive cropping seasons (2014-2016). Six rates of N, P, S and eight rates of K treatments established separately for each nutrient were laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates per farm. Nutrient response function modelling showed that 184, 20 and 80 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> were the agronomic optimum rate for N, P, and K, respectively. Mean agronomic efficiency (AE) of N, P and K were recorded at the lower rates of these nutrients, application of 46, 10 and 20 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> N, P and K resulted in 19.1, 61.0, and 24 kg additional grain yield•kg<sup>−1</sup> N, P and K, respectively. Also, the mean partial factor productivity (PFP) of N, P and K were 77.6, 370 and 158 kg additional grain•kg<sup>−1</sup> applied N, P and K respectively. Economically optimal rate (EOR) of N, P and K were 48 - 114 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> N with CP 8 - 3.5, 12 - 20 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> P with CP 18 - 4.5 and 32 - 53 kg•ha<sup>−1</sup> K with CP 8-4, from these rates net returns of US$487.23 - 143.30, US$698.16 - 498.3 and US$359.31 - 193.63 could be obtained respectively. To conclude, application of 84, 12 and 40 kg•ha<sup>−1 </sup>N, P and K could be recommended for the production of maize.
