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Effects of financial development and capital accumulation on labor productivity in sub‑Saharan Africa:new insight from cross sectional autoregressive lag approach
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作者 Joshua Dzankar Zoaka Hasan Gungor 《Financial Innovation》 2023年第1期1-18,共18页
This study aims to shed light on the effects of financial development and accumula-tion of capital on the productivity of labor in the sub-Sahara African region within the period of 1990–2018.In this work,we used the... This study aims to shed light on the effects of financial development and accumula-tion of capital on the productivity of labor in the sub-Sahara African region within the period of 1990–2018.In this work,we used the(dynamic)common correlated effects estimator-mean group and additional techniques such as cross-section autoregressive distributed lag to calibrate the sample into the African subregion to ensure robustness.The findings reveal that financial progress in the region over time leads to an increase in productivity of labor and also the accumulation of capital.Furthermore,financial markets have a progressive impact on the productivity of labor within sub-Saharan African regions.We extend the very limited literature on the nexus between financial development and labor productivity by incorporating capital accumulation into our model which has not been previously studied. 展开更多
关键词 Productivity of labor Financial development CS-ARDL Capital accumulation Sub-Saharan Africa
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Employment and development levels in rural areas of the Russian Federation
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作者 Guzel SALIMOVA Gulnara NIGMATULLINA +2 位作者 Gamir HABIROV Alisa ABLEEVA Rasul GUSMANOV 《Regional Sustainability》 2024年第3期124-134,共11页
The development of agro-industrial complex is important for ensuring national food security and national health.The development of rural areas is subject to the development of agriculture and local infrastructure,as w... The development of agro-industrial complex is important for ensuring national food security and national health.The development of rural areas is subject to the development of agriculture and local infrastructure,as well as the availability of various services.This study selected 15 indicators in 2021 to analyze the employment and development levels in rural areas of 71 regions of the Russian Federation using the analytical grouping method.The results indicated that 20 regions(Group 1)had the highest percentage of rural population(33.10%).The percentage of population engaged in agriculture had the highest value(12.40%)in 31 regions(Group 2).Moreover,20 regions(Group 3)had the highest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget(11.80 USD/person).Increasing the investments in fixed assets carried out from the budget of the municipality can improve the employment level in rural areas.Then,we used cluster analysis to divide 14 regions of the Volga Federal District in the Russian Federation into 3 clusters.Cluster 1 covered Kirov Region and Republic of Mari El;Cluster 2 included Ulyanovsk Region,Saratov Region,Nizhny Novgorod Region,Perm Territory,Orenburg Region,Chuvash Region,and Republic of Mordovia;and Cluster 3 contained Republic of Tatarstan,Samara Region,Udmurtian Republic,Penza Region,and Republic of Bashkortostan.Results indicated that the 2 regions of Cluster 1 need to increase the availability of resources and natural gas and improve the investment attractiveness of rural areas.The 7 regions of Cluster 2 needed to develop infrastructure,public services,and agricultural production.We found the highest employment level in rural areas,the largest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget,the largest residential building area per 10,000 persons,and the largest individual residential building area in the 5 regions of Cluster 3.This study makes it possible to draw up a comprehensive regional development program and proves the need for the development of rural areas,which is especially important for the sustainable development of the Russian Federation. 展开更多
关键词 Rural areas Employment level labor productivity Investments in fixed assets Sustainable Development Goal(SDG) Russian Federation
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Relationship Between Social Economic Agglomeration and Labor Productivity of Core Cities in Northeast China 被引量:4
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作者 ZHANG Peng YANG Qingshan ZHAO Yichun 《Chinese Geographical Science》 SCIE CSCD 2012年第2期221-231,共11页
Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin are the four core cities which play an essential role in terms of promoting the economic development in Northeast China. In this paper, the impact of urban agglomeration on labor... Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin are the four core cities which play an essential role in terms of promoting the economic development in Northeast China. In this paper, the impact of urban agglomeration on labor productivity is explored by making comparisons among these four cities. The model used for analysis is a classical model derived from previous studies. Some indicators, such as population density and economic density, were selected to examine the impact of urban agglomeration on the labor productivity based on the time-series data for the four cities from 1990 to 2007. The four main conclusions are: l) The promotion from the growth rate of population density on the growth rate of labor productivity is limited. 2) The negative relationship exists between the growth rate of employment density and the growth rate of labor productivity. 3) Agglomeration effect exists in the four cities, the highest one is Dalian, Shenyang takes the second place, followed by Changchun and Harbin, and the predominant promotion exerted on the labor productivity is the output density. 展开更多
关键词 social economic agglomeration labor productivity population density economic density Northeast China
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A Comparative Study on the Labor Productivity of Provincial Textile Industry Based on DEA in China
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作者 陶洪 戴昌钧 应科 《Journal of Donghua University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2008年第5期597-600,共4页
Making use of the DEA-based method of quadruplicate decomposition of labor productivity, the paper analyzes the influence of labor productivity of provincial textile industry in China, caused by the effect of technica... Making use of the DEA-based method of quadruplicate decomposition of labor productivity, the paper analyzes the influence of labor productivity of provincial textile industry in China, caused by the effect of technical efficiency, pure technical progress, changes of scale efficiency of capital per labor and of capital intensity from the year of 2002 to 2005. Its results show that the improvement of provincial textile industry labor productivity has mainly resulted from technical progress since 2003. Meanwhile, labor productivity of underdeveloped provinces has been growing faster than that of developed ones owing to technology diffusion. And then, the above-mentioned improvement has originated from the enhancement of capital deepening and technology efficiency. In addition, scale return of capital per labor appeared to decrease during the period from 2004 to 2005. 展开更多
关键词 textile industry labor productivity scale efficiency technical progress DEA
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Health and Labor Productivity among Female Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria
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作者 Agulanna Foluso Temitope kpi Anthony Okoruwa Victor Olusegun 《Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B)》 2012年第7期856-863,共8页
This study examined the impact of farmers' health on labor data was collected through a field survey of 290 rural households productivity of female farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Primary Descriptive statistics and es... This study examined the impact of farmers' health on labor data was collected through a field survey of 290 rural households productivity of female farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Primary Descriptive statistics and estimation of efficiency following maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) procedure available in Frontier 4.1 were used to analyze the data. Results from the analyses showed that malaria has the highest prevalence level among female farmers in the study area followed by typhoid fever. The causes of sicknesses vary from cold, stress, mosquito bites and bad drinking water. Furthermore, the results showed that sicknesses affect the productivity of farmers by reducing their work capacity. Also, the distance to source of drinking water from home, source of drinking water, age, body mass index of farmers are also found to significantly affect the physical work output of farmers in the study area. The result shows that the distribution of farmers was highly skewed with about 99% of the farmers having their efficiency above 0.61. This indicates that majority of the farmers are technically efficient in the allocation of resources to crop production, The result also shows that the average efficiency was about 82.9%. Thus, the farmers' level of efficiency can be improved if there is a shift in the fi'ontier, i.e. if factors contributing to inefficiency are adequately controlled. The study recommends the need to invest more on human capital especially health for there to be an improvement in rural productivity. Also, rural development policies should include health policies especially for women since it has a great influence on the household and emphasis should also be on preventive rather than curative health services. 展开更多
关键词 labor productivity SICKNESS health status female farmers Imo State.
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Research on Improving Labor Productivity in Chinese Railway Enterprises
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作者 Qun Li Xiangyu Zhao Ting Fang Pingyan Wan Rui Zhang 《Chinese Business Review》 2004年第9期1-6,共6页
Our research aims to summarize the implementation results of the former strategy of reducing redundant personnel and improving productivity in Chinese railway system. Based on the experience and advanced methods of fo... Our research aims to summarize the implementation results of the former strategy of reducing redundant personnel and improving productivity in Chinese railway system. Based on the experience and advanced methods of foreign railway enterprises, the thesis studies the way and measures for the Chinese railway enterprises to improve the labor productivity in the new historical period and provides policy suggestions for further improving labor productivity in Chinese railway enterprises. 展开更多
关键词 Chinese railway transportation enterprises labor productivity RESEARCH
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Regression Analysis of the Sensitivity of Labor Productivity in Tourism to Operating Costs
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作者 Buljat Maja Skledar Corluka Ana Skara Ivona 《Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management》 2021年第5期314-325,共12页
The paper investigates the impact of selected variables of operating costs on labor productivity in the activity of accommodation and preparation and serving of food and beverages in the period from 2010 to 2020.The r... The paper investigates the impact of selected variables of operating costs on labor productivity in the activity of accommodation and preparation and serving of food and beverages in the period from 2010 to 2020.The research was conducted by applying more linear on a sample of all companies that submitted annual financial reports in the observed period.The authors elaborate the special characteristics of the importance of labor productivity as an important indicator of business success,methods,and importance of business cost management and analyze the sensitivity of labor productivity to the costs incurred.Based on regression analysis,it is concluded that the amount of costs has an impact on the growth or decline of labor productivity,but based on the results of some of the costs incurred in business positively affects labor productivity,which is partially confirmed by the hypothesis of this study. 展开更多
关键词 labor productivity ENTERPRISE financial statements COSTS
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Globalization and Income Gap from the Perspective of Developing Countries
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作者 NING Guang-jie 《Chinese Business Review》 2007年第1期1-7,18,共8页
Using political economic theory, this paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on international income distribution, including the income gap between developed countries and developing ones, the income gap ... Using political economic theory, this paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on international income distribution, including the income gap between developed countries and developing ones, the income gap among the developing countries. The paper states that because the economic globalization is the globalization of capitalism manufacture style and developed countries dominates the process, the income gap between developing countries and developed one is difficult to be narrowed, and the income gap in developing countries will enlarge. 展开更多
关键词 economic globalization income gap labor productivity labor standard unequal exchange
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Is the Productivity-Based Explanation for the Time-Varying US NAIRU Valid?
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作者 Hiroshi Yamada Gawon Yoon 《Journal of Statistical Science and Application》 2014年第4期119-123,共5页
This paper empirically examines whether the productivity-based explanation for the time-varying US NAIRU is valid. We apply a novel filter known as the ld fused lasso. This procedure enables us to estimate the mean tr... This paper empirically examines whether the productivity-based explanation for the time-varying US NAIRU is valid. We apply a novel filter known as the ld fused lasso. This procedure enables us to estimate the mean trend of the labor productivity as a step function, without specifying the location and number of breaks a priori. This paper reports that although there exists an impressive similarity between the US NAIRU and the US labor productivity, changes in the US labor productivities do not necessarily lead to changes in the US NAIRU. 展开更多
关键词 NAIRU labor productivity step function ld fused lasso.
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Effects of Infrastructure Investment on Structural Change and Productivity Growth in China
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作者 Guo Kaiming Wang Tengqiao 《China Economist》 2020年第5期108-123,共16页
The rapid growth of infrastructure investment is a salient feature of China’s economy since the reform and opening-up in 1978,contributing to not only the aggregate demand but also the structural change and productiv... The rapid growth of infrastructure investment is a salient feature of China’s economy since the reform and opening-up in 1978,contributing to not only the aggregate demand but also the structural change and productivity growth on the supply-side.This paper builds a multi-sector general equilibrium model to show how infrastructure investment influences structural change through price,investment and income effects,and influences productivity growth through the intensive and extensive marginal effects.By quantifying the model with China’s economy for the period 1981-2017,the paper finds that the infrastructure investment restrained the rise of services,but boosted productivity growth over the period.The policy implication is that China should ramp up infrastructure investment to increase productivity as it pursues high-quality development,but give priority to new infrastructure and public-interest infrastructure to promote industrial structural upgrade. 展开更多
关键词 structural change infrastructure investment labor productivity
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Impact of Operating Conditions on the Productivity of Star-Rated Hotels in China's Mainland: Verification from Spatial Metrology
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作者 XIE Ailiang LI Xiubiao +2 位作者 LIU Zhongxiu LIU Chuanyu YU Feng 《Journal of Landscape Research》 2019年第1期87-89,94,共4页
Room occupancy rate is a key indicator of star-rated hotel management quality. This paper takes Cobb-Douglas production function as the theoretical framework. Spatial Moran index of autocorrelation, Spatial Lag Model(... Room occupancy rate is a key indicator of star-rated hotel management quality. This paper takes Cobb-Douglas production function as the theoretical framework. Spatial Moran index of autocorrelation, Spatial Lag Model(SLM) and Spatial Error Model(SEM) are used to analyze the star-rated hotels labor productivity of 31 provincial regions in China's Mainland based on the star-rated hotels statistical data of year 2016. The spatial correlation and spatial difference of the star-rated hotels labor productivity is discussed. This paper studies the impact of three factors on spatial characteristics of star-rated hotels labor productivity in China's Mainland. The econometric estimation results show that:(1) Star-rated hotels labor productivity present significant spatial dependence and spatial difference in China's Mainland.(2) The estimation results of Ordinary least Squares(OLS) are reliable.(3) The reliability of the results obtained by the Spatial Error Model(SEM) analysis is the highest, and has a stronger explanatory power to the spatial relationship of star-rated hotels labor productivity in China's Mainland. The average room occupancy rate has more influence on the labor productivity of the provincial star-rated hotels than the impact of capital and labor. 展开更多
关键词 labor productivity Star-rated hotels Room occupancy rate Spatial econometric analysis China's Mainland
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Digital technology,the industrial internet,and cost stickiness 被引量:1
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作者 Lili Hui Huobao Xie Xiaofang Chen 《China Journal of Accounting Research》 2024年第1期45-73,共29页
The deep integration of digital technology with the real economy has reconstructed production systems.We explore the impact of digital technology on the resource allocation behavior and efficiency of manufacturing ent... The deep integration of digital technology with the real economy has reconstructed production systems.We explore the impact of digital technology on the resource allocation behavior and efficiency of manufacturing enterprises.Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed manufacturing firms over the 2010–2021 period,we find that digital technology alleviates cost stickiness,especially in enterprises with a high level of Industrial Internet platform usage.This effect occurs by optimizing the labor force structure and improving the economic benefits of labor capital investment.Heterogeneity analysis shows that this effect is pronounced in enterprises with high levels of labor intensity and business complexity.Our findings shed new light on the consequences and mechanism of enterprise cost optimization that is driven by technologydriven reforms. 展开更多
关键词 Digital Technology Cost Stickiness The Industrial Internet labor production Factor EMPOWERMENT
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A Counterfactual Analysis on Unlimited Surplus Labor in Rural China 被引量:47
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作者 Fang Cai Meiyan Wang 《China & World Economy》 SCIE 2008年第1期51-65,共15页
Using a counterfactual analysis approach, the present paper examines a host of conventional wisdoms relating to issues of farmer, the countryside and agriculture, which are believed to be all originated from the exist... Using a counterfactual analysis approach, the present paper examines a host of conventional wisdoms relating to issues of farmer, the countryside and agriculture, which are believed to be all originated from the existence of mass surplus laborers in China. When analyzing various sources of statistics, evidence shows that there is no longer a large pool of surplus laborers in rural China as most people believe. Based on this counterfactual result, all related events, such as the direction of agricultural technological changes, the level of comparative productivity of agricultural labor, and the degree of rural-urban income gap must be reconsidered. 展开更多
关键词 comparative labor productivity income gap surplus labor technological change
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Increasing China's Agricultural Labor Productivity: Comparison and Policy Implications from Major Agrarian Countries 被引量:12
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作者 CHEN Yangfen LI Xiande LIU Yu 《Journal of Resources and Ecology》 CSCD 2018年第6期575-584,共10页
China's low agricultural labor productivity has become the key weakness of its agricultural competitive- ness and sustainable development,and strategies for improving China's agricultural labor productivity la... China's low agricultural labor productivity has become the key weakness of its agricultural competitive- ness and sustainable development,and strategies for improving China's agricultural labor productivity lack clear and consistent theory and empirical support.To address this issue,the current study uses the methods of convergence index,correlation coefficient,and nonparametric test,to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural labor productivity among 32 major agrarian countries during 1961-2013.This analysis shows that the development gap among countries has been narrowing.The USA takes the leading position among all the countries, while some countries with scarce land like Japan have succeeded in achieving transcendence,and other countries like India have experienced relatively slow speed.The agricultural labor productivity is significantly driven by agricultural labor surplus,agricultural product processing,and agricultural industrial structure.The effects of land resource endowment,agricultural mechanization,and biochemical inputs have been declining and in some cases are no longer even significant.It is therefore necessary to shift attention to marketization,diversification,and high quality,instead of the former focus on agricultural intensification,concentration and large-scale operations,and this shift is probably more closely aligned with current practices.There are more people and less land in China,and the agricultural labor force in China still accounts for nearly 30% of the total population.Considering these national conditions,it is very important to simultaneously improve the efficiency of agricultural production of small farmers and promote the successful urbanization of the agricultural labor force.In the medium and long term,it is imperative to improve the competitiveness of Chinese agriculture by adopting related policy arrangements such as induced agricultural technological innovation,production factor substitution,and multifunctional agriculture development. 展开更多
关键词 agricultural development agricultural labor productivity international comparison agricultural policies agricultural industry in China
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Emerging Geography of Creativity and Labor Productivity Effects in China 被引量:4
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作者 Wentao Yu Jin Hong +2 位作者 Yanrui Wu Dingtao Zhao Jing Qiu 《China & World Economy》 SCIE 2013年第5期78-99,共22页
The paper presents an alternative approach to explain why regional productivity is different across regions by utilizing the creative class approach in China. First, we analyze the extent of spatial agglomeration of t... The paper presents an alternative approach to explain why regional productivity is different across regions by utilizing the creative class approach in China. First, we analyze the extent of spatial agglomeration of the creative class across regions in China. Second, we develop a model with spatial externalities to investigate how the concentration of the creative class can promote regional productivity. Our analysis confirms the importance of spatial agglomeration of the creative class in stimulating regional productivity. The results also imply that regional productivity is greater in markets with higher levels of innovation, capital stock, manufacturing and urbanization. In light of the results of our analysis, we discuss a number of policy implications. 展开更多
关键词 China creative class agglomeration CREATIVITY regional labor productivity spatial externality
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Refreshing China’s Labor Education in the New Era: Policy Review on Education Through Physical Labor 被引量:1
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作者 Guorui Fan Jiaxin Zou 《ECNU Review of Education》 2020年第1期169-178,共10页
Purpose:This study reviews China’s labor education theories and policies to reveal the main objectives,contents,and methods of the new era,as well as analyzes future development in labor education.Design/Approach/Met... Purpose:This study reviews China’s labor education theories and policies to reveal the main objectives,contents,and methods of the new era,as well as analyzes future development in labor education.Design/Approach/Methods:In addition to reviewing the relevant labor education theories,this study examines China’s labor education policies using historical documents and current policy texts.Marxist and traditional approaches to labor education,as well as the historical development of education in China,provide the macroscopic backdrop of this study’s analysis of the persistence and innovativeness of China’s labor education policies.Findings:China’s labor education policy has placed labor education on the same level as that in morality,intellect,sports,and aesthetics,thereby endowing labor education with new meaning.Labor education seeks to cultivate workers with all-round physical and mental development.Becoming more varied over time,labor education now involves the cultivation of skills,technological capacities,creative thinking,labor habits,and emotional development.Approaches and methods include formal programs and teaching,education in daily life at home and school,as well as practical activities outside of school.Originality/Value:This study identifies the meaning of labor education in different eras and analyzes the objectives,contents,and methods of China’s current policies on labor education,as well as its future developmental trends.In doing so,this study provides a useful reference for the implementation of labor education in elementary and middle schools. 展开更多
关键词 Combination of education and productive labor comprehensive human development labor education Marxist thought in education
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TFP and labor productivity:empirical facts of China’s macro-economy and issues for long-run economic growth
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作者 Research Group of Cutting-edge Study on China’s Economic Growth Yuan Fuhua +2 位作者 Zhang Ziran Zhang Ping Liu Xiahui 《China Finance and Economic Review》 2014年第4期13-35,共23页
The empirical facts of China’s Macro-economy from 2013 to 2014 show the rate of investment and scale of import and export are approaching a maximum and there is an increasing fluctuation in investment and trade;defla... The empirical facts of China’s Macro-economy from 2013 to 2014 show the rate of investment and scale of import and export are approaching a maximum and there is an increasing fluctuation in investment and trade;deflation in real economy and the real estate market bubble go hand in hand;and efficiency imbalances between industries and regions become acute.The phase of growth driven by investment and wealth is approaching its end and the economy has entered a crucial period of structural adjustment.The economic growth rate is anticipated to be 7.4%in 2014,and stand between 6.4%and 7.8%over the next five years.Steady growth and high efficiency become the new requirements during the slowing-down of economic growth.In the process of investment-driven growth transforming into efficiency-driven growth,it is well worth paying attention to the establishment of a long-term mechanism for consumption-driven growth.The balance between investment and consumption in the sense of demand management is rendered unhelpful to establishing a path for sustainable growth in China;the report aims to deliver a new perspective by pondering the dynamic efficiency of consumption in the transformation of investment potential into consumption-driven growth. 展开更多
关键词 economic growth TFP labor productivity
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Labor Inputs and Productivity in Chinese Industries:2000-2018
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作者 Menggen Chen Yuanyuan Hou 《China Finance and Economic Review》 2022年第1期24-47,共24页
Under the framework of growth accounting,this paper introduces four heterogeneity characteristics of labor,namely,educational level,age,gender and industry,constructs a cross classification matrix of employment,labor ... Under the framework of growth accounting,this paper introduces four heterogeneity characteristics of labor,namely,educational level,age,gender and industry,constructs a cross classification matrix of employment,labor compensation and working hours,and calculates the labor input(volume)of the whole country and of 19 industries during 2000-2018.Then it decomposes the volume into quantity and quality parts to analyze the total amount of labor input and the performance of industry labor input.The results are as follows.First,during the research period,the annual growth rate of labor input was 2.5%,and 78.8%of that came from the growth of labor input quality.The growth of labor input was mainly resulted from the improvement of educational level and the optimization of industrial structure.Second,in 2018,the proportions of labor input of the primary,secondary and tertiary sectors were 13.76%,31.06%and 55.18%respectively,and the transfer speed of labor input to the secondary and tertiary sectors was higher than that of the quantity structure;the labor input volume in the new economy and related industries in the tertiary sector has been greatly increased.Third,the index method-based labor productivity(ILP)of some producer service and consumer service industries was relatively low,and the growth of total industry output mainly attributed to the increase of labor input and the expansion of industrial scale.The improvement of labor input quality has become the key to the growth of labor input in China,and the improvement of educational level is the core power to improve the labor input quality. 展开更多
关键词 labor input volume labor input quality labor productivity total employment working hours
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Regaining China's Resource Reallocative Efficiency to Boost Growth
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作者 Fang Cai 《China & World Economy》 2023年第1期5-21,共17页
The structural changes that the Chinese economy has been experiencing since its working-age population began to decline pose challenges for its further growth.First,as it loses its comparative advantage in labor-inten... The structural changes that the Chinese economy has been experiencing since its working-age population began to decline pose challenges for its further growth.First,as it loses its comparative advantage in labor-intensive activities,the share of manufacturing in its GDP has shrunk.Second,unproductive enterprises that are reluctant to exit the market tend to seek policy protection,which leads to the immobility of resource allocation.Third,the reallocation of the labor force from the highly productive manufacturing sector to the low-productivity service sector leads to the degradation of resource allocation.The inadequate exploitation of the potential of resource reallocation implies that the decline in manufacturing is premature.It is therefore important to combine market competition policy,industrial policy,and social protection policy to stabilize the development of manufacturing. 展开更多
关键词 labor productivity resource reallocation share of manufacturing total factor productivity
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China’s Pattern of Growth: Moving to Sustainability and Reducing Inequality 被引量:25
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作者 Louis Kuijs Tao Wang 《China & World Economy》 SCIE 2006年第1期1-14,共14页
This paper uses both macro level and sectoral data to study the sources and pattern of China's impressive economic growth over the last 25 years. Extending the growth accounting framework, we show that widening inequ... This paper uses both macro level and sectoral data to study the sources and pattern of China's impressive economic growth over the last 25 years. Extending the growth accounting framework, we show that widening inequality, rural poverty, and resource intensity are to a large extent rooted in China's growth strategy, and resolving them requires a rebalancing of policies. We find that growth of investment in the industn'al sector has been the single most important factor driving gross domestic product and overall labor productivity growth since the early 1990s. The shift of labor from low-productivity agriculture has been limited. The productivity gap between agriculture and the rest of the economy has continued to widen, leading to increased rura-urban income inequality. Continuing with the current growth pattern would further increase already high investment and saving needs to unsustainable levels, lower urban employment growth, and widen the rural-urban income gap. However, reducing subsidies to industry and investment, encouraging the development of the services industry, and reducing barriers to labor mobility would result in a more balanced growth and a substantial reduction in the income gap between rural and urban residents. 展开更多
关键词 income inequality labor productivity labor relocation pattern of growth
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