Changes in Land Use and Agricultural Production Structure Before and After the Implementation of Grain for Green Program in Western China–Taking Two Typical Counties as Examples

Soil erosion becomes a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in western China. An effective management practice called the Grain for Green Program(GGP), which was launched in 1999, aims to reduce soil and water loss and alleviate the ecological environment problem in western China. Two typical counties in western China, the Zhongxian(in Chongqing Municipality) and Ansai(in Shaanxi Province) were chosen to evaluate the dynamic changes of land use and agricultural production structure before and after the implementation of the Program in this paper. The results showed that the cultivated land area was reduced by 7.08% from 1989 to 2003. The cultivated land per person was decreased by 8.42% during 1999-2003. Moreover, the stability index of the secondary sector of the economy was increased from 0.91 in the period 1990-1999 to 0.94 in the following ten years. In addition, the stability index of tertiary economic sector increased from 0.88 to 0.92 in Zhongxian county. Meanwhile, the cultivated land area was reduced by 15.48% from 1990 to 1999. The soil erosion modulus was decreased by 33.33% from 1999 to 2006. Also, the stability index of secondary and tertiary economic sectors was 0.86 in the period 1998-2002. However, it decreased by 77% during 2002 to 2007 in Ansai County. These results imply that the Grain for Green Program had different impact on the two regions. Several effective strategies of soil and water conservation have been carried out to ameliorate the sustainable development of ecological environment and economy in these two counties of western China.

Agricultural Production Structure Optimization: A Case Study of Major Grain Producing Areas, China

A large number of mathematical models were developed for supporting agricultural production structure optimization decisions; however, few of them can address various uncertainties existing in many factors （e.g., eco-social benefit maximization, food security, employment stability and ecosystem balance）. In this study, an interval-probabilistic agricultural production structure optimization model （IPAPSOM） is formulated for tackling uncertainty presented as discrete intervals and/or probability distribution. The developed model improves upon the existing probabilistic programming and inexact optimization approaches. The IPAPSOM considers not only food security policy constraints, but also involves rural households’income increase and eco-environmental conversation, which can effectively reflect various interrelations among different aspects in an agricultural production structure optimization system. Moreover, it can also help examine the reliability of satisfying （or risk of violating） system constraints under uncertainty. The model is applied to a real case of long-term agricultural production structure optimization in Dancheng County, which is located in Henan Province of Central China as one of the major grain producing areas. Interval solutions associated with different risk levels of constraint violation are obtained. The results are useful for generating a range of decision alternatives under various system benefit conditions, and thus helping decision makers to identify the desired agricultural production structure optimization strategy under uncertainty.

Agricultural Production Structure Adjustment Scheme Evaluation and Selection Based on DEA Model for Punjab(Pakistan)

DEA is a nonparametric method used in operation researches and economics fields for the evaluation of the production frontier. It has distinct intrinsic which is worth coping with assessment problems with multiple inputs in particular with multiple outputs. This paper used D~ C2 R model of DEA to assess the comparative efficiency of the multiple schemes of agricultural industrial structure, at the end we chose the most favorable also known as ＂OPTIMAL＂ scheme. In addition to this, using some functional insights from DEA model non optimal schemes or less optimal schemes had also been improved to some extent. Assessment and selection of optimal schemes of agricultural industrial structure using DEA model gave a greater and better insight of agricultural industrial structure and was the first of such researches in Pakistan.

Optimal Scheme Selection of Agricultural Production Structure Adjustment——Based on DEA Model; Punjab(Pakistan)

This paper used the modern evaluation method of DEA （Data Envelopment Analysis） to assess the comparative efficiency and then on the basis of this among multiple schemes chose the optimal scheme of agricultural production structure adjustment. Based on the results of DEA model, we dissected scale advantages of each discretionary scheme or plan. We examined scale advantages of each discretionary scheme, tested profoundly a definitive purpose behind not-DEA efficient, which elucidated the system and methodology to enhance these discretionary plans. At the end, another method had been proposed to rank and select the optimal scheme. The research was important to guide the practice if the modification of agricultural production industrial structure was carded on.

Forecasting of China's natural gas production and its policy implications

With the vigorous promotion of energy conservation and implementation of clean energy strategies,China＇s natural gas industry has entered a rapid development phase,and natural gas is playing an increasingly important role in China＇s energy structure.This paper uses a Generalized Weng model to forecast Chinese regional natural gas production,where accuracy and reasonableness compared with other predictions are enhanced by taking remaining estimated recoverable resources as a criterion.The forecast shows that China＇s natural gas production will maintain a rapid growth with peak gas of 323 billion cubic meters a year coming in 2036;in 2020,natural gas production will surpass that of oil to become a more important source of energy.Natural gas will play an important role in optimizing China＇s energy consumption structure and will be a strategic replacement of oil.This will require that exploration and development of conventional natural gas is highly valued and its industrial development to be reasonably planned.As well,full use should be made of domestic and international markets.Initiative should also be taken in the exploration and development of unconventional and deepwater gas,which shall form a complement to the development of China＇s conventional natural gas industry.

An Atomic Product: The Unison Jerk in Drug Transportation

A three dimensional unison product with third derivative of displacement system of differential equations is presented. A projected plasma efavirenz concentration profile of a patient who had been on an orally administered 600 mg daily dose of efavirenz is used as a structural aggregate. A three compartmental model of ordinary differential equations is suggested and solved numerically. The model projects descriptors associated with the product of a bounce that is a closed system. The product consists of three independent phases with two variable states, intenseness (concentration) that measures a structural aggregate and an environmental influence which is gravity. The third phase of the product is a processing function (spartial aggregate) which is a free potential. The function, a free potential, is responsible for ordering the product. A dynamical system with an attractive subspace which is an external potential (stable) with a zero eigenvalue is derived. The unison jerk’s Jacobian Matrix has corresponding negative, positive and zero eigenvalues.

Hydration mechanism of low quality fly ash in cement-based materials

The hydration mechanism of low quality fly ash in cement-based materials was investigated. The hydration heat of the composite cementitious materials was determined by isothermal calorimetry, and the hydration products, quantity, pore structure and morphology were measured by X-ray diffraction(XRD), thermalgravity-differential thermal analysis(TG-DTA), mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM), respectively. The results indicate that grinding could not only improve the physical properties of the low quality fly ash on particle effect, but also improve hydration properties of the cementitious system from various aspects compared with raw low quality fly ash(RLFA). At the early stage of hydration, the low quanlity fly ash acts as almost inert material; but then at the later stage, high chemical activity, especially for ground low quality fly ash(GLFA), could be observed. It can accelerate the formation of hydration products containing more chemical bonded water, resulting in higher degree of cement hydration, thus denser microstructure and more reasonable pore size distribution, but the hydration heat in total is reduced. It can also delay the induction period, but the accelerating period is shortened and there is little influence on the second exothermic peak.

A version management model of PDM system and its realization

Based on the key function of version management in PDM system, this paper discusses the function and the realization of version management and the transitions of version states with a workflow. A directed aeyclic graph is used to describe a version model. Three storage modes of the directed acyelic graph version model in the database, the bumping block and the PDM working memory are presented and the conversion principle of these three modes is given. The study indicates that building a dynamic product structure configuration model based on versions is the key to resolve the problem. Thus a version model of single product object is built. Then the version management model in product structure configuration is built and the application of version management of PDM syster is presented as a case.

Practice of Project Management Methodology for Commercial Aero engines Based on Integrative Project Architectures

To collect and share information of projects or products and make it consistent and correct so that the quality and costs of projects can be effectively controlled,an integrative project architecture integrating different types of breakdown structures is necessary.In this paper,the international research status on work breakdown structure(WBS)was analyzed,and an integrative project architecture for commercial aero-engines was designed,where product breakdown structure(PBS),WBS,organization breakdown structure(OBS)and cost breakdown structure(CBS)were integrated and built.And the architecture was applied in information systems.A transfer from technological views of complex products through their lifecycles to management views has been realized with this standardized architecture,thus development tasks and costs can be controlled.

Key Techniques for the Development of Web-Based PDM System

Some key techniques for the development of web-based product data management （PDM） system are introduced. The four-tiered B/S architecture of a PDM system-BITPDM is introduced first, followed by its design and implementation, including virtual data vault, flexible coding system, document management, product structure and configuration management, workflow/process and product maturity management. BITPDM can facilitate the activities from new product introduction phase to manufacturing, and manage the product data andtheir dynamic changing history. Based on Microsoft. NET, XML, web service and SOAP techniques, BITPDM realizes the integration and efficient management of product information.

Research on Web-Based Product Structure and Configuration Management

An enhanced system architecture of Web-based product structure and configuration management system along with its, functions are is presented. The key techniques, such as construction of object models of product structure and product configuration, hybrid approach method in product configuration management, sharing and integration of heterogeneous product data, integration with other sub-systems, are discussed too. A prototype system is developed by J2EE technology.

ON THE INVARIANT SUBMANIFOLDS OF RIEMANNIAN PRODUCT MANIFOLD

In this paper, the vertical and horizontal distributions of an invariant sub-manifold of a Riemannian product manifold are discussed. An invariant real space form in a Riemannian product manifold is researched. Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions are given on an invariant submanifold of a Riemannian product manifold to be a locally symmetric and real space form.

Statistical Analysis of Raw Materials and Products in China’s Surfactant Industry in 2021

According to the statistics of production and marketing data of major enterprises in 2021 by Surfac-tant Committee of China Cleaning Industry Association(CCIA),the development trend of main raw materials and products of surfactant industry is analyzed in detail.The main trend development trend and characteristics of product structure is discussed under the influence of COVID-19,crude oil price fluctuation and economic structure adjustment.It pointed that the direction and planning of high-quality industry and the demand of new market in the 14th Five-Year.Product structure innovation and technological innovation is important.

Study on Product Lifecycle Dynamic Information Modeling and Its Application

The PLDIM (Product Lifecycle Dynamic Information Model) is the most important part of the PLDM (Product Lifecycle Dynamic Model ) and it is the basis to create the information system and to implement PLM (Product Lifecycle Management). The information classification, the relationships among all information items, PLDIM mathematic expression, information coding and the 3D synthetic description of the PLDIM are presented. The information flow and information system structure based on the two information centers and Internet/Intranet are proposed, and how to implement this system for ship diesel engines are also introduced according to the PLDIM and PLM solutions.

Integrating Polymorphic PDMs

Along with the explosive increase of product data management systems (PDMs),integrating polymorphic PDMs is becoming one of the focuses in the field. Aner brief describing several features of PDM, and market requirements and required performance for integrating the polymorphic PDMs, the paper specializes in discussing some key technologies involved in virtual enterprise oriented integrated development. Some implementing strategies and procedures are proposed.

PROPOSED INNOVATION REFORM MODEL FOR THE MINERAL NITROGEN FERTILIZER INDUSTRY IN CHINA TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Globally,the reduction of excessive N losses and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions is a central environmental challenge in the 21 century.China has huge associated emissions during both production and land application phases.In addition,70%of N fertilizer in China is produced and land applied as urea,which has high associated emissions.This study utilized life cycle analysis to compare the carbon emission capacity of different N fertilizers and quantified GHG emissions from different N fertilizer chains within China.This enabled a new innovative reform model to be proposed,which aims to decrease the carbon footprint and increase the net ecosystem carbon budget of China.The results showed that the carbon footprint of the N fertilizer industry was about 229 Tg·yr^(-1)CO_(2)-eq in 2020.Through changes away from urea through the production and land application of a mix of newly emerging fertilizers,liquid fertilizers and standard fertilizer reductions to 174–182 Tg·yr^(-1)CO_(2)-eq.Through the upgrading of mineral N fertilizer production technology,the carbon footprint of N fertilizer chain can be reduced by34.8 Tg·yr^(-1)CO_(2)-eq.Such reductions would reduce China's total GHG emissions to 140–147 Tg·yr^(-1)CO_(2)-eq.

Aircraft vulnerability modeling and computation methods based on product structure and CATIA

Survivability strengthening/vulnerability reduction designs have become one of the most important design disciplines of military aircraft now. Due to progressiveness and complexity of modern combat aircraft, the existing vulnerability modeling and computation methods cannot meet the current engineering application requirements. Therefore, a vulnerability modeling and computation method based on product structure and CATIA is proposed in sufficient consideration of the design characteristics of modern combat aircraft. This method directly constructs the aircraft vulnerability model by CATIA or the digital model database, and manages all the product components of the vulnerability model via aircraft product structure. Using CAA second development, the detailed operations and computation methods of vulnerability analysis are integrated into CATIA software environment. Comprehensive assessment data and visual kill probability Iso-contours can also be presented, which meet the vulnerability analysis requirements of modern combat aircraft effectively. The intact vulnerability model of one hypothetical aircraft is constructed, and the effects of redundant technology to the aircraft vulnerability are assessed, which validate the engineering practicality of the method.

The Finite-time Ruin Probability of a Discrete-time Risk Model with Subexponential and Dependent Insurance and Financial Risks

Consider a discrete-time risk model with insurance and financial risks in a stochastic economic environment. Assume that the insurance and financial risks form a sequence of independent and identically distributed random vectors with a generic random vector following a wide type of dependence structure. An asymptotic formula for the finite-time ruin probability with subexponential insurance risks is derived. In doing so, the subexponentiality of the product of two dependent random variables is investigated simultaneously.

Quantum correlations relativity for continuous variable systems

It is shown that a choice of degrees of freedom of a bipartite continuous variable system determines the amount of non-classical correlations (quantified by discord) in the system's state. Non-classical correlations (that include entanglement as a special kind of correlations) are ubiquitous for such systems. For a quantum state, if there are not non-classical correlations (quantum discord is zero) for one, there are in general non-classical correlations (quantum discord is non-zero) for another set of the composite system's degrees of freedom. The physical relevance of this "quantum correlations relativity" is emphasized also in the more general context.

Quasi-shadowing Property on Random Partially Hyperbolic Sets

Abstract In this paper we investigate the quasi-shadowing property for C1 random dynamical sys-terns on their random partially hyperbolic sets. It is shown that for any pseudo orbit {xk}＋∞ -∞ on a random partially hyperbolic set there exists a ＂center＂ pseudo orbit {Yk}＋∞ -∞ shadowing it in the sense that yk＋l is obtained from the image of yk by a motion along the center direction. Moreover, when the random partially hyperbolic set has a local product structure, the above ＂center＂ pseudo orbit{yk}＋∞ -∞ can be chosen such that yk＋1 and the image of yk lie in their common center leaf.