Making the Land Productive

Irrigation is an essential component for Africa＇s overall development aS has been suggested time and time again, africa holds the key to the global population＇s growing demand for food. The continent has many hectares of untouched land, waiting to grow the crops to feed the ever increas- ing extravagancies of a growing global middle class. The land is there, the demand is there and yet the

Socio-economic vulnerability level in the Jeneberang watershed in Gowa Regency,South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia

Jeneberang watershed is vital,particularly for people living in Gowa Regency(South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia),who benefit from its many advantages.Landslides and floods occur every year in the Jeneberang watershed,so it is imperative to understand the socio-economic vulnerability of this region.This research aims to identify the vulnerability level of the Jeneberang watershed so that the government can prioritize areas with high vulnerability level and formulate effective strategies to reduce these the vulnerability.Specifically,this study was conducted in 12 districts located in the Jeneberang watershed.The primary data were collected from questionnaires completed by community members,community leaders,and various stakeholders,and the secondary data were from the Landsat satellite imagery in 2020,the Badan Push Statistic of Gowa Regency,and some governmental agencies.The socio-economic vulnerability variables were determined using the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA)method,and each variable was weighted and analyzed using the Geographical Information System(GIS).The study reveals that the levels of socio-economic vulnerability are affected by variables such as population density,vulnerable groups(disabled people,elderly people,and young people),road network and settlement,percentage of poor people,and productive land area in the Jeneberang watershed.Moreover,all of the 12 districts in the Jeneberang watershed are included in the medium vulnerability level,with the mean percentage of socio-economic vulnerability around 50.92%.The socio-economic vulnerability of Bajeng,Pallangga,and Somba Opu districts is categorized at high level,the socio-economic vulnerability of Bungaya,Parangloe,and Tombolo Pao districts is classified as medium level,and the remaining 6 districts(Barombong,Bontolempangan,Bontomarannu,Manuju,Parigi,and Tinggimoncong)are ranked as low socio-economic vulnerability.This study can help policy-makers to formulate strategy that contributes to the protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of the Jeneberang watershed,while improving disaster resilience and preparedness of the watershed.

The multiple roles of crop structural change in productivity,nutrition and environment in China:A decomposition analysis

China's crop structure has undergone significant changes in the last two decades since 2000,with an increase in the share of cereals,vegetables,and fruit,squeezing out other crops.As a result,land productivity,nutrient supply,and carbon emissions have changed.How to reallocate limited farmland among crops to achieve the multiple goals of agrifood systems becomes an important issue.This study explores the sources of land productivity and nutrition supply growth and carbon emissions reduction,and identifies the multiple roles of crop structural change from 2003 to 2020 based on a decomposition analysis.The results reveal that the growth within crops is still the primary driver in land productivity and nutrition supply and the reduction in carbon emissions.However,structural change also plays various roles at different periods.From 2003 to 2010,crop structural change increased the total calorie supply but lowered land productivity and contributed at least 70%of the total growth of carbon emissions.The crop structure was relatively stable,and their effects were modest from 2010 to 2015.From 2015 to 2020,the crop structural change began to play a greater role and generate synergistic effects in improving land productivity,micronutrient supply,and reducing carbon emissions,contributing to approximately a quarter of the growth of land productivity and 30%of total carbon emissions reduction.These results suggest that strategies for crop structural change should comprehensively consider its multiple impacts,aiming to achieve co-benefits while minimizing trade-offs.

Estimation of Land Production and Its Response to Cultivated Land Conversion in North China Plain

Food safety and its related influencing factors in China are the hot research topics currently,and cultivated land conversion is one of the significant factors influencing food safety in China.Taking the North China Plain as the study area,this paper examines the changes of cultivated land area using satellite images,estimates land productivity from 1985 to 2005 using the model of Estimation System for Land Productivity(ESLP),and analyzes the impact of cultivated land conversion on the land production.Compared with the grain yield data from statistical yearbooks,the results indicate that ESLP model is an effective tool for estimating land productivity.Land productivity in the North China Plain showed a slight decreasing trend from 1985 to 2005,spatially,increased from the north to the south gradu-ally,and the net changes varied in different areas.Cultivated land area recorded a marginal decrease of 8.0 × 105 ha,mainly converted to other land uses.Cultivated land conversion had more significant negative impacts on land produc-tion than land productivity did.Land production decreased by about 6.48 × 106 t caused by cultivated land conversion between 1985 and 2005,accounting for 91.9% of the total land production reduction.Although the land productivity increased in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces,it can not offset the overall adverse effects caused by cultivated land con-version.Therefore,there are significant meanings to control the cultivated land conversion and improve the land pro-ductivity for ensuring the land production in the North China Plain.

Evaluation of Potential Land Productivity in Wulushan, West China

The general situation of the total land resources in Wulushan, West China was studied by field investigations with the aid of a GIS software, called Region Manager. The current status of land use in Wulushan is described. The potential land productivity was evaluated by a fuzzy comprehensive method, We take each plot as a basic unit of evaluation on the basis of an index system of land resources in Wulushan which was developed from the investigation data. Evaluation of potential land productivity is the key part of land management. A guideline is presented in this paper for a proper utilization of the land resources and to develop the productive capacity of the land.

Comparative productivity of Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulata based agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert

Tree-crop interactions were monitored by measuring tree growth characters of Prosopis cineraria L.and Tecomella undulata L.and yields of Vigna radiata(L) in agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert.Potential competition for resource between the trees and associated crop was analyzed by measuring soil water contents, soil organic matters and NH4-N at different depths of soil layers i.e., 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm and 50-75 cm in the experimental plots.The plots size were 16 m × 18 m(D1), 20 m × 18 m(D2) and 32 m × 18 m(D3) with tree densities of 208, 138 and 104 trees·ha-1 after June 2002, respectively.Results showed that tree height increased by 3% to 7% during June 2002 to June 2004.Collar diameter increased by 30% and 11% in D1, 23% and 19% in D2 and 18% and 36% in D3 plots, respectively, in P.cineraria and T.undulata in two years period.The increase in crown diameter was 9% to 18% in P.cineraria and 11% to 16% in T.undulata.Tree growth was relatively greater in 2002 than in 2003.Yield of V.radiata increased linearly from D1 to D3 plots.Lowest soil water content at 1 m distance from tree base indicated greater utilization of soil water within the tree rooting zone.Concentrations of soil organic matters and NH4-N were the highest(p<0.05) in 0-25 cm soil layer.P.cineraria was more beneficial than T.undulata in improving soil conditions and increasing crop yield by 11.1% and thus more suitable for its integration in agricultural land.The yield of agricultural crop increased when density of tree species was appropriate(i.e., optimum tree density), though it varied with tree size and depended upon resource availability.The result indicated bio-economic benefits of optimum density of P.cineraria and T.undulata over traditional practices of maintaining random trees in farming system in arid zones.

Evaluation on the Influencing Factors of Agricultural Land Productivity in Huang-Huai Plain,China

Taking Huang-Huai Plain as an example,evaluation index system is established from four aspects,including the resources condition,the social and economic condition,the agricultural science and technology condition,and the disaster resistant and sustainable production condition.Correlation coefficient method and expert consultation method are used to determine the weight of evaluation index.After the standardization of extreme value,weighted sum method and multiple regression method are adopted to evaluate the influencing factors of agricultural land productivity in Huang-Huai Plain,China.Evaluation result shows that agricultural science and technology condition has a lower contribution rate to the productivity of Huang-Huai Plain than that to Henan Province.Resources condition has a higher contribution rate to the productivity of Huang-Huai Plain than that to Henan Province.Both the social and economic condition and the disaster control and sustainable production condition show relatively small contribution rate to the productivity of Huang-Huai Plain.It can be concluded that the main factors affecting the productivity of Huang-Huai Plain are the backward agricultural science and technology level,the poor farmland quality and the farmland infrastructure.Based on this,relevant suggestions are put forward to improve the farmland productivity of Huang-Huai Plain.

Soil and Water Resources and Land Sustainable Productivity in the Catchment Area with Intensive Management in Hilly Red Soil Regions,China

Taking an example of Majiayu Catchment Area (14.15 ha) in Taoyuan County of HunanProvince, the soil and water resources dynamics, fertility evolution characteristics andland productivity changing situation were studied. Fixed observation results from 1993to 2002 showed that pools covering about 15% of total area could store up 10% of surfacerunoff, keep 78.1% of eroded soil and 65.4% of lost nutrients. The yearly ratio ofinterception and evapotranspiration in land, storage in pools and drainage was 7:2:1,which ensured the resources and nutrients equilibrium and a benign recycle in thecatchment area system, and benefited the aquatic culture and helped to resist seasonaldrought. Moreover, the results showed that soil erosion modulus decreased significantly,equal to or lower than soil loss tolerance (≤500 tkm-2) in reddish yellow soil regions.Soil organic matter, total and available N content in sloping land, dryland and paddyfield increased steadily (>10%); water storage enhanced by more than 20% in sloping landand dryland in drought season; crop production increased by more than 20%; and productionof trees, fruits, tea and fish as well as land productivity increased yearly.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Real Integrated Land Productivity of Yunnan Province

Taking Yunnan Province as an example,this paper calculated the real integrated land productivity(RILP)of 16 prefectures(cities)in Yunnan Province for the past 11 years(2009-2019),and analyzed its spatial distribution pattern.The research results show that the RILP of the whole Yunnan Province and all prefectures(cities)showed a slow upward trend.Among them,the province's RILP showed the highest increase in 2019 compared with the previous year;the RILP of all prefectures(cities)in Yunnan Province has significant spatial autocorrelation,showing obvious positive spatial agglomeration characteristics.Based on this,this paper proposes to improve the overall RILP in various regions according to local conditions and formulate countermeasures for coordinated development of various prefectures(cities).

Early Warning of Cultivated Land Quality Based on Multiple Indicators

At present,the quality protection and early warning of cultivated land in China are actually based on the increase and decrease of the quantity of cultivated land and the change of its quality.The early warning of cultivated land quality based on this is easy to cause the problem of missing and wrong alarm.Based on the quality and productivity change of regional cultivated land,early warning on the regional cultivated land quality is conducted in this study respectively,and the results of the two early warning are compared.Moreover,a multi-indicator cultivated land quality early warning based on the quality change,productivity change and auxiliary indicators is proposed.The results show that:early warning of cultivated land quality based on quality and productivity change of cultivated land has certain limitations.Based on multi-indicator early warning,the number of counties with heavy,medium and light warnings in Henan Province is 52,8 and 11 respectively.The multi-indicator early warning result of cultivated land quality is more accurate,which can provide a basis for cultivated land protection and management assessment,and has great application value.

Grain Production and Cultivated Land in China

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Study of Factors That Influence the Sustainability of Agricultural Development in the Bobonaro Municipality, Timor-Leste

The aim of the study is to assess the factors that influence the sustainability of agricultural development. The study was carried out in the municipality of Bobonaro for about four months, from July to October 2021. Slovin’s method was used to determine the sample size, with a desired percentage of 10% of the total population. Thus, 154 producers were interviewed as respondents and key persons in the area of agriculture. The variables interviewed are the main factors of agricultural productivity and the factors that affect sustainable agricultural development. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis of the data showed that about 94.87% of the respondents’ productive area is in operation, with an average of 1.84 ha per respondent and the abandoned area around 0.11 ha per respondent. The average value of rice production is 2.38 ton per ha and corn 1.07 ton per ha. About 87% of producers raised the main types of animals such as cattle, pigs, goats with an average density of 2 to 5 animals per establishment. About 61% of producers have access to the market at a normal price for agricultural products. The factors that hinder less successful agricultural development, such as: those of nature with the greatest impact are climate changes, which influence changes in cultivation sessions and in the characteristics of productive soils, availability of water for irrigation and animal feed. On the socioeconomic side, it includes the willingness or interest of young people who want to work as farmers, less investment and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. It is concluded that natural and socioeconomic impacts can reduce agricultural productivity, so that this will be a major challenge for the development of the agricultural sector in the future.

An approach to the fluctuation mechanism of ecotone

In this paper, the relationship among land productivity, population pressure and the fluctuation mechanism of ecotone is analyzed, taking counties and banners of southeast Inner Mongolia plateau as an example, which is the most fragile part in the farming and husbandry interleaving belt of north China due to its severe desertification degree and low level of economic development. The C v for the total output value of agriculture decreases from southeast to northwest, with the same rule as which the overloading population cumulated distributes, and both indicators have close relation with the high linear coefficient of 0 83. These reveal the fluctuation mechanism for ecotone: fluctuation of the level of economic development is a scientific and practical measure both to weakness degree and to instability of ecotone, because it is a synthesized response to the variation of climate as well as irrational land uses, which reinforce and magnify the fluctuation. In detail, the heavier the population overloading, the severer the grassland reclamation, the stronger the dependence of regional productivity on rainfall, the lower the level of economic development, the rougher the fluctuation of ecotone, but the weaker the PRED system.

印度沙化土地中农林复合体系内牧豆树和Tecomella undulata生产力比较

Tree-crop interactions were monitored by measuring tree growth characters of Prosopis cineraria L. and Tecomella undulata L. and yields of Vigna radiata （L） in agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert. Potential competition for resource between the trees and associated crop was analyzed by measuring soil water contents, soil organic matters and NH4-N at different depths of soil layers i.e., 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm and 50-75 cm in the experimental plots. The plots size were 16 m × 18 m （D1）, 20 m × 18 m （D2） and 32 m × 18 m （D3） with tree densities of 208, 138 and 104 trees.ha^-1 after June 2002, respectively. Results showed that tree height increased by 3% to 7% during June 2002 to June 2004. Collar diameter increased by 30% and 11% in D1, 23% and 19% in D2 and 18% and 36% in D3 plots, respectively, in P. cineraria and T. undulata in two years period. The increase in crown diameter was 9% to 18% in P. cineraria and 11% to 16% in T. undulata. Tree growth was relatively greater in 2002 than in 2003. Yield of V. radiata increased linearly from D1 to D3 plots. Lowest soil water content at 1 m distance from tree base indicated greater utilization of soil water within the tree rooting zone. Concentrations of soil organic matters and NH4-N were the highest （p〈0.05） in 0-25 cm soil layer. P. cineraria was more beneficial than T. undulata in improving soil conditions and increasing crop yield by 11.1% and thus more suitable for its integration in agricultural land. The yield of agricultural crop increased when density of tree species was appropriate （i.e., optimum tree density）, though it varied with tree size and depended upon resource availability. The result indicated bio-economic benefits of optimum density of P. cineraria and T. undulata over traditional practices of maintaining random trees in farming system in arid zones.

Reliability and consistency assessment of land cover products atmacro and local scales in typical cities

Urban areas have higher heterogeneity compared to natural areas,it is crucial to assessfine-resolution land cover products and discover how they differ in urban areas so that they can be efficiently used for various application scenarios.In this study,five typical cities in China were chosen as study areas to evaluate four commonly used 30 m land cover products:GLC_FCS30-2020,FROM-GLC30-2017,Globeland30-2020,and CLCD-2019.We analyzed the reliability of these four products using validation samples as well as by examining their area and spatial pattern consistency.Given the limitations of traditional accuracy assessments at the macro level,we added a local area evaluation to further examine the classification details in these products.The macro results indicated that four land cover products within urban areas have a similar overall accuracy,surpassing 76%,but there was a low consistency among them,ranging from 42.21%to 61.13%.The local accuracy assessment illustrated that GLC_FCS30-2020 and FROM-GLC30-2017 performed well in reflecting the intricate details of the city,however,the four products exhibited varying degrees of misclassifications and omissions.These phenomena suggest that more sophisticated algorithms are needed to consider urban particularities sincefine-resolution land cover products may fail to capture complex urban details.

Literature Review of Agricultural Scale Management and Efficiency

Scale management remains the core position in entire development process of the economics and is a major issue of academic research and government concern. Focusing on related problems of agricultural scale management,this paper explored 4 aspects of past literature.( i) It defined the agricultural scale management based on economies of scale theory and changes in returns to scale.( ii) From the perspective of the returns to scale of grain production,there are changes in returns to scale of China's grain production,but the measured changes are not significant.( iii) Existing analysis on factors influencing agricultural scale management mainly includes factors influencing farmers' willingness of scale management and restrictive factors of implementation of scale management.( iv) In studies of the relationship between land management scale and production efficiency,many scholars made qualitative and quantitative analysis on land scale efficiency on the basis of economic indicators they defined,but they reached different conclusions. Finally,it summarized literature and pointed out several issues needing special attention in this field.

Macroeconomic Instabilities and Cost-Recovery Potentials of Public Sector Organisations

The 2008 financial crisis raised concerns over the performance of public sector organisations operating under different cost recovery regimes.These concerns were linked to potential failure in attaining cost recovery targets as a result of declining revenues during economic downturn.This study utilised the Linear Mixed Effect(LME)models to analyse the data from the World Bank Indicator website and from six national Land Administration Organisations(LAOs),two of which being under“No cost recovery”(NCR)and the remaining being in“Full Cost Recovery”(FCR).Cost recovery indicators were computed from financial statement of national LAOs of these countries.The findings establish that a global financial crisis that is associated with declining GDP and a higher inflation rate can insignificantly reduce the level of cost recovery for LAOs while persistent decline in GDP growth rate significantly eliminates potentials for cost recovery.However prospects for recovery can be traced within the cost-revenue microstructures of LAOs themselves.With a significantly negative relationship between spending in information and technology as a ratio of GDP to the degree of cost recovery,LAOs need only to eliminate rigidities in their cost-revenue structure which tie them to macro-instabilities of the real estate market.Such flexibility can be attained through elastic cross-substitution in the LAO’s gross cost-revenues schedules for registration tasks in favour of information delivery tasks.

HiLPD-GEE:high spatial resolution land productivity dynamicscal culation tool using Landsat and MODIS data

Land productivity is one of the sub-indicators for measuring SDG 15.3.1.Land Productivity Dynamics(LPD)is the most popular approach for reporting this indicator at the global scale.A major limitation of existing products of LPD is the coarse spatial resolution caused by remote sensing data input,which cannot meet the requirement offine-scale land degradation assessment.To resolve this problem,this study developed a tool(HiLPD-GEE)to calculate 30 m LPD by fusing Landsat and MODIS data based on Google Earth Engine(GEE).The tool generates high-quality fused Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)dataset for LPD calculation through gapfilling and Savitzky–Golayfiltering(GF-SG)and then uses the method recommended by the European Commission Joint Research Centre(JRC)to calculate LPD.The tool can calculate 30 m LPD in any spatial range within any time window after 2013,supporting global land degradation monitoring.To demonstrate the applicability of this tool,the LPD product was produced for African Great Green Wall(GGW)countries.The analysis proves that the 30 m LPD product generated by HiLPD-GEE could reflect the land productivity change effectively and reflect more spatial details.The results also provide an important insight for the GGW initiative.

Land degradation and integrated watershed management in India

In view of the stagnating productivity levels of irrigated agriculture,the contribution from rainfed agriculture should be increased to meet the requirements from the ever growing human and animal population of India.Land degradation is a major threat to our food and environment security and the extent of degradation problems are more pronounced in rainfed regions.Large potential of rainfed agriculture is untapped largely due to lack of enabling policy support and investments.In drought-prone rainfed areas,watershed management has shown the potential of doubling the agricultural productivity,increase in water availability,restoration of ecological balance in the degraded rainfed ecosystems by greening these areas and diversification of cropping farming systems.Impact of various watershed programmes can be substantially enhanced by developing new approaches and enabling policies new paradigm based on learnings over last 30 years for people-centric holistic watershed management involving convergence,collective action,consortium approach,capacity development to address equity,efficiency,environment and economic concerns is urgently needed.However,this can be used as entry point activity for improving livelihood for rural community.It has been realized that for sustainable developments of degraded lands,involvement of people(land less and beneficiaries)is very much essential.For the last decade efforts have been made institutionalize the organizations of the community&beneficiaries and ensuring their involvement in planning project formulation,implementation and maintenance.Government of India has launched various centre-sector,state-sector and foreign aided schemes for prevention of land degradation,reclamation of special problem areas for ensuring productivity of the land,preservation of land resources and improvement of ecology and environment.These schemes are being implemented on watershed basis in rainfed areas.Soil conservation measures and reclamation of degraded lands are decided considering the land capability and land uses.The efforts made so far resulted in enhancement of agricultural production and productivity of lands,increase in employment generation,improving the environment of the areas and socio-economic upgradation of the people.Integrated watershed management approach has been adopted as a key national strategy for sustainable development of rural areas.This has been proved by conducting monitoring and impact evaluation studies of the integrated watershed projects by external agencies.

The Largest Copper, Aluminum Wire and Cable Production Enterprise in the Northwestern Region Lands in Qinghai

The largest wire and cable production enterprise in the northwestern region-Qinghai Xingming Electric Power Material Co.,Ltd.has been officially put into production,meaning that Qinghai will be able to selfproduce medium and high voltage or even EHV crosslinked power cables and develop and produce differentiated new products such as high-altitude cold-resistant photovoltaic