Analysis of Professional Quality Cultivation Strategies for Infant and Child Care Service Talents from the Perspective of Collaboration of Medical Care,Parenting,and Education,and Integration of Industry and Education

The collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education aims to integrate nursing,midwifery,infant and child care services,and management with speech and hearing rehabilitation technology,among other elements related to the infant care industry chain.This integration targets pediatrics talent training in nine infant care positions,including nursing,infant health care and management,and child rehabilitation,to ensure that the capabilities and quality of professional talents can meet the health care needs of infants and young children.This article briefly explains the background of the“collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education,and integration of industry and education.”It analyzes the necessity of cultivating infant and child care service talents based on the perspective of“collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education,and integration of industry and education.”Based on this perspective,we conducted an in-depth study of the cultivation of professional qualities of infant and child care service talents.

Combining ability of Egyptian cotton(Gossypium barbadense L.)reveals genetic potential for improved yield and fiber quality

Background As the most widely cultivated fiber crop,cotton production depends on hybridization to unlock the yield potential of current varieties.A deep understanding of genetic dissection is crucial for the cultivation of enhanced hybrid plants with desired traits,such as high yield and fine fiber quality.In this study,the general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)of yield and fiber quality of nine cotton parents(six lines and three testers)and eighteen F1 crosses produced using a line×tester mating design were analyzed.Results The results revealed significant effects of genotypes,parents,crosses,and interactions between parents and crosses for most of the studied traits.Moreover,the effects of both additive and non-additive gene actions played a notably significant role in the inheritance of most of the yield and fiber quality attributes.The F1 hybrids of(Giza 90×Aust)×Giza 86,Uzbekistan 1×Giza 97,and Giza 96×Giza 97 demonstrated superior performance due to their favorable integration of high yield attributes and premium fiber quality characteristics.Path analysis revealed that lint yield has the highest positive direct effect on seed cotton yield,while lint percentage showed the highest negative direct effect on seed cotton yield.Principal component analysis identified specific parents and hybrids associated with higher cotton yield,fiber quality,and other agronomic traits.Conclusion This study provides insights into identifying potential single-and three-way cross hybrids with superior cotton yield and fiber quality characteristics,laying a foundation for future research on improving fiber quality in cotton.

Microbiological Quality of Cyperus esculentus L. Products Sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) products sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. The microbial load of tubers and tiger nut milk was determined using ISO 4833-1 (2003) standard (total mesophilic aerobic flora), NF ISO 7954 (1998) standard (yeasts and molds), and ISO 4832 (2006) standard (total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms). The results showed that tiger nut tubers had an average microbial load between 4.86 ± 7.03 × 106 UFC/g and 1.82 ± 2.30 × 107 UFC/g for total mesophilic aerobic flora, from 4.34 ± 10.6 × 105 UFC/g to 3.52 ± 4.54 × 106 UFC/g for yeasts and molds, from 2.23 ± 2.25 × 105 UFC/g to 1.41 ± 2.16 × 105 UFC/g for total coliforms and from 1.83 ± 2.03 × 105 UFC/g to 7.0 ± 10.8 × 104 CFU/g for thermotolerant coliforms. For tiger nut milk samples, the average microbial load varied from 3.48 ± 2.98 × 106 CFU/g to 2.80 ± 5.69 × 107 CFU/g for total mesophilic aerobic flora, from 5.00 ± 7.21 × 104 CFU/g to 1.88 ± 3.31 × 105 CFU/g for yeasts and molds, from 4.58 ± 10.4 × 104 CFU/g to 6.31 ± 9.17 × 105 CFU/g for total coliforms and 7.00 ± 7.00 × 103 CFU/g to 2.87 ± 5.86 × 105 CFU/g for thermotolerant coliforms. This study revealed that the tubers and tiger nut milk sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso had a high microbial load which could lead to the degradation of these products and food poisoning for consumers.

L-抗坏血酸联合超声处理对鲜切芋艿贮藏品质的影响

为探究L-抗坏血酸(L-ascorbic acid,AA)联合超声(ultrasound,US)(AS)处理对鲜切芋艿片贮藏品质的影响,本实验以永定六月红芋为材料,采用质量分数为2%的AA溶液浸泡15 min后,进行US(53 kHz、400 W、10 min)处理,测定贮藏期间鲜切芋艿感官品质及褐变相关酶等指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,AS处理可以降低鲜切芋艿的失水率,维持较高的硬度,延缓褐变指数升高,降低细胞膜通透性,抑制丙二醛含量累积,抑制表面微生物繁殖,从而维持鲜切芋艿较高的感官品质;与对照组相比,贮藏期间AS处理组还能维持较高的过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,降低过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性,抑制酚类物质消耗速率,并减缓淀粉、可溶性蛋白、可溶性固形物等营养物质的流失速率,抑制可溶性醌的积累,延缓风味劣变。上述结果表明,AS处理能够保持鲜切芋艿较好的贮藏品质。

Effects of Different Protein Energy Ratios on Fattening Performance,Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Pigs

[Objectives]Protein energy ratio refers to the proportional relationship between protein and energy levels in animal diets,i.e.,the grams of crude protein corresponding to every megacalorie of energy,which is generally expressed as CP:ME or CP:DE.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different diets on fattening and slaughter performance and meat quality traits for"L(Large Yorkshire)×L(Landrace)"crossbred pigs.[Methods]Eighteen piglets of L×L crossbred with similar body weights about 51 kg were selected.The piglets were divided into 3 groups randomly and each group was assigned to 3 replicates with 2 piglets in a replicate.Group A was fed diet Ⅰ (control diet),group B was fed the same diet of group A in the first month of the trial but fed diet Ⅱ in second month,and group C consumed diet Ⅲ.All the pigs were fed in the same feeding condition for two months except the different diets during the trial.One pig in similar body weight from each replicate was slaughtered for the determination of slaughter performance and meat quality traits in the end of the trial.[Results]The average daily feed intake(ADFI)of pigs from group B was only(2.32±0.52)kg and significantly lower than those from group A and group C(P<0.05),but no difference was found in average daily gain(ADG) and feed/gain(P>0.05).Also,no differences occurred in the carcass length,back fat thickness,longissimus muscle (LM) area and dressing percentage(P>0.05).In addition,no differences were found in the meat quality traits of shear force,meat color,pH_(45 min),pH_(24 h) and cooking loss(P>0.05).However,the water-holding capacity of meat from group C was(2.58±0.02)ms and significantly lower than that of(2.80±0.20)ms from group A(P<0.05).Although the contents of glutamic acid and cystine in LM from group B was significantly lower than those from group A and group C(P<0.05),no differences occurred in the contents of other amino acids,the total amino acid and total flavor amino acid among the three groups(P>0.05).However,the inosine monophosphate content of LM from group C was only(331.80±11.53)mg/100 g and significantly lower than those of(361.00±6.36)and(366.37±4.80)mg/100 g from group A and B(P<0.05).Even though no differences were found in the contents of DM and CP in LM among the three groups of pigs,the content of intramuscular fat(IMF)in LM from group B and group C was increased by 45.6%and 46.58%respectively from that of group A(P<0.05),but no difference occurred between group B and C(P>0.05).[Conclusions]DietsⅡ and Ⅲ in this study caused no differences in fattening and slaughter performance of L×L crossbred pigs,but the effects on some meat traits were still significant,especially on the improvement of intramuscular fat in experimental pigs.Therefore,they could improve the meat quality of crossbred pigs to a certain extent.

L-精氨酸或L-赖氨酸对反复冻融鸭肉饼品质的影响

本文研究L-精氨酸或L-赖氨酸对反复冻融鸭肉饼品质的影响,旨在为L-精氨酸或L-赖氨酸作为冷冻保护剂在肉制品中的应用提供理论依据。在鸭肉饼加工工艺中,于腌制环节添加L-精氨酸或L-赖氨酸,并将制作好的鸭肉饼进行反复冻融循环,从质构、蒸煮损失、色差、pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)、低场核磁共振、微观结构指标来评价鸭肉饼的品质。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,空白组鸭肉饼的硬度、弹性、粘聚性、咀嚼性、a^(*)值、pH和P_(21)显著降低(P<0.05),蒸煮损失、TVB-N值和TBARS值显著升高(P<0.05)。在5次冻融循环后,L-精氨酸或L-赖氨酸对鸭肉饼品质的劣变有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),而且L-精氨酸组鸭肉饼的蒸煮损失分别比空白组和三聚磷酸盐(Sodium tripolyphosphate,STP)组低13.23%和6.93%(P<0.05)。此外,在5次冻融循环后,L-精氨酸组的TVB-N值和TBARS值分别比空白组低41.92%和63.47%(P<0.05),均为四组中最低。这表明L-精氨酸或L-赖氨酸处理能在冻融循环过程中有效抑制鸭肉饼腐败变质、脂肪氧化,改善保水性,使鸭肉饼保持良好的品质特性,且L-精氨酸效果更好。

L-赖氨酸预处理及杀菌工艺对南极磷虾罐头品质的影响

研究相同杀菌强度下杀菌温度和杀菌时间对经过L-赖氨酸(L-lysine,Lys)预处理的南极磷虾罐头品质的影响。采用Lys进行预处理南极磷虾肉,分别以水和保水剂三聚磷酸钠为对照,在相同的杀菌强度下,研究115℃杀菌60 min、117℃杀菌38 min、119℃杀菌24 min和121℃杀菌15 min 4种杀菌条件对南极磷虾罐头品质的影响。在115℃杀菌60min后,Lys处理组的南极磷虾肉的硬度和咀嚼度较低,脂质氧化程度最低;低场核磁共振和核磁共振成像分析表明,不易流动水峰面积最大且伪彩图的信号强度最高;微观结构的结果显示,经Lys处理的南极磷虾肉组织更加规则,孔洞分布均匀,微观结构更完整;感官评价结果表明,在此杀菌条件下Lys处理组的南极磷虾肉具有较好的风味和质地,且在可接受度方面的评分也最高。Lys可替代磷酸盐改善南极磷虾罐头品质,且115℃杀菌60min的杀菌工艺使南极磷虾罐头品质最好,在实际生产操作中有很好的应用性。

外源L-谷氨酸对花后干旱胁迫下小麦干物质积累分配、籽粒灌浆特性及品质形成的调控效应

【目的】谷氨酸(Glu)具有调节植物生长,提高作物抗逆能力的功效。研究外源L-谷氨酸(L-Glu)对灌浆期干旱胁迫下小麦干物质积累分配及转运、光合参数、灌浆特性、农艺性状及品质特性的影响,为进一步研究谷氨酸提高小麦耐旱性奠定理论基础。【方法】以新疆主栽冬小麦品种新冬18号和新冬22号为试验材料,在抽穗期、开花期分别喷施0、2、4 mmol/L的L-Glu溶液,开花后进行大田干旱胁迫(DT)和适水处理(WT)。在开花初期和花后10、20、30天(即灌浆初期、中期、后期),测定了小麦干物质积累分配及转运、光合特性、灌浆特性、农艺性状及品质等相关指标。【结果】外源喷施L-Glu可以显著增加开花后干旱胁迫下地上部总干物质积累量,其中DT-G2、DT-G4处理显著高于DT-G0处理。与DT-G0处理相比,DT-G2和DT-G4处理有效提高了开花后干旱胁迫下干物质积累对籽粒干物质积累的贡献率,新冬18号小麦分别增加24.65%、24.28%,新冬22号小麦分别增加28.44%、16.03%;与DT-G0处理相比,DT-G2、DT-G4处理提高了灌浆期光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、叶肉瞬时羧化效率(P_(n)/C_(i))及籽粒灌浆平均速率,其中DT-G2、DT-G4处理下新冬18号小麦籽粒灌浆平均速率分别较DT-G0增加15.17%和3.59%,新冬22号小麦分别增加19.92%和14.70%;与DT-G0处理相比,DT-G2处理显著提高了2个小麦品种的千粒重,DT-G4处理显著降低了2个小麦品种的湿面筋含量。【结论】抽穗期、开花期喷施外源L-Glu可以显著增加开花后干旱胁迫下小麦地上部总干物质积累量,降低灌浆后期小麦干物质在营养器官的分配比例,同时提高开花后干旱胁迫下旗叶的光合速率及蒸腾速率,进而促进小麦穗部干物质的分配,提高小麦籽粒的灌浆速率,延长灌浆持续时间,最终在降低干旱胁迫下粒重损失的同时提高籽粒品质。

日粮中添加l-精氨酸对公犬精液品质、生殖器超声参数及血清睾酮的影响

为了探究日粮中添加l-精氨酸对公犬精液品质、生殖器超声参数及血清睾酮的影响,试验从沈阳市某警犬基地选取体重相近的4~5岁健康史宾格公犬20只,随机分为4组(n=5),分别为试验A组、试验B组、试验C组和对照组,试验A组、试验B组和试验C组分别按体重每天在日粮中添加10,15,20 mg/kg l-精氨酸,对照组日粮中不添加l-精氨酸,试验期为30 d。于试验第1,10,20,30天分别对各组的精液品质(精液量、精液、密度精子、活力精子活率)、生殖器超声参数(睾丸宽度、睾丸深度和附睾尾部厚度)及血清睾酮质量浓度进行检测。结果表明:试验第1,10天,各指标各组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验第20天,试验A组、试验B组和试验C组的精液密度、精子活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验B组的精液密度显著高于试验A组和试验C组(P<0.05);试验B组和试验C组左右两侧睾丸宽度和睾丸深度显著高于对照组和试验A组(P<0.05)。试验第30天,试验A组、试验B组和试验C组的精液密度、精子活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验B组的精液密度和精子活力显著高于试验A组和试验C组(P<0.05),试验C组的精液密度显著高于试验A组(P<0.05);试验B组和试验C组左右两侧睾丸宽度、睾丸深度和附睾尾部厚度显著高于对照组和试验A组(P<0.05);试验B组和试验C组的血清睾酮质量浓度显著高于对照组和试验A组(P<0.05)。说明日粮中添加适量l-精氨酸可提高公犬的精液品质、生殖器超声参数和血清睾酮质量浓度;在本试验条件下按体重每天添加15 mg/kg l-精氨酸的效果最好。

Effects of mesoclimate and microclimate variations mediated by high altitude and row orientation on sucrose metabolism and anthocyanin synthesis in grape berries

Climate change and extreme weather pose significant challenges to the traditional viticulture regions.Emerging high-altitude grape-producing regions with diverse orientations have shown great potential in coping with this challenge.Stable,high-quality wine grape production may be achieved by synchronizing the meso-and microclimate.To clarify the role of high altitude and row orientation in meso-and microclimate and the response of berries to it,we evaluated seven years(2012-2018)of climate data,two years of basic grape(Cabernet Sauvignon,Vitis vinifera L.)quality,and one-year microclimate from veraison to harvest.By comparing two locations(Sidon 2047 m,Sinon 2208 m)in Yunnan Province,China,we found that the average temperature has been stable at approximately 15℃ for seven years,with no extreme weather or,noticeable global warming.The light intensity(LI)in the north-south(NS)was more balanced than the east-west(EW)direction,and the east-west to the south(EW-S)canopy side was almost higher than the other sides.High LI was associated with high photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),ultraviolet(UV),and infrared(IR)light and vice versa.The north-south to the east(NS-E)and east-west to the north(EWN)sides were characterized by lower LI and higher UV and IR light,and higher total anthocyanin content.Most anthocyanin synthesis-related genes,for example,VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H,were highly expressed in NS-E from veraison to maturity.Perhaps UV and IR light induced their expression.This study provides new insights on the role of differently orientated rows in controlling grape quality due to varied light quality.The findings are globally significant,particularly in the context of climate change,and offer fresh insights into berry physiological responses and decision-making for the management of existing vineyards.

UPLC法测定西洋参不同部位中皂苷类成分及质量评价研究

本文旨在建立超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(UPLC-PDA)法同时测定山东西洋参中16种皂苷类成分的方法,并对山东省威海市5个地区11批西洋参芦头、主根、侧根和须根不同部位的皂苷含量进行测定,以期为山东西洋参质量控制与评价提供科学依据。采用Acquity UPLC BEH C_(18)柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm),流动相为水-乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速0.4 mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为2μL,PDA检测器,检测波长为203 nm。16种皂苷在0.05~1.00 mg/mL范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999 1,加标回收率为92.45%~103.24%,RSD为0.31%~4.60%,灵敏度、准确度及精密度均符合要求。山东省威海地区西洋参芦头、主根、侧根和须根部位皂苷含量分别为(42.69±7.01) mg/g、(32.63±4.71) mg/g、(30.80±5.15) mg/g和(37.55±5.23) mg/g。通过主成分分析及正交偏最小二乘法分析,初步筛选出人参皂苷Re、Rc、Rb_(1)、Rb_(3)和Rb_(2)作为西洋参不同部位鉴别的潜在质量标志物。本研究建立的方法可用于西洋参皂苷含量测定及不同部位的区分,对西洋参质量进行初步评价。

L波段全国产化2.5 kW级脉冲模块设计

随着国防和民用技术的迅速发展,高性能的L波段脉冲模块成为雷达和通信领域的关键组件。文章介绍了一个全国产化的2.5 kW级L波段脉冲模块的设计流程。该模块采用先进的射频放大技术和脉冲形成网络设计,结合本土材料和工艺技术的优势,实现模块的高性能和低成本生产。仿真和实验验证表明,设计的模块满足了所有预期的技术参数,包括功率水平、脉冲宽度和效率,通过了严格的质量控制和可靠性评估。

Analysis of the Conditional Correlations from Different Genetic Systems Between the Protein Content and the Appearance Quality Traits of Indica Rice

A factorial mating design in two environments was conducted using 7 cytoplasmic male sterile lines （A） and 5 restorer lines （R） along with their F1 （A × R） and F2 populations. The unconditional and conditional analyses of genetic models and the corresponding statistic methods, including endospermic, cytoplasmic, and maternal plant genetic systems, were used to analyze the genetic relationships between protein content （PC） and the appearance quality traits of indica rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The results from unconditional analysis indicated that PC was significantly correlated with the appearance quality traits of rice, except for the brown rice thickness （BRT）. Only the genetic covariance between PC and the brown rice width （BRW） was positively correlative, whereas all the other pairwise traits were negatively correlative. The results from conditional analysis revealed that the weight of brown rice （WBR） or the amylose content （AC） could significantly affect the relationships between PC and the appearance quality traits of indica rice. The conditional analysis showed that WBR might negatively affect the relationships between PC and the brown rice length （BRL）, BRW, or BRT through the geuotype x environmental （GE） interaction effects, but positively affected the relationships between PC and the ratio of brown rice length to width （RLW） or the ratio of brown rice length to thickness （RLT）. The amylase content could positively affect the relationships between PC and BRL, RLW, RLT through the cytoplasmic effects and maternal additive effects, but negatively affected the relationships between PC and BRW.

Analysis of Correlation between Yield and Quality Traits of Quality Hybrid Rapeseed

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the correlation between yield and quality traits of rape. [Method] Taking ＂Sanbei 98＂ and ＂Youyan 599＂ as ex- periment materials, correlation between yield and quality traits of Brassica napus L. cultivars was explored by orthogonal rotation method. [Result] The results showed that： 1 In both the two varieties-Sanbei98 and Youyan599, erucic acid content had the largest coefficient of variation, but its average content was lower than 2% in both the two varieties （0.90% in Sanbei98 and 1.24% in Youyan599）, and the palmitic acid content had the smallest coefficient of variation. 2 In terms of the dif- ferences in quality traits at different yield levels, only the mean of eicosenoic acid content revealed significant difference in Sanbei98, and only the mean of seed-pro- tein content revealed significant difference in Youyan599, and there was no signifi- cant difference in any combined quality traits in both the two varieties. 3 The yield was negatively correlated with the erucic acid content or oil content, and posi- tively correlated with the content of seed-protein, linoleic acid, or linolenic acid, and the coefficient of correlation between the yield and either of the contents of glucosi- nolates, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and eicosenoic acid was smaller. ~, when the yield of a variety increased considerably, there was a certain decreasing trend in erucic acid content, oil content, the total amount of erucic chain fatty acids （El ＆ Er）, while there was an increasing trend in seed-protein content, linoleic acid content, linolenic acid content, saturated fatty acids （SFA）, the total amount of fat and protein （P ＆ F）, unsaturation index （IUFA）, unsaturated fatty acids （UFA）, the total amount of 18 carbon fatty acids （18-C FA）, unsaturated fatty acids [UFA/（Ei ＆ Er） ], and the sum of oleic acid and linoleic acid （OI ＆ Li）. 5 When the seed-pro- tein content is increased, the quality of rape oil cake is also improved; when the unsaturated index is increased, the oil stability is decreased. The increase in the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid and linoleic acid helps to increase in the total amount of fatty acids absorbed by human bodies. [Conclusion] This study provides a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of high-yielding and top- quality hybrid rape cultivars.

Comparative Analysis on the Quality Components in Vicia faba L. of Different Genotypes

With 12 Vicia faba L. varieties of different genotypes as the research ma- terials, the contents of 9 kinds of quality factors of protein, fat, free amino acid as well as beneficial mineral elements were analyzed with the aim to provide the nec- essary theoretical basis for the selection of new varieties of high quality faba beans. The results showed that in the faba beans of different genotypes, the protein content ranged from 27.9% to 31.2%, fat content of 1.2-1.4%, tannin content of 4 700-5 280 mg/kg, iron content of 47.45-67.15 mgJkg, calcium content of 571.30-1 397.22 mg/kg, zinc content of 47.34-66.10 mg/kg, potassium content of 1.09-1.38%, and selenium content ranged from 0.031 mg/kg to 0.064 mg/kg. There were significant differences in the contents of different free amino acids between different genotypes, and the total free amino acid content was between 1.062% and 0.915%.

Effect of Combined Use of Boron and Manganese Fertilizers on the Nutritional Quality and Physiological Indices of Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis L.var.utilis

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of com-bined use of boron and manganese fertilizers on the nutritional quality and physio-logical indices of Brassica campestris. [Method] In the nutrient solutions for growing B. campestris by hydroponics, boric acid and manganese sulfate were added at 0.5, 2.5, and 7.5 mg/L respectively. Another treatment without boron and manganese was prepared as the control. Quality and physiological indices of B. campestris in the 10 treatments were measured. [Result] Boron and manganese shared obvious in-teraction in improving the quality and physiological indices of B. campestris. To cul-tivate B. campestris with high quality and strong resistance, the optimum concentra-tions of boron and manganese in the nutrient solution should be 2.5 mg/L boric acid and 2.5-7.5 mg/L manganese sulfate. [Conclusion] The findings wil provide refer-ence for studying effects of trace elements on nutrient composition of vegetables.

L-叔亮氨酸对嘎啦苹果品质和贮藏性的影响

为提高嘎啦苹果的品质和贮藏性,于果实发育期3次叶面喷施外源L-叔亮氨酸,喷施质量浓度分别为0(对照,CK)、50、100、500、1000、5000 mg/L,探究不同质量浓度L-叔亮氨酸对嘎啦苹果采收品质和(0±1)℃低温贮藏的影响,于贮藏0、15、30、45、60、75 d进行果实硬度、可溶性固形物(TSS)含量、可滴定酸(TA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量、游离氨基酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性测定。结果表明,叶面喷施外源L-叔亮氨酸能显著促进嘎啦苹果黄色着色和亮度增加,不同程度提高果实硬度、TSS含量、TA含量、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量,500 mg/L处理可显著增加单果质量(247.58 g),较对照(228.55 g)增加8.3%;各处理均有利于冷藏期间果实硬度、TSS含量、可溶性蛋白含量的维持,抑制嘎啦苹果冷藏期间TA含量下降及游离氨基酸的升高,使嘎啦苹果果实保持较低的POD活性和较高的SOD活性。贮藏75 d时,50 mg/L处理TA含量(4.69 g/L)最高,100 mg/L处理硬度(7.13 kg/cm^(2))最高,1000 mg/L处理游离氨基酸含量(1248.1 mg/kg)最低,500 mg/L L-叔亮氨酸处理的嘎啦果肉未软化,可溶性蛋白含量(116.7 mg/kg)、SOD活性[29.64 U/(min·g)]最高,POD活性[8.09 U/(min·g)]最低,游离氨基酸含量(1940.0 mg/kg)、硬度(6.74 kg/cm^(2))、TSS含量(15.20%)、TA含量(4.65 g/L)均显著优于对照。综上,果实发育期多次进行500 mg/L L-叔亮氨酸喷施处理,可显著提高嘎啦苹果的采收品质和贮藏性。

Characterization of eating quality and starch properties of two Wx alleles japonica rice cultivars under different nitrogen treatments

To understand the effect of nitrogen(N) fertilizer on rice(Oryza sativa L.) eating and cooking quality(ECQ). Here, we investigated the ECQ attributes, physicochemical foundation of ECQ, and amylopectin fine structure of two Waxy(Wx) alleles japonica rice cultivars Nanjing 9108(NJ9108) and Huaidao 5(HD5) under four N rates(0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha^-1). Sensory and pasting properties of the two cultivars varied depending on N rates. Compared with the control(0 kg ha^-1), the overall eating quality and sensory value were significantly decreased under the N rates of 300 and 450 kg ha^-1. Further, conventional descriptive analysis showed that the stickiness and retrogradation of cooked rice were significantly decreased. These results indicated that application of N fertilizer seems to affect the texture of cooked rice, causing it to be less sticky, lowering its retrogradation, and consequently reducing its palatability. Results from rapid visco analyzer(RVA) revealed that the peak and breakdown viscosities significantly decreased, while the setback viscosity and peak time increased under the N rates of 300 and 450 kg ha^-1. However, no significant difference was observed when the N rate was 150 kg ha^-1, indicating that less N fertilization can maintain rice ECQ. As the N rate increasing, protein content increased, whereas apparent amylose content, starch content, and gel consistency almost unchanged. Interestingly, compared with the control, under N treatments, the percentage of short amylopectin branches in NJ9108 was decreased, but increased in HD5, as controlled by amylopectin synthesis-related genes. Notably, SSI and BEIIb were down-regulated in NJ9108, whereas BEIIb was up-regulated in HD5. Thus, the palatability of both rice cultivars was significantly decreased under excessive N fertilization as a consequence of reduced stickiness and retrogradation of the cooked rice, which might have resulted from an elevated protein content and altered amylopectin fine structure. In addition, amylopectin synthesis appeared to be affected by N fertilizer and the genotype of the rice cultivar.

Mechanical Harvesting Effects on Seed Yield Loss,Quality Traits and Profitability of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

China is one of the most important rapeseed producing countries in the world. Effective mechanical harvesting time for decreasing harvesting loss of winter oilseed rape has been becoming a critical factor. An elite cultivar Zhongshuang 11 （Brassica napus L.） was employed in two rounds of field experiments from 2009 to 2011. Seeds were sown with machine, three combine harvesting times namely combine harvesting A, B, and C （CHA, CHB, and CHC） were designed and manual harvesting （MH） as control was performed at maturity. The harvesting treatments were determined according to color of pod and seed in the field. Seed yield loss and quality in different treatments were evaluated. Results showed that both seed yields and harvesting losses in 2009-2010 were higher than that in 2010-2011, whereas seed oil contents in 2010-2011 were higher than that in 2009-2010. The highest yield appeared in CHB, which was significantly higher than that in MH. Furthermore, harvesting loss in CHB were 50% that in MH. Seed oil content and chlorophyll exhibited no obvious difference between CHB and MH. Economic profit analysis demonstrated that mechanical sowing/combine harvesting （MS/CH） showed an input/output ratio of 1：1.6, and it was 1：1.2 in mechanical sowing/manual harvesting （MS/MH）. Labor-cost accounted for more than 70% of the total cost in MS/MH, which led to low profitability to a great extent. Our results suggested that CHB was the optimum harvesting time for winter oilseed rape along the Yangtze River.

Effects of soilless substrates on seedling quality and the growth of transplanted super japonica rice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soilless substrates of hydroponically grown long-mat seedlings （HLMS） on seedling quality and field growth characteristics of transplanted super japonica rice. A widely grown conventional super japonica rice cultivar （Wuyunjing 23） was selected as the test material. The effect of HLMS on seedling quality, mechanical transplantation quality, field growth characteristics, yield, and benefit-cost ratio were compared with seedlings grown in organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil, whJch was selected as the control. Root number, root twJstJng power and root activity of seedlings cultivated by HLMS were decreased compared to that of the organic substrates andcontrol. However, seedling root length as well as aboveground growth were increased compared to the organic substrates and control seed- lings. In the HLMS, the content of gibberellin acid （GA3） decreased while abscisic acid （ABA） content increased compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. During the early stages after transplanting, the re-greening of HLMS was delayed compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in tiller dynamics and crop yield among the HLMS, organic substrates and control treatments. The effects of HLMS on seedling production were similar to those of the organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil in the present study, suggesting that HLMS have the potential to replace traditional nutritive soil in seedling production without decreasing crop yield. Finally, it is important to reduce organic substrates and topsoil dependence during rice seedling production and worthwhile to consider HLMS popularization and its application on a larger scale.