Profile improvement during CO_2 flooding in ultra-low permeability reservoirs

Gas flooding such as CO2 flooding may be effectively applied to ultra-low permeability reservoirs, but gas channeling is inevitable due to low viscosity and high mobility of gas and formation heterogeneity. In order to mitigate or prevent gas channeling, ethylenediamine is chosen for permeability profile control. The reaction mechanism of ethylenediamine with CO2, injection performance, swept volume, and enhanced oil recovery were systematically evaluated. The reaction product of ethylenediamine and CO2 was a white solid or a light yellow viscous liquid, which would mitigate or prevent gas channeling. Also, ethylenediamine could be easily injected into ultra-low permeability cores at high temperature with protective ethanol slugs. The core was swept by injection of 0.3 PV ethylenediamine. Oil displacement tests performed on heterogeneous models with closed fractures, oil recovery was significantly enhanced with injection of ethylenediamine. Experimental results showed that using ethylenediamine to plug high permeability layers would provide a new research idea for the gas injection in fractured, heterogeneous and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. This technology has the potential to be widely applied in oilfields.

Production characteristics and displacement mechanisms of infilling polymer-surfactant-preformed particle gel flooding in post-polymer flooding reservoirs:A review of practice in Ng3 block of Gudao Oilfield

The pilot test of infilling polymer-surfactant-preformed particle gel(PPG)flooding has been successfully implemented after polymer flooding in Ng3 block of Gudao Oilfield in China.However,the production characteristics and displacement mechanisms are still unclear,which restricts its further popularization and application.Aiming at this problem,this paper firstly analyzes the production performance of the pilot test and proposed four response types according to the change of water cut curves,including W-type,U-type,V-type response,and no response.Furthermore,the underlying reasons of these four types are analyzed from the aspects of seepage resistance and sweep efficiency.The overall sweep efficiency of gradual-rising W-type,gradual-decreasing W-type,and early V-type response increases from 0.81 to 0.93,0.55 to 0.89,and 0.94 to 1,respectively.And the sum of seepage resistance along the connection line between production well and injection well for U-type and delayed V-type response increases from 0.0994 to 0.2425,and 0.0677 to 0.1654,respectively.Then,the remaining oil distribution after polymer flooding is summarized into four types on the basis of production and geological characteristics,namely disconnected remaining oil,streamline unswept remaining oil,rhythm remaining oil,and interlayer-controlled remaining oil.Furthermore,the main displacement mechanisms for each type are clarified based on the dimensionless seepage resistance and water absorption profile.Generally,improving connectivity by well pattern infilling is the most important for producing disconnected remaining oil.The synergistic effect of well pattern infilling and polymer-surfactant-PPG flooding increases the dimensionless seepage resistance of water channeling regions and forces the subsequent injected water to turn to regions with streamline unswept remaining oil.The improvement of the water absorption profile by polymer-surfactant-PPG flooding and separated layer water injection contributes to displacing rhythm remaining oil and interlayer-controlled remaining oil.Finally,the paper analyzes the relationships between the remaining oil distribution after polymer flooding and production characteristics of infilling polymer-surfactant-PPG flooding.The study helps to deepen the understanding of infilling polymer-surfactant-PPG flooding and has reference significance for more commercial implementations in the future.

A Study of the Adsorption of Molecular Deposition Filming Flooding Agent MD-1 on Quartz Sand

Molecular deposition filming flooding (MDFF) is a novel oil recovery technique based on the thermopositive monolayer electrostatic adsorption of the MDFF agent on different interfaces within reservoir systems. In this paper, the adsorption property of the MDFF agent, MD-1, on quartz sand has been studied through adsorption experiments at different pH and temperatures. Experimental data are also analyzed kinetically and thermodynamically. The results show that the adsorption of MD-1 on quartz sand takes place mainly because of electrostatic interactions, which corresponds to adsorption that increases with pH. Kinetic analyses show that at a higher pH the activation energy for adsorption gets lower and, therefore, the adsorption becomes quicker for MD-1 on quartz sand. Thermodynamic analyses show that pH plays an important role in the adsorption of MD-1 on quartz sand. At a higher pH, more negative surface charges result in the increase of electrostatic interactions between MD-1 and quartz sand. Therefore, the saturated adsorption amount increases and more adsorption heat will be released.

Performance Analysis of a Profile Control Agent for Waste Drilling Fluid Treatment

A method for the treatment of hazardous waste drilling fluids,potentially leading to environmental pollution,is considered.The waste drilling fluid is treated with an inorganic flocculant,an organic flocculant,and a pH regulator.The profile control agent consists of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide,formaldehyde,hexamethylenetetramine,resorcinol,phenol,and the treated waste drilling fluid itself.For a waste drilling fluid concentration of 2500 mg/L,the gelling time of the profile control agent is 25 h,and the gelling strength is 32,000 mPa.s.Compared with the profile control agent prepared by recirculated water under the same conditions,the present profile control agent displays better stability,salt-resistance,and performance.

面向SIP单源Flooding的多agent入侵检测系统

研究SIP单源flooding攻击原理,分析agent及多agent的特性,并指出了现有单源flooding入侵检测系统的存在的问题,在上述讨论的基础上提出一种基于多Agent的SIP单源flooding入侵检测系统.系统以agent为组织单元,利用agent的可信度及其SIP的流量特征进行投票决策,并能够给出攻击者的SIP特征描述.同时系统中的每个agent可以根据网络情况进行动态调整,解决了对网络环境变化的适应性问题.

Optimization of the Plugging Agent Dosage for High Temperature Salt Profile Control in Heavy Oil Reservoirs

After steam discharge in heavy oil reservoirs,the distribution of temperature,pressure,and permeability in different wells becomes irregular.Flow channels can easily be produced,which affect the sweep efficiency of the oil displacement.Previous studies have shown that the salting-out plugging method can effectively block these channels in high-temperature reservoirs,improve the suction profile,and increase oil production.In the present study,the optimal dosage of the plugging agent is determined taking into account connection transmissibility and inter-well volumes.Together with the connectivity model,a water flooding simulation model is introduced.Moreover,a non-gradient stochastic disturbance algorithm is used to obtain the optimal plugging agent dosage,which provides the basis for the high-temperature salting-out plugging agent adjustment in the field.

Oil Production Optimization by Means of a Combined“Plugging,Profile Control,and Flooding”Treatment:Analysis of Results Obtained Using Computer Tomography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Due to long-term water injection,often oilfields enter the so-called medium and high water cut stage,and it is difficult to achieve good oil recovery and water reduction through standard methods(single profile control and flooding measures).Therefore,in this study,a novel method based on“plugging,profile control,and flooding”being implemented at the same time is proposed.To assess the performances of this approach,physical simulations,computer tomography,and nuclear magnetic resonance are used.The results show that the combination of a gel plugging agent,a polymer microsphere flooding agent,and a high-efficiency oil displacement agent leads to better results in terms of oil recovery with respect to the situation in which these approaches are used separately(the oil recovery is increased by 15.37%).Computer tomography scan results show that with the combined approach,a larger sweep volume and higher oil washing efficiency are obtained.The remaining oil in the cluster form can be recovered in the middle and low permeability layer,increasing the proportion of the columnar and blind end states of the oil.The nuclear magnetic resonance test results show that the combined“plugging,profile control,and flooding”treatment can also be used to control more effectively the dominant channels of the high permeability layer and further expand the recovery degree of the remaining oil in the pores of different sizes in the middle and low permeability layers.However,for the low permeability layer(permeability difference of 20),the benefits in terms of oil recovery are limited.

Assessment of Land Erosion and Sediment Accumulation Caused by Runoff after a Flash-Flooding Storm Using Topographic Profiles and Spectral Indices

This research deals with the characterization of areas associated with flash floods and erosion caused by severe rainfall storm and sediment transport and accumulation using topographic attributes and profiles, spectral indices (SI), and principal component analysis (PCA). To achieve our objectives, topographic attributes and profiles were retrieved from ASTER-V2 DEM. PCA and nine SI were derived from two Landsat-OLI images acquired before and after the flood-storm. The images data were atmospherically corrected, sensor radiometric drift calibrated, and geometric and topographic distortions rectified. For validation purposes, the acquired photos during the flood-storm, lithological and geological maps were used. The analysis of approximately 100 colour composite combinations in the RGB system permitted the selection of two combinations due to their potential for characterizing soil erosion classes and sediment accumulation. The first considers the “Intensity, NDWI and NMDI”, while the second associates form index (FI), brightness index (BI) and NDWI. These two combinations provide very good separating power between different levels of soil erosion and degradation. Moreover, the derived erosion risk and sediment accumulation map based on the selected spectral indices segmentation and topographic attributes and profiles illustrated the tendency of water accumulation in the landscape, and highlighted areas prone to both fast moving and pooling water. In addition, it demonstrated that the rainfall, the topographic morphology and the lithology are the major contributing factors for flash flooding, catastrophic inundation, and erosion risk in the study area. The runoff-water power delivers vulnerable topsoil and contributes strongly to the erosion process, and then transports soil material and sediment to the plain areas through waterpower and gravity. The originality of this research resides in its simplicity and rapidity to provide a solid basis strategy for regional policies to address the real causes of problems and risks in developing countries. Certainly, it can help in the improvement of the management of water regulation structures to develop a methodology to maximize the water storage capacity and to reduce the risks caused by floods in the Moroccan Atlas Mountain (Guelmim region).

An Improved Contract Net Protocol with Multi-Agent for Reservoir Flood Control Dispatch

Contract Net Protocol (CNP) has been widely used in solving the problems of multi-Agent cooperates and reservoir flood control optimization dispatch. This paper designs an Agent functional module based on the multi-Agent coordinated the construction of reservoir flood control optimization dispatch and the corresponding Agent to solve the problem of classical CNP in the Agent communication aspect, to enhance the efficiency of reservoir optimization dispatch and to improve the insufficiency of the classical CNP in the application of reservoir flood control dispatcher. Then, the capacity factor and the cooperation level are introduced in the module. Experiments are conducted on the Agentbuilder simulation platform to simulate reservoir flood control optimization dispatching with the improved CNP. The simulation results show the communication interactive efficiency and the performance of new protocol is superior to those of the classical CNP.

Study of the Chemical Flooding Effect in Gao-63 Reservoir

This article is aimed to discuss the impact of using two different kinds of surfactant in enhancing oil recovery in heterogeneous reservoirs. With the background of Jidong oilfield, Rui Feng surfactant which could reach ultra-low interracial tension and combination surfactant RZ-JD80 with strong emulsifying property are chosen to do oil displacement and profile control-oil displacement experiment in homogeneous core and heterogeneous core respectively. The experiment is aimed to study the effect of oil displacement by injecting surfactant individually and the effect after injecting different profile control agent slug before surfactant flooding in heterogeneous cores. The results suggest that injecting Rui Feng surfactant and RZ-JD80 individually could enhance the oil displacement efficiency about 15 percentage points for homogeneous core. For strongly heterogeneous core, it is low efficiency by using either of these two surfactants individually. However, if injected a very little profile control agent slug before surfactant flooding, both of these two kinds of surfactant could enhance the oil recovery by different degree, especially, polymer microsphere plugging^RZ-JD80 flooding composite technology is more adaptable to Gao-63 reservoir. This technology could increase the recovery by 18.52 percentage points aRer surfactant flooding.

The Synthesize and Property Evaluation of High Temperature Resistant Phenolic Resin-Type Profile Control Agent

Most of the mining method of domestic oilfield is waterflood development, thus the water content in the mid and late water flooding would rise faster, and the oil recovery rate would decline relatively more rapid. So it is very important to research profile control agent for stabilizing oil production resin-type profile control agent, and focus on researching the themal stability, shear resistance, gelation time and gelation strength and other properties of this profile control agent?[1]. Finally, the best ratio for synthesizing the high temperature resistant phenolic resin-type profile control agent was obtained.

Study of Water Treatment Residue Used as a Profile Control Agent

A large amount of residue from the water treatment process has gradually accumulated and thus caused serious environmental pollution in waterflood oilfields. The water treatment residue is a grey suspension, with a density of 1.08 g/cm^3, and mainly contains over 65% of light CaCO3, MgCO3, CaSO4, Fe2S3 and Ca（OH）2. This paper ascertains the effect of water treatment residue on core permeability and its application in oilfields. Coreflooding tests in laboratory were conducted in two artificial cores and one natural core. Core changes were evaluated by cast model image analysis, mercury injection method and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Fresh water was injected into another natural core, which was plugged with water treatment residue, to determine the effective life. The results indicate that the water treatment residue has a strongly plugging capability, a resistance to erosion and a long effective life, and thus it can be used as a cheap raw material for profile control. In the past 8 years, a total of 60,164 m^3 of water treatment residue has been used for profile control of 151 well treatments, with a success ratio of 98% and an effective ratio of 83.2%. In the field tests, the profile control agent increased both starting pressure and injection pressure of injectors, and decreased the apparent water injectivity coefficient, significantly improving intake profiles and lengthening average service life of injectors. 28,381 tons of additional oil were recovered from these corresponding oil wells, with economic benefits of ￥3,069.55×10^4 （RMB） and a remarkable input-output ratio of 8.6：1.

Study of steam heat transfer enhanced by CO_(2) and chemical agents: In heavy oil production

Steam flooding with the assistance of carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) and chemicals is an effective approach for enhancing super heavy oil recovery. However, the promotion and application of CO_(2) and chemical agent-assisted steam flooding technology have been restricted by the current lack of research on the synergistic effect of CO_(2) and chemical agents on enhanced steam flooding heat transfer. The novel experiments on CO_(2)–chemicals cooperate affected steam condensation and seepage were conducted by adding CO_(2) and two chemicals (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the betaine temperature-salt resistant foaming agent ZK-05200).According to the experimental findings, a “film” formed on the heat-transfer medium surface following the co-injection of CO_(2) and the chemical to impede the steam heat transfer, reducing the heat transfer efficiency of steam, heat flux and condensation heat transfer coefficient. The steam seepage experiment revealed that the temperature at the back end of the sandpack model was dramatically raised by 3.5–12.8 °C by adding CO_(2) and chemical agents, achieving the goal of driving deep-formation heavy oil. The combined effect of CO_(2) and SDS was the most effective for improving steam heat transfer, the steam heat loss was reduced by 6.2%, the steam condensation cycle was prolonged by 1.3 times, the condensation heat transfer coefficient was decreased by 15.5%, and the heavy oil recovery was enhanced by 9.82%. Theoretical recommendations are offered in this study for improving the CO_(2)–chemical-assisted steam flooding technique.

Simulation of Stripper Flooding Due to the Increase of Feed Flowrate

In this investigation, UniSim software and the Soave-Redlich-Kong (SRK) thermodynamic model were utilized to study flooding in a Naphta stripping column. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of increasing feed flowrate from a design load of 121 m3/hr. to 165 m3/hr. on the performance of the plate column. In order to study only flooding in the column, UniSim software was run by keeping the LPG (Liquefied Gas petroleum) and Naphta products within the required specifications. According to the original design specifications of the stripping column, it should not be operated at high feed rates and differential pressure must not exceed 600 mbar. For the purpose of simulation, this value corresponds to a maximum allowable flooding percentage of 85%. The simulation results show that the flooding percentage was 144.5% in the case under study and 83.7% for the design case. Flooding occurred in all parts of the column with diameters of 2 m and 2.7 m. For the case under investigation, the reflux to feed ratio was reduced from 0.45 (design case) to 0.2. The originality of this investigation is the utilization of the temperature profile in the column as a tool to detect the plates where flooding could take place. The column temperature profile during the case under study suggests instability in the plates between trays 5 to 15. It is therefore suspected that flooding takes place mainly between those plates.

Automatic Negotiation with Profiles and Clustering of Agents

This paper presents a model of automatic negotiation agents in an open environment. Agents are motivated by the gain they may obtain while fulfilling their goals, but their behaviour can change during negotiation according to previous interactions with other agents in the system. Changing behaviour may refer to either the use of different negotiation strategies or to concessions made for other agents, with which they have successfully negotiated in the past. To this aim, an agent develops a set of partners’ profiles during negotiation: the preference profile, the cooperation profile, and the group negotiation profile. The first two profiles characterize individuals, while in a group negotiation profile, several agent profiles are clustered according to commonly discovered features. Different approaches to the development of these profiles are presented.

Performance Evaluation of a New Type of Polymer Profile Control Agent

The low-permeability oil and gas resources of our country are quite common and abundant. Their reserve has accounted for one-fifth of total oil reserves of our country, and their yield has constituted the important part of national petroleum annual yield, but its development is very difficult. Polymer gel technology is a technical method of improving sweep efficiency in recent years which substantially increases the viscosity of the polymer solution by adding a crosslinking agent to the polymer produced by intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinking.

胜利油田GF84区块CCUS气窜封堵技术及其应用

胜利油田GF84区块为低渗透油藏,采出程度较低,CO_(2)驱是提高该区块采收率的有效措施之一。在前期开发中注采井之间已形成明显的气窜通道,现阶段亟需进行气窜封堵,提高CO_(2)驱波及系数,实现均衡驱替。通过分析GF84区块气窜特征与开发矛盾,将气窜类型划分为“裂缝型气窜”和“基质型气窜”,并制定了“裂缝封堵”和“基质调剖”的治理策略。在明确气窜特征的基础上,通过室内实验研发了硅盐树脂堵剂、CO_(2)气溶性发泡剂和高温冻胶堵剂,并形成了“硅盐树脂裂缝封堵+CO_(2)气溶性发泡剂、高温冻胶基质调剖”化学封堵分级调控技术。结果表明,该技术在GF84区块成功应用4口井,其中硅盐树脂裂缝封堵2口井,CO_(2)气溶性发泡剂基质调剖2口井,措施有效率100%,有效期在0.5 a以上。研究成果可为低渗透油田CO_(2)驱开发提供技术支撑。

大庆油田二类B油层聚驱剖面动用规律及其改善

大庆油田聚合物驱应用规模不断扩大,开发对象转向性质较差的二类B油层,现有聚合物与油层适应性不强,剖面动用规律不明确,不同地区聚驱开发效果差异较大。针对上述问题,应用矿场剖面数据统计和室内实验分析,研究了二类B油层剖面动用规律和剖面改善方法。结果表明:从吸水层动用情况来看,喇嘛甸地区由于发育厚层河道砂,油层物性好,油层有效厚度动用比例最高,油层以多次动用为主,突进层多,相对吸液量高;萨中和萨南地区河道砂发育规模小,薄砂层较多,物性差,有效厚度动用比例较低,但聚驱后,有效厚度动用比例相比水驱分别增大了12.5%和15.4%,渗透率为100~300 mD的储集层吸入剖面改善明显;从未吸水层动用来看,二类B油层纵向非均质性强,导致层间有效厚度未动用比例较高,剖面改善应以均衡层间动用为主;抗盐聚合物高、低质量浓度交替注入可延缓含水率上升时间,增加低渗透层吸液量,聚驱采出程度提高显著。在喇嘛甸北北块A区开展了DS1200抗盐聚合物和高、低质量浓度交替注入试验,降水增油效果好,可为大庆油田二类B油层聚驱剖面改善提供技术指导。

乳化沥青提高原油采收率研究进展

乳化沥青具有注入性能好、封堵强度高等优点,作为一种选择性堵剂在油田提高采收率领域比其他化学剂体系更具应用潜力。本文总结了国内乳化沥青堵水体系的开发历程及现场选择性堵水的应用效果。通过调研近年来国内外文献,概述了乳化沥青堵水的作用机理,一种是作为乳液的作用机理,主要是乳液颗粒被变形捕获产生贾敏效应和乳液液滴的机械滞留使水的流动阻力增大;另一种是其分散相也就是乳液破乳后沥青的作用机理,主要是沥青黏附在岩壁上起到的堵水作用。同时,总结了乳化沥青稳定的主要影响因素,包括温度、水相中的电解质浓度和pH值以及分散相中的沥青质,并且论述了各因素影响乳化沥青稳定性的作用机理。最后,详细叙述了乳化沥青应用于油田调剖堵水领域的最新研究进展,研究表明乳化沥青不仅具有优异的封堵效果,还具有独特的封堵选择性。此外,乳化沥青还能与CO_(2)吞吐、泡沫调驱组成复合增产技术进行现场应用,并且指出了乳化沥青应用于调剖堵水领域存在的问题与未来展望。

表面活性剂对水驱普通稠油油藏的乳化驱油机理

为了研究乳化降黏驱油剂对不同渗透率的水驱普通稠油油藏的驱油效率和孔隙尺度增效机理,选取了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(J1)、α-烯基磺酸盐类表面活性剂(J2)、十二烷基羟磺基甜菜碱(J3)、J3与烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚羧酸盐复配表面活性剂(J4)作为驱油剂,开展了4种驱油剂一维驱油和微观驱油模拟实验,明确了乳化降黏驱油剂在孔隙尺度的致效机理。结果表明,降低界面张力对提高驱油效率的作用大于提高乳化降黏率。在油藏条件下,乳化降黏驱油剂需要依靠乳化降黏和降低界面张力的协同增效作用,才能大幅提高驱油效率。乳化降黏驱油剂的乳化能力越强、油水界面张力越低,驱油效率增幅越大。当化学剂乳化降黏率达到95%时,油水界面张力从10^(-1)mN/m每降低1个数量级,化学剂在高渗透和低渗透岩心中的驱油效率依次提高约10.0%和7.8%。乳化降黏驱油剂注入初期通过降低界面张力,使得高渗透岩心和低渗透岩心中的驱替压力分别为水驱注入压力的1/2和1/3,从而提高注入能力。注入后期大块的原油被乳化形成大量不同尺寸的油滴,增强原油流动性,提高驱油效率。乳化形成的界面相对稳定的稠油油滴,能暂堵岩石的喉道和大块稠油与岩石颗粒形成的通道。油滴的暂堵叠加效应,使高渗透和低渗透岩心的驱替压差分别为水驱压差的5.2倍和32.3倍,大幅提高了注入压力,从而扩大平面波及面积。降黏驱油剂驱油实现了提高驱油效率的同时扩大波及范围。研究结果为水驱稠油开发用驱油剂的研发提供参考,为大幅提高水驱普通稠油采收率奠定基础。