historical review of pig testing programs in Denmark

The first swine testing station and program in the world was started in Denmark.Denmark has tested breeding and genetics traits of pigs for more than 100 years and have developed an efficient structure and system to select pigs which produce quality pork for the consumer. The Danish pork is exported to many countries around the world.The testing programs described in the article have proven to be very successful over the last 100 years.The history of swine testing for superior pigs is not finished yet.The selection criteria for quality swine breeding animals will also need to be updated on a regular time table because the production systems are changing yearly and new environmental codes and animal welfare regulations are added each year so the testing programs on pig farms also need to change to meet the new production standards.It is not uncommon to obtain some unusual traits when selecting for extreme traits in pigs when they are on testing programs.When these traits are obtained, it requires additional testing to remove these traits.An example would be the Porcine Stress Syndrome.Osteochondrosis is another example.The gene mapping research will also open up new directions for swine testing programs.Therefore, as long as we produce pigs for quality pork and efficient production we will need outstanding swine testing programs.

TEST COVERAGE ANALYSIS BASED ON PROGRAM SLICING

Coverage analysis is a structural testing technique that helps to eliminate gaps in atest suite and determines when to stop testing. To compute test coverage, this letter proposes anew concept coverage about variables, based on program slicing. By adding powers accordingto their importance, the users can focus on the important variables to obtain higher test coverage.The letter presents methods to compute basic coverage based on program structure graphs. Inmost cases, the coverage obtained in the letter is bigger than that obtained by a traditionalmeasure, because the coverage about a variable takes only the related codes into account.

Using Genetic Algorithm as Test Data Generator for Stored PL/SQL Program Units

PL/SQL is the most common language for ORACLE database application. It allows the developer to create stored program units (Procedures, Functions, and Packages) to improve software reusability and hide the complexity of the execution of a specific operation behind a name. Also, it acts as an interface between SQL database and DEVELOPER. Therefore, it is important to test these modules that consist of procedures and functions. In this paper, a new genetic algorithm (GA), as search technique, is used in order to find the required test data according to branch criteria to test stored PL/SQL program units. The experimental results show that this was not fully achieved, such that the test target in some branches is not reached and the coverage percentage is 98%. A problem rises when target branch is depending on data retrieved from tables;in this case, GA is not able to generate test cases for this branch.

A SEQUENTIAL TESTING PROGRAM FOR PREDICTING AND IDENTIFICATING CARCINOGENS AND ITS APPLICATION

In this paper our studies about the sequential testing program for predicting and identificating carcinogens, sequential discriminant method and cost- effectiveness analysis are summarized. The analysis of our database of carcinogeniclty and genotoxicity of chemicals demonstrates the uncertainty . of short- term tests ( STTs ) to predict carcinogens and the results of most routine STTs are statistically dependent. We recommend the sequential testing program combining STTs and carclnogenicity assay, the optimal STT batteries, the rules of the sequential discrimination and the preferal choices of STTs tor specific chemical class. For illustrative pmposes the carclnogenicity prediction of several sample chamicals is presented. The results of cost-effectiveness analysis suggest that this program has vast social-economic effectiveness.

Towards Semantic Mutation Testing of Aspect-Oriented Programs

Aspect-oriented programs have received much attention from software testing researchers. Various testing techniques and approaches have been proposed to tackle issues and challenges when testing aspect-oriented programs including traditional mutation testing. In traditional mutation testing of aspect-oriented programs, mutants are generated by making small changes to the syntax of the aspect-oriented language. Recently, a new approach known as semantic mutation testing has been proposed. This approach mutates the semantics of the language in which the program is written. The mutants generated misunderstandings of the language which are different classes of faults. Aspect-oriented programming presents itself with different properties that can be further explored with respect to semantic mutation testing. This paper describes various possible scenarios that semantic mutation testing strategy might have particular value in testing aspect-oriented programs.

Approach of Separately Applying Unit Testing to AspectJ Program

A unit testing approach for AspectJ programs is proposed to separately test aspect units which have their own states. In the approach, aspects under test are converted to classes before execution of unit testing. In the conversion process, the context information passed through pointcut is transformed into advices, then the advices are converted to class member methods, and conflicts in the conversion result, if any, are resolved finally. The unit testing process consists of generating test cases, executing test cases and checking results.

Evaluation of a Voluntary Control Program for the Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus Antibodies Based on Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test in Dairy Farms in Costa Rica

Cattle from 20 dairy farms were serologically tested over a five-year period using agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIDT) as part of a voluntary Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) control program. After five years of removing infected animals from the herds based on BLV-AGIDT serological status, blood samples from 332 cattle in these farms were collected and analyzed side by side by AGIDT and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies against BLV. AGIDT detected 29.2% (97) and 16.0% (53) of the animals as positive and weak positive respectively, whereas ELISA detected 58.2% (193) cattle as positive. The prevalence of BLV-antibodies determined with AGIDT in the dairy farms oscillated between 0% and 86%, whereas prevalence determined by ELISA ranged between 28% and 100% in the same farms. Although both techniques showed similarly results in farms with high BLV-prevalence, ELISA detected a larger proportion of BLV-positive, especially in farms with low or no BLV-prevalence based on AGIDT, leading to wrong assumptions in terms of farm level control efforts. Our results strongly suggest that AGIDT alone is inadequate to implement BLV control programs and ELISA is a more adequate test for BLV surveillance and control programs.

Genetic programming for predictions of effectiveness of rolling dynamic compaction with dynamic cone penetrometer test results

Rolling dynamic compaction (RDC),which employs non-circular module towed behind a tractor,is an innovative soil compaction method that has proven to be successful in many ground improvement applications.RDC involves repeatedly delivering high-energy impact blows onto the ground surface,which improves soil density and thus soil strength and stiffness.However,there exists a lack of methods to predict the effectiveness of RDC in different ground conditions,which has become a major obstacle to its adoption.For this,in this context,a prediction model is developed based on linear genetic programming (LGP),which is one of the common approaches in application of artificial intelligence for nonlinear forecasting.The model is based on in situ density-related data in terms of dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) results obtained from several projects that have employed the 4-sided,8-t impact roller (BH-1300).It is shown that the model is accurate and reliable over a range of soil types.Furthermore,a series of parametric studies confirms its robustness in generalizing data.In addition,the results of the comparative study indicate that the optimal LGP model has a better predictive performance than the existing artificial neural network (ANN) model developed earlier by the authors.

STATISTICAL TESTS FOR THE COMPARISON OF THE INCIDENCE OR MORTALITY RATES IN CANCER REGISTRY AND DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY──A MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAM IN BASIC

This paper describes the statistical methods of the comparison of the incidence or mortality rates in cancer registry and descriptive epidemiology, and the features of microcomputer program (CANTEST) which was designed to perform the methods. The program was written in IBM BASIC language. Using the program CANTEST we presented here the user can do several statistical tests or estimations as follow: 1. the comparison of the adjusted rates which were calculated by directly or indirectly standardized methods, 2. the calculation of the slope of regression line for testing the linear trends of the adjusted rates, 3. the estimation of the 95% or 99%conndence intervals of the directly adjusted rates, of the cumulative rates (0-64 and 0-74), and of the cumulative risk. Several examples are presented for testing the performances of the program.

Feasibility of Using Two versus Three Rapid Tests for HIV Diagnosis in India: Analysis of Public Health Program Data

Under India’s National AIDS Control Program (NACP), WHO recommended strategy of using three rapid tests is adopted for diagnosis of HIV in an asymptomatic individual. Since the NACP has a stringent kit evaluation procedure and due to the availability of newer third generation Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) it may be possible to adapt two test strategy for HIV diagnosis instead of the recommended three test strategy. The authors reviewed programmatic data on HIV testing to explore whether use of two rapid tests for HIV diagnosis as against three tests could be a feasible approach without compromising the quality and readability of testing. Data on the HIV diagnosis performed on serum specimens collected for the period of one year (2011-12) from 82 Integrated Testing and Counselling Centers (ICTCs) or Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission Centers (PPTCTs) associated with State reference Laboratories (SRLs) was analysed. Out of 654258 results that were analysed 25168 (3.84%) specimens were positives. It was observed that both two and three test algorithms provided similar results for majority (>99%) of the HIV positive specimens. Discordance was observed in labelling of specimen with inconclusive status (N = 21), however the true status of these samples could not be obtained. The analysis indicated that the use of two test algorithm will have programmatic benefits in terms of reduced financial burden to the programme and ease of procurement, shipment and storage before and after distribution without comprising the quality of the testing. The prospective study would confirm this observation.

基于数据流的K-S变化检测的动态多目标规划算法

为了更加准确地判断环境是否发生变化并快速追踪动态多目标规划问题(dynamicmulti-objectiveoptimization problem,DMOP)当前时刻的Pareto前沿,提出了一种基于数据流的Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)变化检测的动态多目标规划(DSK-SDMOP)算法。该算法以NSGA-Ⅱ为基础,通过数据流建立2个时刻的检验窗口,再利用K-S检验基于数据流的Pareto最优前沿是否发生变化,检测2个窗口的数据是否服从同一分布来判断环境是否发生变化,并就环境变化的剧烈程度实行相应的应答机制,以提高对环境的适应程度。利用基于数据流的K-S检测方法,对环境变化不会过于敏感,而且不用提前假设对应目标值的分布,易于操作。通过5个动态多目标规划标准测试函数对该算法进行测试,并和现有的2种算法进行对比分析,结果表明该算法处理动态多目标规划问题具有良好的性能。

网络协议软件漏洞挖掘技术综述

网络协议软件部署和应用非常广泛,在网络空间提供了诸如通信、传输、控制、管理等多样化的功能.近年来,其安全性逐渐受到学术界和工业界的重视,及时发现和修补网络协议软件漏洞,成为一项重要的课题.网络协议软件由于部署形态多样、协议交互过程复杂、相同协议规范的多个协议实现存在功能差异等特点,使得其漏洞挖掘技术面临诸多挑战.首先对网络协议软件漏洞挖掘技术进行分类,对已有关键技术的内涵进行界定.其次,进一步综述网络协议软件漏洞挖掘4个方面的技术进展,包括网络协议描述方法、挖掘对象适配技术、模糊测试技术和基于程序分析的漏洞挖掘方法,通过对比分析归纳不同方法的技术优势及评价维度.最后,总结网络协议软件漏洞挖掘的技术现状和挑战,并提炼5个潜在研究方向.

基于程序约束的细粒度JVM测试程序约简方法

为了对Java虚拟机(JVM)进行测试,开发人员通常需要手工设计或利用测试生成工具生成复杂的测试程序,从而检测JVM中潜在的缺陷.然而,复杂的测试程序给开发人员定位及修复缺陷带来了极高的成本.测试程序约简技术旨在保障测试程序缺陷检测能力的同时,尽可能地删减测试程序中与缺陷检测无关的代码.现有研究工作基于Delta调试在C程序和XML输入上可以取得较好的约简效果,但是在JVM测试场景中,具有复杂语法和语义依赖关系的Java测试程序约简仍存在粒度较粗、约简效果较差的问题,导致约简后的程序理解成本依然很高.因此,针对具有复杂程序依赖关系的Java测试程序,提出一种基于程序约束的细粒度测试程序约简方法JavaPruner.首先,在语句块级别设计细粒度的代码度量方法;随后,在Delta调试技术上引入语句块之间的依赖约束关系来对测试程序进行约简.以Java字节码测试程序为实验对象,从现有的针对JVM测试的测试程序生成工具中筛选出具有复杂依赖关系的50个测试程序作为基准数据集,并在这些数据集上验证JavaPruner的有效性.实验结果表明,JavaPruner可以有效删减Java字节码测试程序中的冗余代码.与现有方法相比,在所有基准数据集上,约简能力平均可提升37.7%.同时,JavaPruner可以在保障程序有效性及缺陷检测能力的同时,将Java字节码测试程序最大约简至其原有大小的1.09%,有效降低了测试程序的分析和理解成本.

乳腺癌患者化疗相关不良反应可视化评估管理程序的研发及可用性评价

目的 研发基于知识和数据可视化的乳腺癌患者化疗相关不良反应评估管理程序,并评价其可用性。方法 组建多学科研发团队,采用专家工作组法构建乳腺癌患者化疗相关不良反应可视化评估管理程序研发框架,基于敏捷软件开发原则研发可视化评估管理程序,选取13例乳腺癌患者基于眼动追踪技术进行可用性评价。结果 基于研发框架研发了乳腺癌患者化疗相关不良反应可视化评估管理程序,基于眼动追踪技术发现可用性问题5项并进行了程序优化,系统可用性量表平均得分为(76.35±13.17)分。结论 研发的乳腺癌化疗患者不良反应可视化评估及管理程序可用性良好,适用于乳腺癌患者不良反应的评估及管理。

基于TestStand的TPS开发设计

阐述了自动测试系统(ATS)在电子设备测试维修领域的重要性和发展趋势,介绍了测试程序集(TPS)在ATS中的重要性。描述了TPS和通用检测平台的组成及功能。以视频输出设备为例,在分析其测试需求的基础上设计了被测单元接口适配器(TUA),并采用TestStand与VC++相结合的方式设计了测试程序(TP)。最后在实际使用中验证了TPS具有对视频输出设备功能测试和故障诊断隔离的能力。

基于CGA的MPI程序分支覆盖测试套件生成

针对程序的分支覆盖测试,元启发式搜索技术已经被广泛应用于测试数据生成中。然而,当前的研究成果主要适用于串行程序。因此,为覆盖消息传递接口(Message Passing Interface,MPI)程序的分支,该文研究基于协同进化遗传算法(Co-evolutionary Genetic Algorithm,CGA)的测试套件生成方法(简称为:CGA生成法),该方法具有不受不可行分支影响的优势。首先,基于收集覆盖信息的探针,定义最小归一化分支距离,并以此设计出相应的适应度值函数;然后,使用CGA生成进化个体,并基于设计的适应度值函数,计算这些个体的适应值;最后,基于计算的适应值,选择子种群中代表个体,以构成合作种群。所提CGA生成法应用于7个基准MPI程序,并与其他多种方法进行比较。实验结果表明,CGA生成法的覆盖率通常高于其他搜索算法。

可视化测试软件平台GTEST

针对现有自动测试软件开发平台大多以文本形式通用程序语言为基础的现状,描述了一种以面向对象方法和组件技术设计实现的、基于数据库的通用可视化测试软件平台 GTEST。该平台采用开发平台和运行平台分离的形式,实现了测试策略树及测试流程的可视化编辑,以及测试程序集的运行和测试报告的自动生成。该软件平台使测试人员和操作人员摆脱了繁琐的编程工作,提高了自动测试系统的开发效率。

OOP的封装性在Java中的试验研究

文章分析了面向对象编程(Object Oriented Programming,OOP)的封装性在Java中的具体应用,并进行了试验分析。试验结果表明,将OOP中的属性和方法用数据库的实体关系图(Entity Relationship Diagram,ERD)表示出来,再用Java封装就能很好地表示抽象的OOP封装性,通过用Java进行验证得出了实体名即Java的类名、属性名即实例变量名、insert语句即输入方法、select语句即输出方法、关系即处理方法的编程公式,程序运行结果与该公式完全一致。

基于图可解释网络的软件错误定位

软件错误定位技术旨在通过挖掘程序与测试用例执行数据,提升定位准确性;针对SBFL技术过于依赖二进制覆盖信息的问题,提出一种基于图可解释网络的软件错误定位方法,将测试执行转化为图结构,利用图注意网络建模深度挖掘代码片段隐含的信息及其相互关系,并采用强化学习思想对图注意力网络学习后的决策过程进行解释,从而确定关键节点,缩小错误定位范围;实验的场景设立在Defects4j数据集的5个项目进行,并与SBFL及未经过解释的深度学习方法进行了对比;结果显示,基于图可解释网络的定位方法在Top-1、Top-3和Top-5指标上分别提升了7.26%、7.56%和9.96%,EXAM指数也提升了8.98%,显著优于其他方法。

基于UML状态图的PLC程序测试路径生成方法

为了提高可编程序控制器程序的测试效率,提出一种基于统一建模语言状态图的可编程序控制器程序测试路径生成方法。这一方法利用反蚁群算法生成测试路径,可以避免测试路径过多导致的爆炸问题。通过人工蚂蚁搜索未被遍历或信息素最小的顶点,得到测试路径,在满足测试路径充分性覆盖准则的同时,确保数量适中。通过案例试验,验证了方法的可行性和有效性,能够避免与其它文本重复。