Interface and energy band manipulation of Bi2O3-Bi2S3 electrode enabling advanced magnesium-ion storage

Rechargeable magnesium-ion(Mg-ion)batteries have attracted wide attention for energy storage.However,magnesium anode is still limited by the irreversible Mg plating/stripping procedure.Herein,a well-designed binary Bi_(2)O_(3)-Bi_(2)S_(3)(BO-BS)heterostructure is fulfilled by virtue of the cooperative interface and energy band engineering targeted fast Mg-ion storage.The built-in electronic field resulting from the asymmetrical electron distribution at the interface of electron-rich S center at Bi_(2)S_(3) side and electron-poor O center at Bi_(2)O_(3) side effectively accelerates the electrochemical reaction kinetics in the Mg-ion battery system.Moreover,the as-designed heterogenous interface also benefits to maintaining the electrode integrity.With these advantages,the BO-BS electrode displays a remarkable capacity of 150.36 mAh g^(−1) at 0.67 A g^(-1) and a superior cycling stability.This investigation would offer novel insights into the rational design of functional heterogenous electrode materials targeted the fast reaction kinetics for energy storage systems.

Aerophilic Triphase Interface Tuned by Carbon Dots Driving Durable and Flexible Rechargeable Zn‑Air Batteries

Efficient bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)are vital for rechargeable Zn-air batteries(ZABs).Herein,an oxygen-respirable sponge-like Co@C–O–Cs catalyst with oxygen-rich active sites was designed and constructed for both ORR and OER by a facile carbon dot-assisted strategy.The aerophilic triphase interface of Co@C–O–Cs cathode efficiently boosts oxygen diffusion and transfer.The theoretical calculations and experimental studies revealed that the Co–C–COC active sites can redistribute the local charge density and lower the reaction energy barrier.The Co@C–O–Cs catalyst displays superior bifunctional catalytic activities with a half-wave potential of 0.82 V for ORR and an ultralow overpotential of 294 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2) for OER.Moreover,it can drive the liquid ZABs with high peak power density(106.4 mW cm^(−2)),specific capacity(720.7 mAh g^(−1)),outstanding long-term cycle stability(over 750 cycles at 10 mA cm^(−2)),and exhibits excellent feasibility in flexible all-solid-state ZABs.These findings provide new insights into the rational design of efficient bifunctional oxygen catalysts in rechargeable metal-air batteries.

虚拟I/O模块在DCS以太网通信接口模块上的实现

为减少硬件模块的重复开发,在保留原DCS软硬件系统架构不变的基础上,在以太网通信接口模块硬件上虚拟不同的I/O模块。虚拟I/O模块与硬点I/O模块具有一致的输入、输出及参数属性,且组态方式和产物格式一致。同一以太网通信模块上可在不同的虚拟I/O槽位上配置不同的虚拟I/O模块,如Modbus TCP虚拟I/O模块和GOOSE虚拟I/O模块,进而在同一硬件实现不同的通信功能。虚拟I/O模块的使用一方面减少了DCS系统硬件模块的种类,简化备品备件,另一方面也提高了通信扩展的灵活性和便利性。

基于TIA Portal的HMI+PLC虚拟仿真探究

文章提出一种在TIA Portal软件上集成人机界面(Human Machine Interface,HMI)和可编程逻辑控制器(ProgrammableLogicController,PLC)进行虚拟仿真的方法。该方法能够在现有的硬件条件下,使学生不受时间、地点等的限制,只需要在计算机上安装TIA PORTAL软件就可以进行虚拟学习,构建控制系统,进行硬件组态、编程、控件组态、仿真运行和程序调试等。最后,以十字路口的交通灯为例,采用基于实际物理设备和基于TIAPORTAL软件虚拟仿真两种方式搭建控制系统,完成项目的设计、组态、编程、调试和运行测试。主要任务是寻找方法构建虚拟网络,将虚拟运行的PLC与HMI设备联系起来,实现虚拟设备之间和软件之间的数据传输,达到与使用实际物理设备效果相同的目的。

基于Cr-O-C钝化层改变多晶Cu表面能和表层位错的脱模力与脱模精度

Cr-O-C钝化层可以提高精密电铸脱模精度,但Cr-O-C钝化层对基底表面的钝化规律和对表层的影响尚未清楚。利用分子动力学方法,在多晶Cu表面沉积离散的Cr、O和C原子,获得不同比例和数量的Cr-O-C钝化层。计算结果表明,不同比例的Cr、O和C原子均可以大幅降低多晶Cu的表面能;随着原子数量的增加,多晶Cu的表面能呈下降趋势;Cr-O-C钝化层增加了多晶Cu表层的位错密度;新增加的位错以Shockley位错为主;在一定沉积原子数量内,位错密度有极值。在多晶Cu表面电沉积不同密度的Cr、O和C原子,通过接触角测试验证了Cr-O-C钝化层降低多晶Cu表面能的结论。电沉积脱模强度和脱模表面粗糙度结果显示,随着沉积原子数的增加,脱模强度和脱模表面粗糙度均降低。研究结果可为利用离散Cr-O-C界面辅助精密电铸脱模提供一种解释。

Interface electron collaborative migration of Co–Co3O4/carbon dots:Boosting the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane

Ammonia borane(AB)is an excellent candidate for the chemical storage of hydrogen.However,its practical utilization for hydrogen production is hindered by the need for expensive noble-metal-based catalysts.Herein,we report Co-Co3O4 nanoparticles(NPs)facilely deposited on carbon dots(CDs)as a highly efficient,robust,and noble-metal-free catalyst for the hydrolysis of AB.The incorporation of the multiinterfaces between Co,Co3O4 NPs,and CDs endows this hybrid material with excellent catalytic activity(rB=6816 mLH2 min^-1 gCo^-1)exceeding that of previous non-noble-metal NP systems and even that of some noble-metal NP systems.A further mechanistic study suggests that these interfacial interactions can affect the electronic structures of interfacial atoms and provide abundant adsorption sites for AB and water molecules,resulting in a low energy barrier for the activation of reactive molecules and thus substantial improvement of the catalytic rate.

Study on Interface between Sub-micron Particles and Matrix in Al_2O_3p/Al Composites

The microstructural characteristic of 1070AI matrix composites reinforced by 0.15 祄 AI2O3 particles whose volume fraction was 40% was investigated by TEM and HREM. The results showed that the interface between the matrix and reinforcements was clean and bonded well, without any interfacial reaction products. There were some preferential crystallographic orientation relationships between Al matrix and AI2O3 particle because of the lattice imperfection on the surface of Al2O3 particles.

Enhancing catalytic toluene oxidation over MnO2@Co3O4 by constructing a coupled interface

Herein,a bottom-down design is presented to successfully fabricate ZIF-derived Co3O4,grown in situ on a one-dimensional(1D)α-MnO2 material,denoted as α-MnO2@Co3O4.The synergistic effect derived from the coupled interface constructed betweenα-MnO2 and Co3O4 is responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity.The resultantα-MnO2@Co3O4 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity at a T90%(temperature required to achieve a toluene conversion of 90%)of approximately 229℃,which is 47 and 28℃ lower than those of the pureα-MnO2 nanowire and Co3O4-b obtained via pyrolysis of ZIF-67,respectively.This activity is attributed to the increase in the number of surface-adsorbed oxygen species,which accelerate the oxygen mobility and enhance the redox pairs of Mn^4+/Mn^3+ and Co^2+/Co^3+.Moreover,the result of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy suggests that the gaseous oxygen could be more easily activated to adsorbed oxygen species on the surface of α-MnO2@Co3O4 than on that of α-MnO2.The catalytic reaction route of toluene oxidation over theα-MnO2@Co3O4 catalyst is as follows:toluene→benzoate species→alkanes containing oxygen functional group→CO2 and H2O.In addition,the α-MnO2@Co3O4 catalyst shows excellent stability and good water resistance for toluene oxidation.Furthermore,the preparation method can be extended to other 1D MnO2 materials.A new strategy for the development of high-performance catalysts of practical significance is provided.

THE SiO_(2)H_(2)O INTERFACE AND EFFECTS ON QUARTZ ACTIVATION IN FLOTATION SYSTEM

The correlation between surface complexation at the SiO_(2)H_(2)O interface and quartz notation behavior was studied.Computer assisted calculations,using the programs SOLGASWATER,were adapted in order to con-struct distribution diagrams of surface speciation in the SiO_(2)-metal ion-H^(+) system in aqueous solutions.Equilib-rium constants for both surface and solution reactions were introduced in the composition matrix.Surface complexation,surface charge as well as notation results were compared and a good agreement was obtained.Furthermore,flotation mechanisms of quartz activation by common metal ions like Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),Fe^(2+) are quantitatively discussed based on the surface reaction equilibrium constants.

The Film-forming Behavior on the Interface between Air and Hydrosol of Fe_2O_3 Nanoparticles

The film forming behavior on the interface between air and hydrosol of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was investigated by the surface pressure-time isotherms, the surface pressure-trough area isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the freshly prepared hydrosol of Fe2O3 nanoparticles is not stable. The surface pressure increases with the aging time and finally approaches a constant, and the smaller the concentration is, the smaller the surface pressure is stabilized at and the shorter the time the hydrosol reaching stable needs. The surface pressure also increases with compression until collapsed, and the longer the hydrosol is aged, the higher the collapsing pressure is. A uniform and compact film composed of nanoparticles with an average diameter of about 2-3 nm on the air-hydrosol interface is observed by Brewster angle microscope and transmission electron microscope.

Interface states in Al_2O_3/AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor structure by frequency dependent conductance technique

Frequency dependent conductance measurements are implemented to investigate the interface states in Al2O3/A1GaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor （MOS） structures. Two types of device structures, namely, the recessed gate structure （RGS） and the normal gate structure （NGS）, are studied in the experiment. Interface trap parameters includ-ing trap density Dit, trap time constant ιit, and trap state energy ET in both devices have been determined. Furthermore, the obtained results demonstrate that the gate recess process can induce extra traps with shallower energy levels at the Al2O3/AlGaN interface due to the damage on the surface of the AlGaN barrier layer resulting from reactive ion etching （RIE）.

Research of Trap and Electron Density Distributions in the Interface of Polyimide/Al2O3 Nanocomposite Films Based on IDC and SAXS

The distributions of traps and electron density in the interfaces between polyimide （PI） matrix and Al2O3 nanoparticles are researched using the isothermal decay current and the small-angle x-ray scattering （SAXS） tests. According to the electron density distribution for quasi two-phase mixture doped by spherical nanoparticles, the electron densities in the interfaces of PI/Al2O3 nanocomposite films are evaluated. The trap level density and carrier mobility in the interface are studied. The experimental results show that the distribution and the change rate of the electron density in the three layers of interface are different, indicating different trap distributions in the interface layers. There is a maximum trap level density in the second layer, where the maximum trap level density for the nanocomposite film doped by 25 wt% is 1.054 × 10^22 eV·m^-3 at 1.324eV, resulting in the carrier mobility reducing. In addition, both the thickness and the electron density of the nanocomposite film interface increase with the addition of the doped Al2O3 contents. Through the study on the trap level distribution in the interface, it is possible to further analyze the insulation mechanism and to improve the performance of nano-dielectric materials.

THE TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR OF SOME CATIONS AT WATER/NITROBENZENE INTERFACE BY SEMIDIFFERENTIAL CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY

The transfer of Sr^2+ and Ba^2+ ion,facilitated by 18-crown-6 present in the aqueous phase,and of succinylcholine ion at w/nb interface were investigated by semi-differeniial cyclic voltammetry.A good polarographic curve of succinylcholine ion dissolved in water was obtained in the system of 0.01 mol/l LiCl(w)-0.01mol/l TBATPB(nb).The peak current is directly proportional to the concentration of SC^2+ ion.It can be used for the determination of SC and the detection limit is 1.05×10^-5mol/l,The apparent D^m and D^mb have been estimated.The transfer of Sr^2+ and of Ba^2+ at the interface are facilitated by 18-Crown-6 present in the aqueous phase and the peak current is directly proportional to the concentration of 18-Crown-6 in water.This method can be used for the determination of the complexing agent and for the stability constant of the complex formed in the aqueous phase.All the experimental results are in keeping with the theoretical.

Engineering Cu_(2)O/Cu/N-C interface to induce directional migration of charge for driving photocatalytic homo-coupling of terminal alkynes

The efficient utilization of visible light catalysts for organic reactions necessitates not only the effective separation of photogenerated electrons and holes to participate in the reaction,but also their ability to form key intermediates with reactant molecules.The present study successfully synthesized a crusiform-like mesoporous structure of nitrogen-doped carbon-coated Cu_(2)O/Cu(Cu_(2)O/Cu/N-C)with a Cu_(2)O/dual electron acceptor interface using etched HKUST-1 as the precursor.A series of theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the Cu_(2)O/Cu/N-C interface in the photocatalytic homo-coupling of terminal alkynes not only effectively enhances the separation of photogenerated electron−hole pairs,but also facilitates the formation of the key intermediate[Cu_(2)O/Cu/N-C]-phenylacetylide and promotes the rearrangement of its internal charges.As a result,the homo-coupling reaction can be effectively facilitated.The primary reason for the functional role of Cu_(2)O/Cu/N-C interface lies in the downward bending of energy band from Cu_(2)O to N-doped C layers,induced by the different work functions of Cu_(2)O,Cu and N-doped C layers.Consequently,Cu_(2)O/Cu/N-C photocatalysts demonstrate exceptional photocatalytic activity in the homo-coupling reaction of terminal alkynes under blue-light irradiation and air atmosphere.The present study presents a novel research methodology for the development of highly efficient visible light catalysts to facilitate organic reactions in future applications.

THE INTERFACIAL BEHAVIORS OF ALUMINUM MATRIX COMPOSITE IN DIFFERENT WELDING METHODS

Non-interlayer liquid phase diffusion welding (China Patent) and laser welding methods for aluminum matrix composite are mainly described in this paper. In the non-interlayer liquid phase diffusion welding, the key processing parameters affecting the strength of joint is welding temperature. When temperature rises beyond solidus temperature, the bonded line vanishes. The strength of joint reaches the maximum and becomes constant when welding temperature is close to liquid phase temperature. Oxide film in the interface is no longer detected by SEM in the welded joint. With this kind of technique, particle reinforced aluminum matrix composite Al2 O3p/6061Al is welded successfully, and the joint strength is about 80% of the strength of composite (as-casted). In the laser welding, results indicate that because of the huge specific surface area of the reinforcement, the interfacial reaction between the matrix and the reinforcement is restrained intensively at certain laser power and pulsed laser beam. The laser pulse frequency directly affects the reinforcement segregation and the reinforcement distribution in the weld, so that the weldability of the composite could be improved by increasing the laser pulse frequency. The maximum strength of the weld can reach 70% of the strength of the parent.

Manipulating interfacial stability of LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2 cathode with sulfide electrolyte by nanosized LLTO coating to achieve high-performance all-solid-state lithium batteries

All-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs) based on sulfide solid-state electrolytes and high voltage layered oxide cathode are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for energy storage systems with high energy density and high safety.However,they usually suffer poor cathode/electrolyte interfacial stability,severely limiting their practical applications.In this work,a core-shell cathode with uniformly nanosized Li0.5La0.5TiO3(LLTO) electrolyte coating on LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2(NCM532) is designed to improve the cathode/electrolyte interface stability.Nanosized LLTO coating layer not only significantly boosts interfacial migration of lithium ions,but also efficiently alleviates space-charge layer and inhibits the electrochemical decomposition of electrolyte.As a result,the assembled ASSLBs with high mass loading(9 mg cm-2)LLTO coated NCM532(LLTO@NCM532) cathode exhibit high initial capacity(135 mAh g^(-1)) and excellent cycling performance with high capacity retention(80% after 200 cycles) at 0.1 C and 25℃.This nanosized LLTO coating layer design provides a facile and effective strategy for constructing high performance ASSLBs with superior interfacial stability.

Evaluation of Selected Control Programming Languages for Process Engineers by Means of Cognitive Effectiveness and Dimensions

Different programming languages can be used for discrete, abstract and process-oriented programming. Depending on the application, there exist additional requirements, which are not fulfilled by every programming language. Flexible programming and maintainability are especially important requirements for process engineers. In this paper, the programming languages Activity Diagram, State Chart Diagram and Sequential Function Chart are compared and evaluated with regard to these requirements. This evaluation is based on the principles of cognitive effectiveness and cognitive dimensions. The aim of this paper is to identify the programming language suited best for controlling sequential processes, e.g. thermomechanical or batch processes.

基于水溶性煤沥青的MnO@C复合材料的制备及储锂性能研究

目的制备出具有高容量、良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性的MnO@C复合电极材料。方法使用水溶性煤沥青及KMnO4为原料,通过水热法制备出Mn3O4@C前驱体。然后经过高温碳热还原制备MnO@C复合电极材料。通过SEM、XPS、XRD和Raman等分析技术对MnO@C复合材料的形貌、表面、结构等进行表征,并使用循环伏安、恒流充放电和电化学阻抗等电化学分析技术对其电化学性能进行了评价。结果TEM和SEM结果表明,制备的水溶性煤沥青表面丰富的含氧官能团与MnSO4溶液中的Mn2+之间有较强的相互作用,提供成核位点,进而促进了后续MnO@C材料中纳米颗粒的形成和均匀生长。这些纳米粒子的形成又起到了提升MnO@C电化学性能的作用。XRD、Raman和XPS结果表明,Mn3O4@C前驱体经过高温碳热还原反应生成MnO@C后,在MnO表面和包覆的碳材料之间生成了大量的Mn—O—C键。电化学结果表明,MnO@C电极在0.1 A/g电流密度下循环100圈后具有606.47 mAh/g较高的储锂容量,即使是在0.5 A/g大电流密度下循环400圈后仍具有293.83 m Ah/g的储锂容量。同时,电化学测试也表明,MnO@C复合材料具有非常好的倍率性能。结论使用鞍钢产的煤沥青根据混酸法制备了水溶性煤沥青。通过使用水溶性煤沥青和KMnO4成功地制备了Mn3O4@C前驱体。以Mn3O4@C前驱为原料,通过高温碳热还原法制备了MnO@C复合材料。在MnO表面包覆碳层不仅提供活性位点而且起到限制在充放电过程中MnO体积膨胀的作用。特别值得注意的是,Mn—O—C键构筑了MnO和碳层之间的快速导电通道,提升了电极反应动力学。

基于UG/Open和Visual Studio2010的热流道喷嘴快速设计系统二次开发关键技术

采用UG/Open二次开发工具,将注塑模热流道喷嘴按照一个整体实体特征设计,应用动态链接库技术将UG/Open API和Visual Studio2010这2个不同模块进行连接,通过用户界面输入热流道喷嘴主要参数即可快速获得典型热流道喷嘴模型,从而实现热流道喷嘴的快速设计或修改。

一种带DMA功能的I/O可配置I^(2)C总线接口的设计

为了利用DMA可以快速移动数据,不需要CPU任何操作来减轻MCU的工作量,并使得接口模块的每个引脚可以根据需求编程为I^(2)C引脚或通用输入输出引脚,介绍了一种带DMA功能的I/O可配置I2C总线接口设计。对I^(2)C总线的基本原理、I^(2)C模块总体结构、DMA功能和I/O可配置功能的设计实现进行了介绍。对该接口设计进行了功能仿真,分析表明实现了I^(2)C接口DMA功能和I/O可配置功能两种模式下的数据传输,完全满足设计要求。