Progress and Development Strategy of Biomass Energy Utilization Technologies in China

I. Preface Biomass includes the residues of agriculture, forest and stock breeding, as well as straw, algae and energy crops. In its broad meaning, biomass is a kind of organic matter produced by the photosynthesis of plants, which is not only renewable, but also contains plentiful energy.

Major progress in the natural gas exploration and development in the past seven decades in China

China has made significant progress in the exploration and development of natural gas in the past 70 years,from the gas-poor country to the world’s sixth largest gas production country.In 1949,the annual gas output in China was 1117×104 m3,the proved gas reserves were 3.85×108 m3,and the average annual gas consumption and available reserves of per person were 0.0206 m3 and 0.7107 m3,respectively.By 2018,the average domestic annual gas production per person was 114.8576 m3 and the reserves were 12011.08 m3,and the average domestic annual gas production and reserves per person in the past 70 years increased by 5575 times and 16900 times,respectively.The exploration and development of large gas fields is the main way to rapidly develop the natural gas industry.72 large gas fields have been discovered in China so far,mainly distributed in three basins,Sichuan(25),Ordos(13)and Tarim(10).In 2018,the total gas production of the large gas fields in these three basins was 1039.26×108 m3,accounting for 65%of the total gas production in China.By the end of 2018,the cumulative proved gas reserves of the 72 large gas fields had amounted to 124504×108 m3,accounting for 75%of the total national gas reserves(16.7×1012 m3).New theories of natural gas have promoted the development of China’s natural gas industry faster.Since 1979,the new theory of coal-derived gas has boosted the discovery of gas fields mainly from coal-measure source rocks in China.In 2018,the gas production of large coal-derived gas fields in China accounted for 50.93%and 75.47%of the total national gas production and total gas production of large gas fields,respectively.Guided by shale gas theories,shale gas fields such as Fuling,Changning,Weiyuan and Weirong have been discovered.In 2018,the total proved geological reserves of shale gas were 10455.67×108 m3,and the annual gas production was 108.8×108 m3,demonstrating a good prospect of shale gas in China.

Environmental awareness and the contemporary society of China——an analysis and an understanding

This paper presents an understanding of the relationship between the environmental awareness(EA) and contemporary society of China. The EA of three of the major groups of Chinas society, namely intellectuals, government officials, and urban societies are characterized one by one. A number of factors of affecting the EA were investigated in details, the keys among which are the personal level of knowledge and morality, the social and economic development level, environmental codes, environment\|related professional and public regulations, different professional performances. Some policy proposals are finally provided for enhancing the EA of Chinas society.

Study Progress and Trends of Strategic Environmental Assessment in China

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in China has developed rapidly since it was introduced into China in the 1990s. Chinese government promulgated the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of China (hereinafter referred to as the EIA Law) in 2002. In this law, it is stipulated clearly that regional and sector plans should be assessed. Through investigating materials and analyzing literatures, this article analyses the practical and academic study achievements of SEA in China that have been achieved since the EIA Law was implemented, probes into the current situation of the main level of SEA in China-plan EIA, then summarizes the development characteristics, and eventually, puts forward the development trends of SEA in China. The research conclusions can offer the foundations for comprehending systematically the progress of SEA in China.

CAS Action Plan for the Development of Western China Progressing Smoothly

Since CAS is charged with the key task of carrying out strategic, fundamental and forward-looking studies for this country, it is incumbent upon CAS scientists to take an active part in the National Program for the Development of Western China. This is also an important part of the national Knowledge Innovation Program (KIP) spearheaded by CAS. Over the past two years, CAS has made a series of remarkable advances in Western China with regard to the development of research bases, exploration of crucial scientific problems, the training of talented people, and providing consultation services for decision makers.With the furtherance of the national drive to develop the country's western region, CAS will step up its efforts and increase its funding, to make more and greater contributions to the overall development of the region.

A Brief Study on the Formation and Features of the Development Path of Human Rights in China

General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at a group study session of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee on February 25,2022,stressing the importance of"unswervingly following the development path of Human Rights in China."After years of theoretical exploration and practical experience in human rights,the path has been blazed.It has been taken by adhering unswervingly to the strong leadership of the CPC,respecting the principal position of the people,practicing the people-centered development concept,proceeding from China s reality and the requirements of the people,combining the principle of universality of human rights with China's reality,strengthening the system and the rule of law protection of human rights,and actively participating in global governance on human rights.Only by unswervingly following the development path of human rights in China can the cause of human rights in China achieve better and faster development.

The lake science development in China

China is a country abundant in lakes. Lake science development in China, not only aims at the international frontiers of correlative subject development, but also focuses on the national strategic needs in different ages. This paper describes the general situation and distribution characteristics of Chinese lakes, systematically reviews development process of Chinese lake science and its progress in lake physics, lake chemistry, lake biology, lake sediment and lake-watershed management, finally looks forward to the developing tendency of Chinese lake science in future.

Important progress and future direction of studies on China＇s urban agglomerations

Urban agglomerations are an inevitable outcome of China＇s new national industrialization and urbanization reaching relatively advanced stages of development over the past 30 years. In the early 2000 s, urban agglomerations became new geographical units for participating in global competition and the international division of labor, and China has spent the past decade promoting them as the main spaces for pushing forward its new form of urbanization. The convening of the first Central Work Conference on Urbanization and the National New-type Urbanization Plan（2014–2020） further defined the status of urban agglomerations as the main players in promoting China＇s new type of national urbanization. Nevertheless, urban agglomerations remain a weak link in Chinese academia and are in urgent need of study. Only 19 articles on the theme of urban agglomerations were published in the journal Acta Geographica Sinica between 1934 and 2013, accounting for only 0.55% of all articles written during that period. Not only are there very few, they have also all been published within a relatively short period of time, with the first having been published only 10 years ago. The studies are also concentrated among only a few authors and institutions, and research is aimed at national requirements but is rather divergent. Even so, some studies on urban agglomerations have played a leading role and made important contributions to dictating the overall formation of urban agglomerations nationwide. Specifically, a proposed spatial pattern for urban agglomerations formed the basic framework for the spatial structure of China＇s urban agglomerations and guided the government to make urban agglomerations the main urban pattern when promoting the new type of urbanization; proposed standards and technologies for identifying the spatial dimensions of urban agglomerations played an important role in defining the scope of national urban agglomerations; a series of studies in the area of urban agglomerations spurred more in-depth and practical studies in the field; and studies on issues related to the formation and growth of urban agglomerations provided warnings on the future selection and development of urban agglomerations. Taking the progress and results of these studies as a foundation, the foci of selecting and developing urban agglomerations in China are as follows： to be problem-oriented and profoundly reflect on and review new problems exposed in the selection and development of urban agglomerations; to concentrate on urban agglomerations and lay importance on the formation of a new “5＋9＋6” spatial structure for China＇s urban agglomerations; to rely on urban agglomerations and promote the formation of a new pattern of national urbanization along the main axes highlighted by urban agglom-erations; to be guided by national strategic demand and continue to deepen understanding of major scientific issues in the course of the formation and development of urban agglomerations, including studying the resource and environmental effects of high-density urban agglomerations, scientifically examining resource and environmental carrying capacities of high-density urban agglomerations, creating new management systems and government coordination mechanisms for the formation and development of urban agglomerations, studying the establishment of public finance systems and public finance reserve mechanisms for urban agglomerations, and studying and formulating technical specifications for urban agglomeration planning and standards for delineating urban agglomeration boundaries.

地理学视角下中国农业功能研究进展与展望

伴随中国城镇化、工业化、市场化的快速推进及乡村振兴战略的深入实施,中国农业发展迈入转型升级的新时期。国内学者高度重视农业发展及农业产业为全社会所提供的服务,地理学者充分发挥学科优势,逐步融合多学科理论与方法针对农业功能的概念内涵、理论基础、分类体系、测度评价、时空过程、影响因素及优化路径等开展了诸多研究。文章通过梳理中国知网平台上近10年核心期刊中关于农业功能的学术论文,选取了151篇高质量文献进行研究,得到以下几点结果:1)地理学者聚焦于农业的生产功能、经济功能、及生态功能等方面研究,更加关注农业功能空间分布、地理特征及其与环境的关系;2)人地关系地域系统理论、农业多功能理论、农业区位理论和农业功能阶段论等是农业功能研究的基础,地理学者正不断完善和丰富农业功能相关理论;3)基于GIS和RS技术以及地理数学模型,地理学者进一步研究了农业功能的空间变化与地域特征;4)地理学者科学诊断了不同地理环境下各因子的作用方式、方向与强度,并针对地区地理环境与影响因子进行功能区划与优化;5)未来地理学视角下的农业功能研究需要进一步完善理论框架体系,推动多要素、多尺度、多目标的体系研究;聚焦农业功能转型,强化多学科、大数据、新技术手段的集成研究。

当代中国文献检索教育的发展过程与历史经验(1956—1984)

梳理与总结当代中国文献检索教育发展的历史过程兼具历史与现实意义。以文献检索课被全面推广的1984年为基准时间点,采用历史倒推的思路,通过对相关文献和历史文本的考镜源流,将1984年及之前的当代中国文献检索教育的发展过程划分为4个阶段,摸索阶段(1956—1965)、停滞阶段(1966—1970)、恢复阶段(1971—1976)和开拓阶段(1977—1984),并结合现实背景,总结每一阶段的特点及其整体发展规律。研究结果显示,当代中国文献检索教育是社会进入信息时代的必然产物,并且从图书馆史视阈看,有其自身的发展逻辑规律,其成就的取得是中国图情工作者不断努力回应时代、国家和社会发展需要的结果,也是先行探索者与专家组织统一协作的结果。最终基于研究结果,总结了可能有助于当下信息素养教育更好发展的3条历史经验。

水乳交融 命运与共——铸牢中华民族共同体的云南实践

云南各族人民在中国共产党领导下,共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展,坚持民族团结、铸牢中华民族共同体,取得民族团结进步的成功经验。坚持中国共产党的领导、把民族问题摆在很高的位置,坚持民族平等、实事求是、与时俱进,发展教育、完善法制、维护统一,凝聚中华民族共同体意识,是云南铸牢中华民族共同体的成功经验。

论当代中国绿色发展的人文根基

绿色发展是“绿色”和“发展”的辩证统一。“绿色”既是“发展”的方向,也是“发展”的方式。“发展”既是“绿色”的目的,也是“绿色”的保障。而无论“绿色”还是“发展”,都内在地包含着人文精神和人文关怀。“绿色”不仅仅是保障人类持续发展的手段性条件,更是人与自然和谐共进的生活方式、价值理念和审美情趣。“发展”不仅仅是单纯的物质财富增长,更是个性自由、生活境界和文明程度的提升。没有深厚的人文根基,就不可能有真正的绿色发展。就当代中国而言,一方面必须在坚持社会主义价值导向的前提下将人文关怀内蕴于发展规划和制度安排,另一方面必须在整合各种思想资源的基础上进行广泛的人文生态教育,努力夯实社会主义绿色发展的人文根基。

菝葜的活性成分与药理作用的研究进展

菝葜作为一种传统中药,其药用部位为根茎,蕴含着丰富的活性成分,主要有甾体皂苷类、黄酮类、酚类、芪类、有机酸类等类型化合物,共同赋予菝葜广泛的药理作用,包括抗炎、抑菌、抗肿瘤、降血脂、降血糖等。近年来,随着现代科学技术的不断发展,国内外对菝葜的研究也日益深入,其活性成分的药理作用机制逐渐被揭示。本文就近年来国内外菝葜的活性成分及药理作用的研究进展作了综述,为菝葜的进一步开发利用提供科学依据,为传统中药的现代化和国际化发展注入新的活力。

数字文化驱动乡村振兴的理路——以当代华北区域文化与发展为视角

乡村振兴中文化建设是重点内容,当前数字文化的不断深入普及,具有了明显的大众性,反过来对乡村振兴又产生巨大的推动作用,而从当代华北区域文化与发展的视角来看,文化的发展会受到周边因素影响。通过文献梳理及理论研究发现,由于数字文化自身的优越性,在驱动乡村振兴的理路上,表现为四个方面:社会发展跟随的便捷性、数字文化发展在乡村振兴上的合理性、促进乡村建设的有序性、数字化对华北区域文化与发展的推力延伸性。在网络化、数据化快速发展的数字时代,利用当代华北区域文化与发展的视角,充分发挥数字化技术作用,发挥数字文化驱动乡村振兴,以乡村文化的发展带动社会的发展,从而带动经济等一系列的发展。诠释以人民为中心的理念,与高质量发展,与中国式现代化、农业农村现代化相统一。最终达到文化提升、生产发展、生活富足、秩序改进、治理到位的目标。

Rocky desertification poverty in Southwest China:Progress,challenges and enlightenment to rural revitalization

Rocky desertification poverty(RDP)refers to rural poverty triggered or exacerbated by rocky desertification,which deprives farmers of opportunities for improving their financial conditions through agricultural production.As China implements strategies including building a moderately prosperous society,targeted poverty alleviation,and rural revitalization,issues concerning RDP have become the work foci for the Chinese government and research hotspots for Chinese academic circles.This paper provides a thorough review of the history,progress,challenges and prospects based on decades of RDP studies in Southwest China.First,we review the origin,definitions and historical development trends of RDP.Over nearly four decades,research on RDP can be framed as four stages:start-up,poverty alleviation and ecological reconstruction,rocky desertification comprehensive control and green development.We find that RDP research progress appears to be directly related to the Chinese government’s policy support and decision-making in mitigating RDP.Second,previous findings are reviewed and summarised regarding four research aspects:relationship exploration between rocky desertification and rural poverty,mechanisms of rocky desertification for exacerbating poverty,strategies for eliminating RDP and anti-poverty benefit evaluations of rocky desertification control efforts.Third,the remaining challenges are identified and summarised,including the challenges of conducting theoretical research on RDP and consolidating achievements in eliminating RDP.We find that while many achievements have been made in the study of RDP in recent decades,the completeness and systematism of the theoretical system remain weak,and the guidance for empirical research is still insufficient.Finally,this research is fundamental in achieving rural revitalization in rocky desertification areas.The key to eliminating RDP lies in scientific rural transformation development.Given that the karst ecological environment in the subtropical zone is fragile,these regions should build a new rural regional economic system,abandon extensive and predatory development that sacrifices the environment and resources,and promote the transition from backwards development modes to high-quality and sustainable development.This paper will contribute to the current understanding of the issues of RDP,provide theoretical support for the realization of rural revitalization in rocky desertification areas and provide other countries with China’s experience in poverty alleviation.

“十三五”期间我国油菜遗传育种研究进展——基于“十三五”国家重点研发计划“七大农作物育种”重点专项实施情况分析

“七大农作物育种”重点专项是“十三五”期间生物种业领域的唯一专项,对于夯实和引领育种科技发展方向,保障我国农作物种业安全具有重要意义。油菜是“七大农作物育种”重点专项重要研究对象之一,本文根据油菜遗传育种领域在专项中的布局与实施情况,从优异种质资源挖掘、重要农艺性状基因的克隆和机理解析、育种方法与技术创新、重要新材料和新品种选育、种子繁育与加工技术等五个方面梳理总结油菜遗传育种在“十三五”期间取得的主要研究进展和重大成果以及项目组织实施管理经验,并对未来该领域的研究提出三点对策建议,一是加强顶层设计,做好重大项目系统化布局;二是优化管理制度,完善生物技术育种管理法规体系;三是创新育种产业链,构建科企密切分工合作的种业创新体系。

民国时期乡村小学教师进修生活的动因、特点及启示

乡村教师的专业发展是乡村教育发展的关键,民国时期的乡村小学教师及当时的社会同仁也同样认识到教师进修的重要性。从民国时期乡村小学教师的日记、通信、自述、报告等原始资料入手,了解乡村教师真实的进修生活,在多种进修方式中重点分析进修生活的日常性和碎片化、社会性和协同性、自主性和自律性等基本特点,并从内在和外在两方面挖掘乡村教师参与进修的动因。最终得到对当代教师专业发展的三点启示:强化日常性和内生性,增强教育信念;建构专业发展共同体,提升教师主观能动性;注重教师个人反思,拓宽发展路径。

Analysis of Wood Floor Industry's Development in China

As an emerging industry,China's wood floor industry dates back to the early 1980s. Despite a late start,it has developed rapidly during the last 20 years.The past decades have witnessed great changes in China's wood floor industry.With high quality,many products"made in China"are available widely abroad nowadays.Current global economic shocks,however,affect China's domestic real estate sector;hence the falling domestic sales of wood floor.The paper aims to identify the current situation of floor industry...

中国页岩气勘探开发进展与发展前景

全球掀起了轰轰烈烈的"页岩气绿色革命",北美以外地区有20余个国家在进行页岩气前期评价和勘探开发先导试验,页岩气资源成为潜力较大、较重要的天然气开发目标。中国发育海相、海陆过渡相—陆相煤系和湖相3类富含有机质页岩,都具备页岩气形成与富集条件,页岩气资源丰富。中国在页岩气资源潜力评价和勘探开发先导性试验上取得了重要进展,正在寻求实现页岩气资源有效开发。本文系统总结了中国页岩气勘探开发实践,分析了中国页岩气资源前景,指出中国页岩气资源丰富。目前已在中国多处发现了页岩气资源,发展前景良好。与北美相比,中国页岩气形成与发展具明显的特殊性,许多地质与开发难题亟待解决。随着页岩气地质评价与开发理论创新及相关关键技术突破、经济条件改善和国家政策支持,未来中国页岩气资源发展前景广阔,有望改变中国天然气发展乃至整个能源发展格局。