Almost all European countries use at least two horizontal reference systems, which allow them to minimize all risks when changing the coordinate system. The first system is used for the needs of the national survey in...Almost all European countries use at least two horizontal reference systems, which allow them to minimize all risks when changing the coordinate system. The first system is used for the needs of the national survey in general, and also for technical applications in engineering surveys. A brief description of this system can be written by the formula: Geocentric Ellipsoid(GRS80) + Projection(UTM). More than half of the European countries for the second national systems use the GRS80 geocentric ellipsoid together with a projection other than UTM, some of them continue to use the projection of the old coordinate systems. The rest of the countries, excluding Ukraine, adapted the existing national coordinate systems to modern requirements, removing deformations from them concerning the ETRS89. A small number of European countries have implemented the GRS80 geocentric ellipsoid together with the UTM projection for cadastral surveys and topographic maps with a scale of 1:5000 and larger. Only one country, Ukraine, chose a variant for the new coordinate system(UCS2000), which is briefly written by the formula: Old Not Geocentric Ellipsoid + New Projection. The analysis of modern coordinate systems of Europe made it possible to formulate two variants of the future coordinate system of Ukraine based on a geocentric ellipsoid. It is shown that the transition to a geocentric ellipsoid will change the coordinates and heights of the points, but practically will not change the distance between the points and the area of the parcels.展开更多
BIM(建筑信息模型)技术的发展使建筑领域产生了第二次变革,但BIM技术在地下输电工程的结构设计中应用较少。基于国家电网项目中即墨站220 k V地下输电工程,以输电网中的工作井为研究对象,在BIM建模软件Revit中建立了工作井模型族库,实...BIM(建筑信息模型)技术的发展使建筑领域产生了第二次变革,但BIM技术在地下输电工程的结构设计中应用较少。基于国家电网项目中即墨站220 k V地下输电工程,以输电网中的工作井为研究对象,在BIM建模软件Revit中建立了工作井模型族库,实现参数化建立工作井的BIM模型,并将模型导入结构分析软件Robot中进行计算分析。该项目实现了工作井设计及计算的批量化操作,提高了设计人员的工作效率。展开更多
文摘Almost all European countries use at least two horizontal reference systems, which allow them to minimize all risks when changing the coordinate system. The first system is used for the needs of the national survey in general, and also for technical applications in engineering surveys. A brief description of this system can be written by the formula: Geocentric Ellipsoid(GRS80) + Projection(UTM). More than half of the European countries for the second national systems use the GRS80 geocentric ellipsoid together with a projection other than UTM, some of them continue to use the projection of the old coordinate systems. The rest of the countries, excluding Ukraine, adapted the existing national coordinate systems to modern requirements, removing deformations from them concerning the ETRS89. A small number of European countries have implemented the GRS80 geocentric ellipsoid together with the UTM projection for cadastral surveys and topographic maps with a scale of 1:5000 and larger. Only one country, Ukraine, chose a variant for the new coordinate system(UCS2000), which is briefly written by the formula: Old Not Geocentric Ellipsoid + New Projection. The analysis of modern coordinate systems of Europe made it possible to formulate two variants of the future coordinate system of Ukraine based on a geocentric ellipsoid. It is shown that the transition to a geocentric ellipsoid will change the coordinates and heights of the points, but practically will not change the distance between the points and the area of the parcels.
文摘BIM(建筑信息模型)技术的发展使建筑领域产生了第二次变革,但BIM技术在地下输电工程的结构设计中应用较少。基于国家电网项目中即墨站220 k V地下输电工程,以输电网中的工作井为研究对象,在BIM建模软件Revit中建立了工作井模型族库,实现参数化建立工作井的BIM模型,并将模型导入结构分析软件Robot中进行计算分析。该项目实现了工作井设计及计算的批量化操作,提高了设计人员的工作效率。
