长期施肥下土壤氮素指标与小麦/玉米产量关系研究

为明确施肥对典型潮土区土壤氮素指标的影响以及氮素指标与作物产量的量化关系,本研究利用长期定位施肥试验系统评估施肥对土壤全氮、碱解氮、酸解有机氮组分、微生物量氮含量的影响,并进一步定量分析氮素指标与小麦、玉米产量间的关系。结果表明,与单施化肥或不施肥相比,长期化肥与秸秆或有机肥配施在显著提高土壤全氮含量的同时,对碱解氮、酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮与微生物量氮含量的提高也有明显的促进作用。除土壤全氮外的其他氮素指标含量在高量化肥-有机肥配施、化肥-秸秆还田和常量化肥-有机肥配施处理间无显著差异。土壤全氮、微生物量氮和碱解氮含量是对作物产量影响程度相对较大的氮素指标。土壤全氮含量每增加0.1 g·kg^(−1),小麦和玉米分别增产822.7和968.2 kg·hm^(-2)。土微生物量氮与碱解氮含量每增加1 mg·kg^(−1),小麦增产195.2与58.1 kg·hm^(-2);玉米增产189.9与79.1 kg·hm^(-2)。酸解总氮与氨基酸态氮含量对小麦产量也有显著影响,酸解总氮与氨基酸态氮含量每增加1 mg·kg^(−1),小麦分别增产15.8与30.0 kg·hm^(-2)。综上所述,化肥与秸秆或有机肥配施可提高潮土氮素库容与供氮能力。小麦、玉米产量随土壤全氮、微生物量氮与碱解氮含量的提高呈线性增长,小麦产量与酸解总氮和氨基酸态氮含量呈显著正相关。本研究为典型潮土区地力培育与粮食丰产提供了理论依据和技术支撑。

On the conceptual metaphor of color terms： A typological view

In different languages and cultures, color terms usually indicate their specific cultural concepts and metaphorical implicature. This paper makes a typological study on the universality and relativity of the Conceptual Metaphors （CM） of color terms in different languages. It attempts to explore the cognitive differences and similarities in the process of categorization and metaphorization of color terms of oriental and western peoples. It proposes that the CM system of color terms is determined by the interactivity of three factors as neurophysiologic mechanisms, general cognitive psychological mechanisms and socio-cultural selective mechanisms. The CM of color terms in different languages carry their specific cognitive characteristics and cultural values, and reflect self-similarity of the language and culture.

On E-C Translation of Proprietary Business Brand Terms

An excellent translation of proprietary business brand terms is more important in international trade.Diverse cultural backgrounds and purposiveness of products are the most influential factors.The research tries to analyze the elements of cultural background and aims of products that affect E-C translation of proprietary business brand terms by descriptive study method and experience summary method,and then to provide methods to overcome these difficulties.

探析新版国际贸易术语解释通则(Incoterms■2020)

了解国际贸易术语解释规则的修订历程和及时掌握国际贸易术语解释通则的最新变化,对外贸企业进行国际贸易合同条款磋商和签订进出口合同至关重要。通过梳理国际商会(ICC)对国际贸易术语解释规则的历次更新修改,并对最新颁布和生效的《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》的实质性变化的探讨,指出外贸企业在签订贸易合同时如何正确选择和使用恰当的贸易术语所应关注的事项,以避免贸易纠纷,有效控制风险。

《Incoterms 2010》的变化及使用

《Incoterms 2010》首次正式明确贸易术语同时适用于国际、国内贸易,贸易术语的设置顺应了运输方式的发展,各项内容表述更加清楚,对贸易术语进行了重新分类。使用时必须注意尽快熟悉新通则的相关规定,重视非海运贸易术语的使用,可以通过合同对贸易术语的盲点进行弥补,不要轻易做出与通则相悖的修改。

Incoterms2000与Incoterms1990贸易术语的比较研究

本文首先探讨了国际商务修订 INCOTERMS的原因和原则 ,然后详细地对《 Incoterms2000》与《 Incoterms1990》进行了比较分析。

An Analysis of Different Addressing Terms in High Context Communication and Low Context Communication from the Perspective of Frame Theory

Within the scope of human beings, some addressing terms are similar. However, different addressing terms still exist,which are influenced by the background of high context communication or low context communication. A good example is that Chinese traditional culture, a typical instance of high context communication, puts much emphasis on etiquette, which is represented in addressing terms as more complex and definite; In western, with the background of low context communication, every individual is more equal and they address each other more generally and much simpler. This paper tries to explore the addressing terms both in Chinese and in English from the perspective of frame theory.

A Brief Analysis of The Holy Bible's Impact on the Connotative Meanings of Color Terms and their Applications in Literatures

The Holy Bible,as one of major sources of Western Culture,has a great influence on the Christian culture and Christian thoughts.Because language is a carrier of culture,the English study will be water without a source and a tree without roots if we ignore The Holy Bible which is the core of Christianity.To study English demands not only grammar and vocabulary,but also the culture behind the language.A brief analysis of connotative meanings of color terms,which are influenced by The Holy Bible and applied in literatures,will be given,in order to offer some help to English learners to know the connotations of color terms better,to understand literatures more profoundly and to have a general feeling about the impact which The Holy Bible has on language.

On Chinese-English Translation of Disease and Syndrome Terms in Shang Han Lun from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory

Shang Han Lun is one of the most famous and important traditional medical books in China,so many translation versions of it have emerged.Based on the comparison of examples taken from two of these translation versions,Young Jie De ' s Shang Han Lun Explained and Huang Hai s Introduction to Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Disease,the paper points out that Nida s Functional Equivalence Theory provides a new idea for the translation of Disease and Syndrome Terms in TCM that literal translation,liberal translation and transliteration can be adopted appropriately to make readers of translation versions understand TCM accurately and easily.

关于Trade Terms“象征性交货”教学的探讨

Trade Terms是国际贸易实务的基础知识，在实务操作中占有重要地位。但是，在常用贸易术语条件下，实际上采用的是一种区别于日常的实际交货的象征性交货方式，即卖方凭单交货、买方凭单付款。学生对此不易理解，主要是由于交货方式的特殊性、缺乏国际货运保险知识、孤立地理解交货方式等原因所造成。因此，本文通过采取案例分析深化理解、补充国际货运保险知识、总体把握外贸介同、深化理解风险转移点等方法，以期帮助初学者正确理解和接受这种特殊的交货方式。

An Assessment of Storage Terms in the Surface Energy Balance of a Subalpine Meadow in Northwest China

The heat storage terms in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system may play an important role in the surface energy budget.In this paper,we evaluate the heat storage terms of a subalpine meadow based on a ficld experiment conducted in the complex terrain of the eastern Qilian Mountains of Northwest China and their impact on the closure of the surface energy balance under such non-ideal conditions.During the night, the average sum of the storage terms was -5.5 W m,which corresponded to 10.4%of net radiation.The sum of the terms became positive at 0730 LST and negative again at about 1500 LST,with a maximum value of 19 W mobserved at approximately 0830 LST.During the day,the average of the sum of the storage terms was 6.5 W m,which corresponded to 4.0%of net radiation.According to the slopes obtained when linear regression of the net radiation and partitioned fluxes was forced through the origin,there is an imbalance of 14.0%in the subalpine meadow when the storage terms are not considered in the surface energy balance.This imbalance was improved by 3.4%by calculating the sum of the storage terms.The soil heat storage flux gave the highest contribution(1.59%),while the vegetation enthalpy change and the rest of the storage terms were responsible for improvements of 1.04%and 0.77%,respectively.

《INCOTERMS 2010》中11个贸易术语的总结分析

《INCOTERMS 2010》中的11个贸易术语确定了买卖双方的不同交易条件,如交货地点、风险转移界限、运输责任和费用的承担、保险责任和费用的承担、报关责任和费用的承担、适用的运输方式等。除此之外,这些贸易术语在特点和性质上也存在不同,存在着四种风险不能如约转移的情况,交货时间、地点与装运时间、地点的关系不同等。因此,总结分析非常关键,通过总结分析,学生以及外贸业务员才能更好理解掌握并在实际外贸业务中灵活运用贸易术语。

MULTIPLE POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR QUASILINEAR ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS INVOLVING CONCAVE-CONVEX NONLINEARITIES AND MULTIPLE HARDY-TYPE TERMS

In this paper, we deal with the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for the quasilinear elliptic problem -△pu-∑i=1^kμi｜u｜^p-2/｜x-ai｜p^u=｜u｜^p^＊-2u＋λ｜u｜^q-2u,x∈Ω,where Ω belong to R^N（N ≥ 3） is a smooth bounded domain such that the different points ai∈Ω,i= 1,2,...,k,0≤μi〈μ^-=（N-p/p）^p,λ〉0,1≤q〈p,and p^＊=p^N/N-p.The results depend crucially cn the parameters λ,q and μi for i=1,2,...,k.

MULTIPLICITY OF SOLUTIONS AND SOURCE TERMS IN A FOURTH ORDER NONLINEAR ELLIPTIC EQUATION

The authors investigatc relations between multiplicity of solutions and sourceterms of the fourth order nonlinear elliptic boundary value problem under Dirichlet boundary condition △2u＋c△u = bu+＋f inΩ, wherc Ω is a bounded open set in Rn with smoothbonndary and the nonlinearity bu+ crosses eigenvalues of △2 ＋c△. They investigate therelatiolls when the source term is constant and when it is generated by two eigenfuntions.

Fractal structures in a generalized square map with exponential terms

Fractal structures in a generalized squared map with exponential terms are expanded in this paper. We describe how complex behaviors can arise as the parameters change. The appearances of different kinds of fractal structures, in both the attractive and the divergent regions, and most interestingly, on small regular islands embedded in the chaotic region, are manifested to have a variety of extraordinary geometries in the parameter plane.

Risk measurement of international oil and gas projects based on the Value at Risk method

International oil and gas projects feature high capital-intensity, high risks and contract diversity. Therefore, in order to help decision makers make more reasonable decisions under uncertainty, it is necessary to measure the risks of international oil and gas projects. For this purpose, this paper constructs a probabilistic model that is based on the traditional economic evaluation model, and introduces value at risk(VaR) which is a valuable risk measure tool in finance, and applies Va R to measure the risks of royalty contracts, production share contracts and service contracts of an international oil and gas project. Besides, this paper compares the influences of different risk factors on the net present value(NPV) of the project by using the simulation results. The results indicate:(1) risks have great impacts on the project's NPV, therefore, if risks are overlooked, the decision may be wrong.(2) A simulation method is applied to simulate the stochastic distribution of risk factors in the probabilistic model. Therefore, the probability is related to the project's NPV, overcoming the inherent limitation of the traditional economic evaluation method.(3) VaR is a straightforward risk measure tool, and can be applied to evaluate the risks of international oil and gas projects. It is helpful for decision making.

Least-squares finite-element method for shallow-water equations with source terms

Numerical solution of shallow-water equations （SWE） has been a challenging task because of its nonlinear hyperbolic nature, admitting discontinuous solution, and the need to satisfy the C-property. The presence of source terms in momentum equations, such as the bottom slope and friction of bed, compounds the difficulties further. In this paper, a least-squares finite-element method for the space discretization and θ-method for the time integration is developed for the 2D non-conservative SWE including the source terms. Advantages of the method include： the source terms can be approximated easily with interpolation functions, no upwind scheme is needed, as well as the resulting system equations is symmetric and positive-definite, therefore, can be solved efficiently with the conjugate gradient method. The method is applied to steady and unsteady flows, subcritical and transcritical flow over a bump, 1D and 2D circular dam-break, wave past a circular cylinder, as well as wave past a hump. Computed results show good C-property, conservation property and compare well with exact solutions and other numerical results for flows with weak and mild gradient changes, but lead to inaccurate predictions for flows with strong gradient changes and discontinuities.

INCOTERMS的FAS术语还有存在的意义吗?

国际商会的INCOTERMS2 0 0 0中 ,对以往进出口清关手续的办理方做出了原则性的改变 ,在其引言的第 1 4款中 ,明确规定“清关手续由住所在该国的一方或其代表办理通常是可取的。因此 ,出口商通常应办理出口清关手续 ,进口商应办理进口清关手续。”这样 ,FAS术语下改由卖方办理出口清关手续。通过比较INCOTERMS2 0 0 0下的FAS与FOB、FCA术语 ,我们发现FAS与后二者的区别变小了。FAS术语继续存在的意义已不大。

Incoterms■2020在国际贸易中的应用研究

文章分析了于2020年1月1日生效的《国际贸易术语解释通则》演变历史,介绍了Incoterms■2020修订背景及特点。结合2010版本与2020版本的对比分析,归纳其重要调整和变化,分析其在国际贸易中的具体应用,进而为进出口企业的对外贸易提供借鉴与参考。

Comments on Nigel Wiseman's A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine (Ⅱ) ——On the Use of Western Medical Terms to Express the Concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Mr. Wiseman believes that Western medical terms chosen as equivalents of Chinese medical terms should be the words known to all speakers and not requiring any specialist knowledge or instrumentation to understand or identify, and strictly technical Western medical terms should be avoided regardless of their conceptual conformity to the Chinese terms. Accordingly, many inappropriate Western medical terms are selected as English equivalents by the authors of the Dictionary, and on the other hand, many ready-made appropriate Western medical terms are replaced by loan English terms with the Chinese style of word formation. The experience gained in solving the problems of translating Western medical terms into Chinese when West- ern medicine was first introduced to China is helpful for translating Chinese medical terms into English. However, the authors of the Dictionary adhere to their own opinions, ignoring others＂ experience. The English terms thus created do not reflect the genuine meaning of the Chinese terms, but make the English glossary in chaos. The so-called true face of traditional Chinese revealed by such terms is merely the Chinese custom of word formation and metaphoric rhetoric. In other words, traditional Chinese medicine is not regarded as a system of medicine but merely some Oriental folklore.