The immune system:uncharted pathways between senses and the brain

Humans and animals use the classic five senses-sight,hearing,touch,smell,and taste-to detect and monitor their environment,with the sense of position and movement often referred to as the sixth sense.The perception of external signals through the senses is essential to an organism's survival,transmitting signals to the central nervous system(CNS)and prompting physiological changes in other biological systems.In addition to the direct effects of sense-induced mediators in the brain.

Security Vulnerability Analyses of Large Language Models (LLMs) through Extension of the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) Framework

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tasks, becoming an integral part of various applications in society, including text generation, translation, summarization, and more. However, their widespread usage emphasizes the critical need to enhance their security posture to ensure the integrity and reliability of their outputs and minimize harmful effects. Prompt injections and training data poisoning attacks are two of the most prominent vulnerabilities in LLMs, which could potentially lead to unpredictable and undesirable behaviors, such as biased outputs, misinformation propagation, and even malicious content generation. The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) framework provides a standardized approach to capturing the principal characteristics of vulnerabilities, facilitating a deeper understanding of their severity within the security and AI communities. By extending the current CVSS framework, we generate scores for these vulnerabilities such that organizations can prioritize mitigation efforts, allocate resources effectively, and implement targeted security measures to defend against potential risks.

Expert Perception of ChatGPT in Computer System Architecture

Question 1:what do you think are the most impressive features of ChatGPT as a language model?Answer:Well,ChatGPT has several impressive features.Firstly,its ability to generate contextually relevant and coherent responses to natural language prompts is truly remarkable.This is achieved through the model's architecture,which includes multiple layers of artificial neural networks,and the vast amount of text data it has been trained on.The model can generate responses that are not only grammatically correct but also contextually appropriate and engaging,making it a powerful tool for natural language processing.

基于完形填空的方面级情感四元组预测

方面情感四元组预测(ASQP)任务旨在从给定的评论语句中提取所有方面词以及相应的方面类别、观点表达和情感极性,有助于全面了解用户对产品或服务不同方面的评价情况.现有情感四元组预测方法主要存在以下局限:(1)判别式模型没有利用prompt捕获情感元素之间的语义关系;(2)生成式模型要么简单地将情感元素类型标签组合形成prompt,缺乏理解标签类型涵义的语境;要么将离散模板作为解码器的输入,而编码器则无法捕获到模板中情感元素之间的语义关系.为了缓解这些问题,本文首先基于完形填空思想研制离散和连续2类prompt,提供理解4个情感元素类型涵义的语境,帮助模型更好地捕获情感元素之间的语义关系;然后,基于设计的prompt,提出C-ASQP框架,包含判别式模型DC-ASQP和生成式模型GC-ASQP.在DC-ASQP中,采用2阶段策略,先预测4个情感元素中2个较为容易的情感元素,再将预测结果嵌入到设计的prompt中,帮助模型理解情感元素类型的涵义,从而有效预测另外2个情感元素.在GC-ASQP中,将设计的prompt作为编码器的输入,借助预训练模型的学习模式,充分利用预训练模型蕴含的知识提升四元组的生成效果.实验结果显示,DC-ASQP模型在4个常用数据集上的F1值相比同类判别式最优模型分别提高4.70%、6.48%、6.97%和2.60%,GC-ASQP模型的F1值比最优基准模型分别提高0.86%、1.67%、0.15%和1.02%,验证了将ASQP建模为完形填空任务的有效性,所设计的2类prompt以及C-ASQP框架是有效的.

基于RoBERTa和T5的两阶段医学术语标准化

医学术语标准化作为消除实体歧义性的重要手段,被广泛应用于知识图谱的构建过程之中.针对医学领域涉及大量的专业术语和复杂的表述方式,传统匹配模型往往难以达到较高的准确率的问题,提出语义召回加精准排序的两阶段模型来提升医学术语标准化效果.首先在语义召回阶段基于改进的有监督对比学习和RoBERTa-wwm提出语义表征模型CL-BERT,通过CL-BERT生成实体的语义表征向量,根据向量之间的余弦相似度进行召回并得到标准词候选集,其次在精准排序阶段使用T5结合prompt tuning构建语义精准匹配模型,并将FGM对抗训练应用到模型训练中,然后使用精准匹配模型对原词和标准词候选集分别进行精准排序得到最终标准词.采用ccks2019公开数据集进行实验,F1值达到了0.9206,实验结果表明所提出的两阶段模型具有较高的性能,为实现医学术语标准化提供了新思路.

自然语言处理技术视角下的编程演进研究

人类想要与计算机沟通就对编程语言的语法和结构有一定的了解。随着自然语言处理技术的发展,让计算机听懂人类语言不再是梦想。ChatGPT的应用催生了Prompt(提示工程),Prompt可以直接使用自然语言表达用户的意图,大大降低了编程的门槛。文章从编程语言发展历程,了解Prompt原理和应用,在自然语言处理时代,编程的边界在扩大。

基于Prompt的两阶段澄清问题生成方法

在自然语言相关系统中,当用户输入存在歧义时,生成澄清问题询问用户有助于系统理解用户需求;基于Prompt的方法可以更好地挖掘预训练语言模型的潜在知识,但往往需要手动设计模板,限制其生成澄清问题的多样性。为解决这一问题,提出了TSCQG(two-stage clarification question generation)方法。首先,在动态Prompt模板生成阶段,利用歧义上下文和预训练语言模型生成动态的Prompt模板;然后在缺失信息生成阶段,将Prompt模板与外部知识相结合,充分利用预训练语言模型的生成能力生成相应的缺失信息。实验结果表明,在CLAQUA数据集的多轮对话情况中,BLEU值和ROUGE-L值分别达到了58.31和84.33,在ClariQ-FKw数据集上,BLEU值和ROUGE-L值分别达到了31.18和58.86。实验结果证明了TSCQG方法在澄清问题生成任务上的有效性。

知识图谱和大语言模型在航天测控问答系统中的融合应用研究

随着自然语言处理技术的发展,智能化检索与问答系统不断发展,为改善传统知识图谱语义解析能力不足和当前通用大语言模型在垂直领域对知识学习不够深入的问题,提出了融合知识图谱的大语言模型方法,进行了两步优化:首先,利用知识图谱在命名实体识别和关系抽取的基础上,构建大模型提示Prompt模板,进行辅助增强生成,利用图谱中存储的数据提供相关来源;其次,利用低阶适应性微调(LoRA)策略冻结大模型原有参数,增加部分网络参数进行微调训练,优化模型在航天测控领域的知识储备与理解。通过两步改进提高了模型整体在语义解析和知识细节上的理解掌握,结合航天测控领域的相关教材、报告和手册等资料,搭建了知识问答系统,取得了较好的效果,说明了该方法具有一定的应用价值。

Social Radars: Finding Targets in Cyberspace for Cybersecurity

INSPIRED by the insight from American political scientist Lasswell, who summarized the environmental role in societal surveillance [1], Schramm coined the term “social radar” [2] as it resembles the activities of radar in collecting and processing information, playing a crucial role in helping humans perceive changes in the internal and external environment and promptly adjusting adaptive behaviors.

Considerations for exerkine research focusing on the response to exercise training

García-Hermoso and colleagues1 recently published a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on exercise training-induced changes in exerkine concentrations in type 2diabetes mellitus patients,providing a contemporary view on how exerkines respond to exercise training.That review prompted us to highlight 2 additional considerations that should be taken into account when studying the response of exerkines to exercise training.Firstly,whether exerkines can exhibit discordant responses to acute exercise compared to exercise training,and secondly,the need to consider the residual effects of the most recent exercise bout.

Comprehension-driven design of advanced multi-block single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes for high-performance lithium-metal batteries

The continuously growing importance of batteries for powering(hybrid)electric vehicles and storing renewable energy has prompted a renewed focus on lithium-metal batteries(LMBs)in recent years,as its high theoretical specific capacity of about 3860 mA h g^(-1) and very low redox potential(-3.04 V vs.the standard hydrogen electrode)promise substantially higher energy densities compared to current lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)[1].However,lithium metal electrodes face severe challenges associated with the risk of dendritic lithium deposition and the high reactivity with traditional organic liquid electrolytes,resulting in a continuous loss of electrochemically active lithium and a relatively low Coulombic efficiency[2].To address these challenges,solid inorganic and polymer electrolytes have emerged as a potentially saferalternative.

Sinensetin protects against periodontitis through binding to Bach1 enhancing its ubiquitination degradation and improving oxidative stress

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory and immune reactive disease induced by the subgingival biofilm.The therapeutic effect for susceptible patients is often unsatisfactory due to excessive inflammatory response and oxidative stress.Sinensetin(Sin)is a nature polymethoxylated flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.Our study aimed to explore the beneficial effect of Sin on periodontitis and the specific molecular mechanisms.We found that Sin attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory levels of periodontal ligament cells(PDLCs)under inflammatory conditions.Administered Sin to rats with ligation-induced periodontitis models exhibited a protective effect against periodontitis in vivo.By molecular docking,we identified Bach1 as a strong binding target of Sin,and this binding was further verified by cellular thermal displacement assay and immunofluorescence assays.Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction results also revealed that Sin obstructed the binding of Bach1 to the HMOX1 promoter,subsequently upregulating the expression of the key antioxidant factor HO-1.Further functional experiments with Bach1 knocked down and overexpressed verified Bach1 as a key target for Sin to exert its antioxidant effects.Additionally,we demonstrated that Sin prompted the reduction of Bach1 by potentiating the ubiquitination degradation of Bach1,thereby inducing HO-1 expression and inhibiting oxidative stress.Overall,Sin could be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of periodontitis by targeting binding to Bach1.

Human radiological safety assessment for petawatt laser-driven ion acceleration experiments in CLAPA-T

The newly built Compact Laser Plasma Accelerator-Therapy facility at Peking University will deliver 60 J/1 Hz laser pulses with 30 fs duration.Driven by this petawatt laser facility,proton beams with energy up to 200 MeV are expected to be generated for tumor therapy.During high-repetition operation,both prompt radiation and residual radiation may cause safety problems.Therefore,human radiological safety assessment before commissioning is essential.In this paper,we simulate both prompt and residual radiation using the Geant4 and FLUKA Monte Carlo codes with reasonable proton and as-produced electron beam parameters.We find that the prompt radiation can be shielded well by the concrete wall of the experimental hall,but the risk from residual radiation is nonnegligible and necessitates adequate radiation cooling.On the basis of the simulation results,we discuss the constraints imposed by radiation safety considerations on the annual working time,and we propose radiation cooling strategies for different shooting modes.

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Information for Contributors

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics (TNUAA) is a bimonthly journal facing international academic community.Emphasizing prompt and effective dissemination of key data and new scientific insights,TNUAA publishes experimental and theoretical papers bearing on applications to all branches of aeronautics, astronautics and civil aviation.

Perspectives on enhancing vaccination coverage and confidence in the Philippines

Vaccination plays a vital role in protecting against communicable infections like measles and their associated complications[1,2].While vaccination doesn't guarantee complete immunity,the authors also highlighted that vaccinated individuals tend to experience milder infections compared to those who are unvaccinated[1].Despite the availability of free vaccines for measles,polio,and pertussis through the national vaccination program[3],the Philippines faced outbreaks of measles and pertussis across its islands in 2024[4].The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao reported 500 measles cases,while pertussis outbreaks were recorded in various parts of Luzon and Visayas,prompting several cities to declare states of calamity[4,5].Additionally,despite successfully eradicating poliomyelitis in 2000,approximately 70 percent of provinces and cities remained at high risk of polio outbreaks[3,4].

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Information for Contributors

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics(TNUAA)is a bimonthly journal facing international academic community.Emphasizing prompt and effective dissemination of key data and new scientific insights,TNUAA publishes experimental and theoretical papers bearing on applications to all branches of aeronau-tics,astronautics and civil aviation.

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Information for Contributors

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics (TNUAA) is a bimonthly journal facing international academic community.Emphasizing prompt and effective dissemination of key data and new scientific insights,TNUAA publishes experimental and theoretical papers bearing on applications to all branches of aeronautics, astronautics and civil aviation.

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Information for Contributors

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics(TNUAA)is a bimonthly journal facing international academic community.Emphasizing prompt and effective dissemination of key data and new scientific insights,TNUAA publishes experimental and theoretical papers bearing on applications to all branches of aeronautics,astronautics and civil aviation.

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Information for Contributors

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics (TNUAA) is a bimonthly journal facing international academic community.Emphasizing prompt and effective dissemination of key data and new scientific insights,TNUAA publishes experimental and theoretical papers bearing on applications to all branches of aeronautics, astronautics and civil aviation.

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Information for Contributors

Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics (TNUAA) is a bimonthly journal facing international academic community. Emphasizing prompt and effective dissemination of key data and new scientific insights, TNUAA publishes experimental and theoretical papers bearing on applications to all branches of aeronautics,astronautics and civil aviation.