Property theory of Chinese materia medica: Clinical pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine

The property theory of Chinese materia medica is one of the foundations of traditional Chinese medicine.The property of Chinese materia medica(PCMM)is a multi-dimensional expression of the effect of Chinese materia medica(CMM),and it is related to the clinical prescription that fully reflects the clinical effect evaluation of CMM in a holistic,systematic,and scientific way.This paper discusses the source,development,and application of the PCMM by considering not only the five dimensions that constitute the PCMM but also the recognition of the human body and disease as given in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational use and development of CMM.

Survey of dose-effect relationship in Chinese materia medica

The research on the dose-effect relationship in Chinese materia medica is delayed due to the complexity of its composition, multi-efficacy, multi-targeting and other factors. Many experts put forward relevant research ideas and methods and worked out more and more research results in literature, experimental and clinical categories because of the progress of statistical methods and scientific and technological means in recent years. In this paper, these results were preliminarily combed to show the basic situation of dose-effect relationship research in Chinese materia medica.

Analysis of the Application of“Jing(精)”in Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲自〉Compendium of Materia Medica)

Taking the Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica)(Jinling edition金陵本)as the research object and“Jing”as the search term,this article summarizes the quantity of medicinals containing“Jing”in Ben Cao Gang Mu,analyzes the connotation and application of“Jing”in traditional Chinese medicine,and finds that the application of“Jing”in medicine does not deviate from the original meaning of“Jing,”but endows it with the concepts of medicine and pharmacy,and expands the application scope of“Jing.”This study is helpful to understand and use spermicide more reasonably.

Establishment and development of systematic engineering of traditional Chinese materia medica

The rapid development of science and technology calls for an urgent need to systemize the studies in a certain field on the basis of a common target. A case in point was the research and development of atomic bombs that was based on the latest development in many fields.

Development and Application of Network Toxicology in Safety Research of Chinese Materia Medica

Network toxicology that is an important branch of the network pharmacology emerges on the basis of network biology. It refers to study on the toxicological features of a constructed network model which is used to analyze toxic substances and their interaction and regulation in biological systems, particularly investigate the toxic effects of drugs and/or compatibility of medicines on body, and clarify the mechanism of toxicity. Network toxicology currently develops rapidly in safety prediction of Chinese materia medica （CMM）. The application of network toxicology to safety and toxicology study on CMM is extremely beneficial to identify the toxic components and potential incompatibility of CMM. Since CMM is a complex system with multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-interactions, the network toxicology in safety prediction of CMM faces three great challenges, including integration studies of bioinformatics, innovation of methods, and tools and risk assessment in future development of the network toxicology in CMM research. In this paper, relevant database, approaches and tools that network toxicology utilized in the safety study of CMM were carefully reviewed. Based on the progress made, the scientific development and modernization of CMM will be greatly enhanced.

A ten-year audit of traditional Chinese medicine and other natural product research published in the Chinese Medical Journal （2000-2009）

Background Clinical research encompasses a wide variety of disciplines. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and natural product research have made great contributions to preventing and treating illness. The number and content of original research reports evaluating TCM and natural products have not previously been described. Information in this area will identify areas of relative strength and weakness in terms of knowledge gaps with respect to clinical conditions and natural product remedies.Methods Original research reports （i.e. original articles, brief reports, and research letters） published in the Chinese Medical Journal （CMJ） from January 2000 to December 2009 evaluating TCM and other natural products were reviewed.The United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration （UK-CRC） Health Research Classification System was used to analyze the type of health research conducted. Further analysis on the major illnesses addressed and the major herbal components utilized was conducted.Results One hundred and seventeen original research reports involving TCM or other natural products were identified,comprising 3.82% of the CMJ output in the period covered by this study. Of the different materia medica described in these reports, 74.4% were derived exclusively from plant material, 10.3% from animals, 3.4% from fungi, 1.7% from minerals, and 10.3% were of mixed （plant / animal / fungal / mineral） composition. Twelve herbs were investigated exclusively or were constituents of 66/87 （75.9%） of the plant-based materia medica investigated. Panax ginseng was the most commonly investigated herb or constituent （14/87, 16.1%）, followed by Astragalus membranaceus （9/87, 10.3%）,Coptis chinensis/Berberis spp. （7/87, 8.0%） and Rheum spp. （7/87, 8.0%）. Four UK-CRC health categories accounted for the majority of TCM and other natural product research （cancer, 20.9%; cardiovascular, 19.2%; oral/gastrointestinal,9.8%; and inflammatory/immune, 9.0%）. The most common research activity was ＂development of treatments and therapeutic interventions＂, which was undertaken by 103/117 （88.0%） of the research investigations reported. Human clinical trials involving natural products accounted for only 5.31% of the reported studies.Conclusions This is a relatively early systematic description of published research from a single joumal related to TCM and other natural products. The majority of the research reports described preliminary findings and very few controlled clinical trials in human subjects were reported. Further applied studies will be required to demonstrate the clinical effectiveness, utility and cost-effectiveness of TCM and natural products in clinical practice. The UK-CRC health research classification system is a useful tool for evaluating published research output and could be applied to describe the output from other journals, national and provincial funding bodies, charities, and non-governmental organizations involved in supporting health-related research.

Discovery of the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) based on hTAS2Rs

Objective:To explore the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy),their character-istics were analyzed at the target and pharmacodynamic points.Methods:Compounds with bitter receptor activity were obtained by high-throughput screening models of the human bitter taste receptors(hTAS2Rs),which were used to analyze bitter taste.The efficacy of anti-asthma medications was used as an example to research bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were classified according to the functional modules.The coverage for the same targets or pharmacological effects in the overall protein interaction network(PIN)of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)was analyzed to reveal their relationship.The effect of the compound polydatin with anti-asthma activation on hTAS2R14 was studied to verify the reliability of the aforementioned idea.Results:A total of 121 Chinese materia medica(CMM)compounds that activate hTAS2R10,hTAS2R14,and hTAS2R49 were obtained.The analysis results indicated that 108 same targets for bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were obtained,accounting for 13.9%in the PIN of bitter taste and 72.5%in the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects shared by bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)accounted for 79%of the PIN of bitter taste and 81%of the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The activating effect of the anti-asthma compound polydatin on hTAS2R14 was dose-dependent with EC 50 of 4.3 m M.Conclusion:In this study,the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)has been demonstrated from the target and pharmacodynamic points,which are based on hTAS2Rs and anti-asthma effect.Bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)exhibited a high correlation.This study provides a theoretical and scientific basis for the hypothesis that“the property theory of CMM is the clinical pharmacodynamics of CMM.”

Status and Trends of GAP Base Construction of Chinese Materia Medica in Guangdong Province

It is one of the key points for modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicines to construct the Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) base of Chinese materia medica (CMM). GAP helps to minimize contamination and improve the quality of CMM during the plantation and the production of Chinese crude drugs. In this article, the status and development of CMM production bases of GAP in Guangdong Province, China, are presented. The suggestions upon the problems during the development of GAP for Chinese crude drugs are also provided.

Characterization and Comparison Analysis of WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants and Iso Standards of Chinese Materia Medica

Medicinal plants or Chinese materia medica(CMM)are now attracting worldwide attention as they have increasingly prominent advantages over chemical drugs in disease treatment and healthcare.Since the 1990s,World Health Organization(WHO)and International Organization for Standardization established the Technical Committee of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ISO/TC 249)have carried out the development of quality standards on medicinal plants or CMMs respectively,and a considerable number of monographs and international standards have been published.Since the two international organizations adhere to different principles,the standards they develop naturally have different emphasis.Driven by market demand and international trade,ISO mainly takes quality,efficacy and safety into consideration when developing standards,while WHO pays more attention to clinical practice,quality control and medication guidance.Up to now,there is a lack of comparative analysis on the records,background,principles,basic content,and main requirements of quality standards on medicinal plants or CMMs respectively published by WHO and ISO.Therefore,based on international standards of CMM developed by ISO/TC 249 platform and WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants,this paper systematically compares the purposes,selected principles,standard-developing process,basic content,and main quality requirements to summarize their similarities and differences,and find their merits,aiming to serve as a reference to the development of international standards for CMMs that helps them go global.

中药复方干预肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征糖脂代谢异常的Meta分析

目的:通过文献研究阐述中药干预肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)患者代谢异常的有效性及安全性。方法:计算机检索国内外主流医药数据库中关于中医、中西医结合对比单纯西药治疗PCOS的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)。参照Cochrane系统评价手册对全文的设计方案进行质量评价,采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果:纳入22项RCT进行Meta分析,中药或中西药联合治疗不仅在提升排卵率这一主要研究指标上优于单纯西药治疗(P<0.05),还在改善胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)、空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)等方面优于单纯西药治疗(均P<0.05),但在调节空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)和腰臀比(waist-to-hip ratio,WHR)方面与西药治疗差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:中药或中西药联合干预肥胖型PCOS糖脂代谢异常,具有多途径、多靶点调控作用,无严重不良反应,优于单纯西药治疗。

以本草经典诵读加强中药学专业传承教育的实践

本草是我国传统药学知识的统称,蕴含着我国古代药学的独特理论,以及源于实践的行之有效的治病经验和诸多原创性思维。我国历代保留了大量本草经典文献,抓住了本草经典,也就抓住了传承传统药学知识与技术的重要载体。开展“本草经典诵读”,有利于培养学生的中医药思维,完善学生的知识结构,解决目前中药学专业传承教育弱化的现实问题,提升中药学专业本科人才培养质量。

肌萎缩侧索硬化症个案处方用药规律挖掘

目的为中医临床治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)提供参考。方法计算机检索中国知网中以中药治疗ALS的个案文献,检索时限为自建库起至2022年11月。采用Excel软件统计复方中组方药物的使用频次(率)、四气(性)、五味、归经、功效,并导入中医传承计算平台(V 3.0)进行数据挖掘。结果共纳入个案文献110篇,涉及中药组方139个、中药218味,累计使用频次1946次。常用药物(使用频率>10%)45味,性味归经分别以温性(47.35%)、甘味(42.45%)、归脾经(20.29%)为主,药物功效以补虚类(41.37%)为主。中药组合98个,涉及中药24味,其中以黄芪、白术、党参组合(33次)最常见,药对以黄芪-山药、黄芪-熟地黄最常见(均使用32次);聚类分析提取核心药物组合5类。结论ALS个案用药处方以补虚类中药为核心,分补气、补血、补阳、补肝肾,配以升阳、温里、行气等药味。处方组合以气血双补、阴阳双补、清热化痰和益气活血为主要功效。

中兽药研发与创新课程教学探索

中兽药研发与创新课程为河北农业大学的通识选修课,面向全校本科学生开设。通过学情分析发现,选课学生具有较高的学习兴趣和参加创新创业活动的热情,课程教学需要满足学生个性化发展和提高知识运用能力的需求。基于学情分析结果,教学团队对课程内容进行重构,挖掘中兽医药发展的创新点,培养学生分析中兽医药行业宏观发展和运用中兽医药知识的能力,设计场景互动、案例分析、项目式教学、小组合作教学等多样化教学活动,并将课程思政融入教学全过程,采用“目标导向+全过程+多元主体”考核方式检测教学效果。通过本课程学习,使学生提高了对中兽药研发与创新的兴趣,增强了主动学习能力、学科交叉应用能力和创新创业能力,完成了多项学科交叉双创项目。本课程教学探索可为中兽医学相关课程的创新创业教学实践提供参考。

基于BiLSTM-CRF的《神农本草经》命名实体识别研究

目的:基于BiLSTM-CRF的命名实体识别技术挖掘并展示《神农本草经》蕴含的药物理论。方法:构建自定义中医术语词库,由计算机自动化序列标注,根据不同主流命名实体识别方法以及中医古籍的文本特点,以字向量作为初始输入,构建BiLSTM-CRF模型对《神农本草经》进行命名实体识别。结果:测试结果表明,BiLSTM-CRF模型的精确率89.00%,召回率88.83%,F1值为88.91%,相对于其他模型效果较优。结论:BiLSTM-CRF模型能够有效识别《神农本草经》的实体类型,适用于中医古籍的知识挖掘,有助于中医理论实践和发挥临床应用价值。

基于官修方书探讨宋代香佩疗法特点

宋代为方剂学和香文化皆蓬勃发展的重要历史时期,香佩疗法在当时富有鲜明的时代特色。梳理宋代三大官修方书中的香佩方剂发现,宋时香佩疗法用药多样,除了常用矿物药和骨类药之外,本土香药与外来香药皆有大量使用;用法灵活,有膏、丹、丸、散等多种剂型,可佩戴于头、手、颈、胸等身体各部位,但总体以丸剂佩于上肢者为多;用途广泛,以辟疫驱邪治疗传染性疾病为主,内外妇儿各科杂症也有涉及,为后世香佩疗法的发展打下了良好的基础。

旧学新知:《本草正》中药之“毒”的知识来源研究

《本草正》是明末审视中药之“毒”的重要本草著作,考虑到《本草纲目》是明以前本草药物知识的集大成者,对二者文本结构与论述细节进行对比后,确认两书在知识书写上确有渊源,进而探讨其背后的医学理论,发现该书关于“毒”与气味关系的讨论应另有来源。因此将“毒”与气味的关系作为《本草正》中药之“毒”衍异知识的核心进行考察,得出与金元医学及其后续医家的相关理论存有密切联系,也采录自当时流行之医疗观念,且寒凉时弊的盛行也推动了其衍异知识的形成。这些揭示出《本草正》所含中药之“毒”知识的丰富性与先进性,显示了其与明末现实医疗需求相适应的倾向。

探索中药分析课程线上—线下与课内—课外形成性评价新模式

目的探索中药分析课程线上—线下与课内—课外形成性评价新模式。方法对我校2019级中药学专业64名学生进行教学实践。依托雨课堂的形成性评价考核模式,课程结束后对教学过程和教学结果进行分析。结果通过线上课外平时测验、线下课内翻转课堂、线下课外学期作业和线下期末考试等多模式考核,学生们专业知识的掌握和运用、语言表达、撰写论文等能力得到提升。结论在中药分析教学中,实施了线上—线下与课内—课外形成性评价多元化考核新模式,对学生综合能力的提升有明显促进作用,对学生学习效果的评价也更加全面、客观和公正,并帮助教师不断改进教学方法和教学内容。

野外本草实践课程在部队野外生存培训中的优化研究概论

高质量的野外本草实践课程对发挥中医药特色优势、培养部队野外生存与救治能力有着重要作用。脱离书本知识、深入当地民俗、深入野外丛林、与当地民众交流以及邀请当地野外应急救援专家参与教学,都能够对既往的本草应用认知产生革新和提高,使教学成果更加符合实训和实战需求。作者通过总结前期对特战官兵开展野外本草实地培训的经验,探讨目前野外本草实践课程存在的问题,以及野外生存培训中需要优化或改进的内容,以期完善和提高课程教学水平。

《本草图经》药物剂型分析及对现代制剂的启示

目的:通过分析宋代药物剂型的应用状况,探究我国药物制剂的发展历程。方法:对北宋本草著作《本草图经》中相关中药剂型数据进行统计与分析。结果:《本草图经》中明确记载的药物剂型,主要有散剂、丸剂、膏剂、丹剂这传统的四大剂型,其中散剂最多(总计142种),丸剂其次(总计94种)。剂型的统计还呈现出一些规律:(1)植物药中,草类以丸剂为主,散剂次之;木类以膏剂为主;果部、菜部和米部以散剂为主;本经外草类与本经外木蔓类以散剂为主,其中均出现了贴剂的记载。(2)矿物药中,因其药物特殊性,主要以丹剂为主。(3)动物药中禽兽部和鱼虫部,主要以散剂为主,丸剂次之。(4)部分药物可适用于多种剂型,共有35种药适用于2种以上剂型,3种药适用于3种以上剂型。结论:《本草图经》药物剂型不仅反映了宋代以前中药传统剂型的应用状况,对现代药物制剂的古为今用、临床运用等具有较好的启示。

Towards a scientific rationale for traditional properties of Chinese medicinal plants: “natures” and “flavors”

Objective: According to theory of Chinese medicine property, the ecological environment shapes properties(natures and flavors) of Chinese materia medica(CMM) and there are close relationships between certain natures and flavors. However, to date these observations have not been validated scientifically in the context of the whole flora of a region. The present study aims to address this gap.Methods: We collected geographical distributions of 3637 vascular plant species native to the Xinjiang region of northwest China, of which around 812 are medicinal plants. The CMM property characters of these medicinal plants were also collected. All medicinal plants were then analyzed in the occurrence of their natures(cold, cool, neutral, warm, and hot) and flavors(sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and pungent). Possible correlations between these properties and environmental factors, notably climate, as well as correlations with plant species richness of the wider native flora of Xinjiang were then investigated using permutation test and regression.Results: Cold species(38.5%) were more numerous than warm(21.0%) and neutral(22.3%), while bitter species(43.3%) were more numerous than pungent(25.6%), sweet(22.4%) and sour(6.7%) ones. Species with bitter flavor were most commonly also cold(48.6%) in nature, sour flavor usually coincided with cold(44.2%) or cool nature(26.0%), whereas pungent or sweet species tended to be warm(34.4%, 28.4%) or neutral(27.8%, 28.4%). The percentages of species of cold/cool nature, bitter flavor were higher in mountainous regions, and the percentages of warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour were higher in basins. The percentages of species of cold/cool, bitter were positively correlated with actual evapotranspiration(AET),and also plant species richness but had a bell-shaped relationship with potential evapotranspiration(PET),whereas the inverse situation was shown for warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour species.Conclusion: Analysis of the data in Xinjiang region of China supports the qualitative observations concerning natures and flavors in traditional theory of Chinese medicine property. Specifically,(i) certain natures and flavors co-occur more frequently than if randomly distributed;(ii) correlations between proportions of natures and flavors and climatic variables suggest a role for the environment in shaping the properties of CMM.