Intelligent PID Control Method for Quadrotor UAV with Serial Humanoid Intelligence

Quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)are widely used in inspection,agriculture,express delivery,and other fields owing to their low cost and high flexibility.However,the current UAV control system has shortcomings such as poor control accuracy and weak anti-interference ability to a certain extent.To address the control problem of a four-rotor UAV,we propose a method to enhance the controller’s accuracy by considering underactuated dynamics,nonlinearities,and external disturbances.A mathematical model is constructed based on the flight principles of the quadrotor UAV.We develop a control algorithm that combines humanoid intelligence with a cascade Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID)approach.This algorithm incorporates the rate of change of the error into the inputs of the cascade PID controller,uses both the error and its rate of change as characteristic variables of the UAV’s control system,and employs a hyperbolic tangent function to improve the outer-loop control.The result is a double closed-loop intelligent PID(DCLIPID)control algorithm.Through MATLAB numerical simulation tests,it is found that the DCLIPID algorithm reduces the rise time by 0.5 s and the number of oscillations by 2 times compared to the string PID algorithm when a unit step signal is used as input.A UAV flight test was designed for comparison with the serial PID algorithm,and it was found that when the UAV planned the trajectory autonomously,the errors in the X-,Y-,and Z-directions were reduced by 0.22,0.21,and 0.31 m,respectively.Under the interference environment of artificial wind about 3.6 m·s-1,the UAV hovering error in X-,Y-,and Z-directions are 0.24,0.42,and 0.27 m,respectively.The simulation and experimental results show that the control method of humanoid intelligence and cascade PID can improve the real-time,control accuracy and anti-interference ability of the UAV,and the method has a certain reference value for the research in the field of UAV control.

Unified Control Theory from PID to ACPID

To address the challenge of achieving unified control across diverse nonlinear systems, a comprehensive control theory spanning from PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) to ACPID (Auto-Coupling PID) has been proposed. The primary concept is to unify all intricate factors, including internal dynamics and external bounded disturbance, into a single total disturbance. This enables the mapping of various nonlinear systems onto a linear disturbance system. Based on the theory of PID control and the characteristic equation of a critically damping system, Zeng’s stabilization rules (ZSR) and an ACPID control force based on a single speed factor have been designed. ACPID control theory is both simple and practical, with significant scientific significance and application value in the field of control engineering.

Heuristic-Based Optimal Load Frequency Control with Offsite Backup Controllers in Interconnected Microgrids

The primary factor contributing to frequency instability in microgrids is the inherent intermittency of renewable energy sources.This paper introduces novel dual-backup controllers utilizing advanced fractional order proportional integral derivative(FOPID)controllers to enhance frequency and tie-line power stability in microgrids amid increasing renewable energy integration.To improve load frequency control,the proposed controllers are applied to a two-area interconnectedmicrogrid system incorporating diverse energy sources,such as wind turbines,photovoltaic cells,diesel generators,and various storage technologies.A novelmeta-heuristic algorithm is adopted to select the optimal parameters of the proposed controllers.The efficacy of the advanced FOPID controllers is demonstrated through comparative analyses against traditional proportional integral derivative(PID)and FOPID controllers,showcasing superior performance inmanaging systemfluctuations.The optimization algorithm is also evaluated against other artificial intelligent methods for parameter optimization,affirming the proposed solution’s efficiency.The robustness of the intelligent controllers against system uncertainties is further validated under extensive power disturbances,proving their capability to maintain grid stability.The dual-controller configuration ensures redundancy,allowing them to operate as mutual backups,enhancing system reliability.This research underlines the importance of sophisticated control strategies for future-proofing microgrid operations against the backdrop of evolving energy landscapes.

A Novel ANFIS Based SMC with Fractional Order PID Controller

Interacting The highest storage capacity of a circular tank makes it pop-ular in process industries.Because of the varying surface area of the cross-sec-tions of the tank,this two-tank level system has nonlinear characteristics.Controlling theflow rate of liquid is one of the most difficult challenges in the production process.This proposed effort is critical in preventing time delays and errors by managing thefluid level.Several scholars have explored and explored ways to reduce the problem of nonlinearity,but their techniques have not yielded better results.Different types of controllers with various techniques are implemented by the proposed system.Sliding Mode Controller(SMC)with Fractional Order PID Controller based on Intelligent Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Infer-ence System(ANFIS)is a novel technique for liquid level regulation in an inter-connected spherical tank system to avoid interferences and achieve better performance in comparison of rise time,settling time,and overshoot decrease.Evaluating the simulated results acquired by the controller yields the efficiency of the proposed system.The simulated results were produced using MATLAB 2018 and the FOMCON toolbox.Finally,the performance of the conventional controller(FOPID,PID-SMC)and proposed ANFIS based SMC-FOPID control-lers are compared and analyzed the performance indices.

Determination of AVR System PID Controller Parameters Using Improved Variants of Reptile Search Algorithm and a Novel Objective Function

Two novel improved variants of reptile search algorithm(RSA),RSA with opposition-based learning(ORSA)and hybrid ORSA with pattern search(ORSAPS),are proposed to determine the proportional,integral,and derivative(PID)controller parameters of an automatic voltage regulator(AVR)system using a novel objective function with augmented flexibility.In the proposed algorithms,the opposition-based learning technique improves the global search abilities of the original RSA algorithm,while the hybridization with the pattern search(PS)algorithm improves the local search abilities.Both algorithms are compared with the original RSA algorithm and have shown to be highly effective algorithms for tuning the PID controller parameters of an AVR system by getting superior results.Several analyses such as transient,stability,robustness,disturbance rejection,and trajectory tracking are conducted to test the performance of the proposed algorithms,which have validated the good promise of the proposed methods for controller designs.The performances of the proposed design approaches are also compared with the previously reported PID controller parameter tuning approaches to assess their success.It is shown that both proposed approaches obtain excellent and robust results among all compared ones.That is,with the adjustment of the weight factorα,which is introduced by the proposed objective function,for a system with high bandwitdh(α=1),the proposed ORSAPS-PID system has 2.08%more bandwidth than the proposed ORSA-PID system and 5.1%faster than the fastest algorithm from the literature.On the other hand,for a system where high phase and gain margins are desired(α=10),the proposed ORSA-PID system has 0.53%more phase margin and 2.18%more gain margin than the proposed ORSAPS-PID system and has 0.71%more phase margin and 2.25%more gain margin than the best performing algorithm from the literature.

Application of single neuron adaptive PID controller during the process of timber drying

The paper presents a method of using single neuron adaptive PID control for adjusting system or servo system to implement timber drying process control, which combines the thought of parameter adaptive PID control and the character of neural network on exactly describing nonlinear and uncertainty dynamic process organically. The method implements functions of adaptive and self-learning by adjusting weighting parameters. Adaptive neural network can make some output trail given hoping value to decouple in static state. The simulation result indicates the validity, veracity and robustness of the method used in the timber drying process

ADRC FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER DESIGN OF HYPERSONIC FLIGHT VEHICLE

Active disturbance rejection controller（ADRC）uses tracking-differentiator（TD）to solve the contradiction between the overshoot and the rapid nature.Fractional order proportion integral derivative（PID）controller improves the control quality and expands the stable region of the system parameters.ADRC fractional order（ADRFO）PID controller is designed by combining ADRC with the fractional order PID and applied to reentry attitude control of hypersonic vehicle.Simulation results show that ADRFO PID controller has better control effect and greater stable region for the strong nonlinear model of hypersonic flight vehicle under the influence of external disturbance,and has stronger robustness against the perturbation in system parameters.

采摘机器人机械手避障方法研究——基于遗传优化和模糊PID控制器

为了提高采摘机器人机械手移动的自动化程度,使其在移动过程中有效避开障碍物,将基于PID控制器的避障系统引入到了机械手的设计上,并采用遗传算法和模糊算法对控制器进行了优化,提高了机械手移动的准确性和平稳性。模拟采摘机器人机械手的作业环境,对机械手的避障功能进行了测试,结果表明:机械手可以成功躲避障碍物,且采用遗传和模糊算法优化的机械手具有更高的移动平稳性,对于提高果实采摘效率和质量具有重要的作用。

基于PID的ROV运动控制仿真

针对观察型水下机器人在水下运动时易受暗流、波浪影响,造成操控困难、系统稳定性差等问题,建立遥控水下机器人(Remotely Operated Vehicle,ROV)不同运动的控制模型,考虑电机和导管螺旋桨推进器的传递函数对ROV控制系统的影响,确定定艏向和定深控制系统的闭环传递函数,结合模糊控制和比例积分微分(Proportional Integral Differential,PID)控制法,得到模糊PID控制器,基于MATLAB/Simulink环境进行ROV定深度运动仿真和ROV水平面艏向定偏角运动仿真。结果表明,与传统PID控制相比,模糊PID控制具有更优的ROV定艏向和定深度控制效果,不会发生超调现象,在抗干扰能力和响应速度方面具有明显的优势,可有效地实现ROV定艏向和定深度运动控制。

基于遗传算法的汽车主动悬架变论域模糊PID控制

针对1/4车主动悬架系统,提出一种基于遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)的变论域模糊比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential,PID)控制方法.在建立主动悬架系统模型的基础上,引入变论域思想设计模糊PID控制器.为进一步改善控制器减振效果,采用GA来优化变论域中伸缩因子描述函数的参数.结果表明:相比PID、模糊PID与未优化的变论域模糊PID等控制方法,基于GA的变论域模糊PID控制方法在降低车身垂向加速度、改善乘坐舒适性方面具有优越性;所提控制方法对簧载质量和车辆行驶速度不确定性具备较强的鲁棒性.

基于模糊神经网络PID的煤矿掘进机俯仰控制研究

目前煤矿掘进机俯仰控制主要采用PID控制方法,在掘进机俯仰控制时变性与液压系统非线性情况下的控制精度不高。掘进机俯仰控制通过控制液压缸行程实现,将传统PID算法与模糊控制、神经网络等相结合,可有效提高液压缸行程控制精度。提出了一种基于模糊神经网络PID的煤矿掘进机俯仰控制方法。通过分析掘进机支撑部运动学关系,得到俯仰角与支撑部液压缸的数学关系;介绍了掘进机俯仰控制液压系统工作原理,建立了液压系统及其传递函数模型;将模糊控制与神经网络相结合,形成模糊神经网络,利用模糊神经网络优化PID控制参数,再结合支撑机构数学模型和液压系统传递函数模型,建立掘进机俯仰角模糊神经网络PID控制模型,实现煤矿掘进机俯仰机构自动精确控制。该方法可使掘进机俯仰机构更加快速、准确到达预设位置,解决掘进机俯仰控制中的时变性与非线性难题。仿真结果表明:模糊神经网络PID控制算法相较于模糊PID和PID控制算法,跟踪误差分别降低了69.34%和74.49%。通过液压缸位移控制模拟煤矿掘进机在突变工况和跟随工况下的俯仰控制,结果表明:模糊神经网络PID控制算法相比模糊PID和PID控制算法,俯仰控制跟踪误差最小,对位置信号的平均响应时间分别缩短了27.22%和50.33%,动态控制性能更好。

基于单片机和PID算法的温度智能控制系统设计

为提高温度控制的智能化水平,设计一种智能温度控制系统。该系统以STC89C52单片机为控制器,采用PID算法控制温度,具有语音播报和手机远程控制等功能。采用DS18B20温度传感器采集环境温度;设计LCD12864显示电路实时显示当前温度、温度上下限以及温度状态;设计WT588D语音提醒电路,当测量温度小于下限或大于上限时发出语音提醒;设计按键电路实现温度上下限值的设定;设计蓝牙通信电路,与手机APP通信,实现远程控制;采用PID算法输出控制量,控制固态继电器驱动加热或降温装置,实现温度控制。其次,对温度控制系统的硬件和软件进行设计,并制作实物进行运行测试。实验结果表明,所设计的温度控制系统能够很好地实现温度控制,从而达到预期效果,且操作方便、成本低,具有较强的应用价值。

“自动控制原理”课程思政教学探讨——以PID控制教学为例

随着信息技术的飞速发展及在各行各业的深入渗透,高校教学过程中越来越多的专业开设了控制类课程。“自动控制原理”是自动化类专业的核心基础课程,也是武汉大学全校公共专业基础平台课,受众面十分广泛。通过主要阐述经典控制理论PID控制器中体现的系统思想,通过剖析PID控制的物理内涵,润物无声地融入思政元素,将控制理论内在的技术哲学自然融入专业课程教学,在传授知识的同时进行价值引领,切实提升立德树人成效。

采用改进BP-PID控制的机器人避障仿真研究

针对移动机器人避障过程中行驶路径长、寻路速度慢等问题,提出了一种改进反向传播-比例-积分-微分(BP-PID)控制器,并对移动机器人避障效果进行仿真验证。利用移动机器人在二维坐标系的避障简图,得出了移动机器人运动方程式。引用比例-积分-微分(PID)控制器和3层BP神经网络结构,利用BP神经网络的学习能力调整PID控制器参数。引用粒子群算法进行改进,通过改进粒子群算法在线优化BP-PID控制器,确保移动机器人BP-PID控制器收敛于全局最优值,从而使移动机器人避障效果更好。在不同环境中,采用Matlab软件对移动机器人避障效果进行仿真,比较改进前和改进后的移动机器人避障效果。结果显示:在不同环境中,改进前和改进后的BP-PID控制器均能使移动机器人安全地躲避障碍物;但是采用改进的粒子群算法优化BP-PID控制器,可以使移动机器人运动路径更短,迭代次数更少,搜索时间更短。采用改进BP-PID控制器,能够提高移动机器人避障过程中寻路速度,缩短行驶路径,效果更好。

基于模糊PID控制算法的温度控制系统

本文指出现代的工业生产环境下,由于控制目标的复杂性、动态特征和不可预测的特点,使得传统的PID控制无法满足控制要求。在使用PID技术来调节电锅的温度控制的背景下,将模糊控制与传统控制技术相结合,通过设计模糊控制器的结构、制定模糊控制规则,对PID的参数进行自动调整。结果表明模糊PID控制算法的控制优势显著提升。

基于PLC的立根自动输送系统的PID同步控制设计

针对陆地立根输送系统,为在输送的第二阶段能够将钻具输送至方便吊卡吊取和工人操作的合适位置和角度,并解决两个液压支撑臂对输送臂同步举升的问题,设计了一种基于PLC的立根输送系统的PID同步控制系统。首先,介绍立根输送装置各部分(坡道、底座、输送臂、液压辅助装置、送钻小车和液压绞车)的原理和工作过程。其次,根据目标功能,选择西门子S7-200 smartPLC进行控制系统设计,采用电液控制相结合的方式完成输送系统的功能设计,同时运用PID实现同步控制,运用变频器控制送钻装置实现多段速控制,完成程序的设计接线。最后,对PID程序进行组态调试,并设计控制面板。结果表明自动化控制下的陆地立根输送系统更加安全稳定,自动化程度进一步得到提高,钻具输送效率大大提高。

基于模糊-遗传算法的粗纱机出料传动系统PID参数优化方法

目前常规的粗纱机出料传动系统PID参数优化方法主要通过结合被控对象的稳态增益情况构建出优化函数,实现PID参数优化整合,忽略了实际运行工况下的干扰成分,导致参数优化效果不佳。对此,提出基于模糊-遗传算法的粗纱机出料传动系统PID参数优化方法。首先结合PID的系统阶跃响应曲线,以被控量的偏差变化率作为主要参数选取性能指标;然后通过引入负荷扰动模块以及频率干扰模块,对PID调节模块进行建模分析;最后结合模糊-遗传算法对最优适应度值进行求解,从而实现PID参数的有效优化,并对提出的方法进行优化效果检验。最终测试结果表明,采用提出的方法对PID参数进行优化整合时,控制输出曲线与理论输出曲线的拟合程度更高,具备较为理想的优化效果。

基于变论域模糊PID的金属热处理过程温度控制方法

为高效且安全地提取金属合金内的可用材质并分析其性能,利用变论域模糊PID技术,实现对热处理过程的温度控制。设定在金属规则状态不变的情况下,论域会随着偏差的缩减出现伸缩,即需要增添新的规则。若偏差率能够支持模糊量化取整,控制器的伸缩因子可能会陷入无法取值的情况。此时,通过二元函数分片双一次插值法计算伸缩因子,在临近分档之间填充新规则,确保伸缩因子取值的连续性。然后,在模糊PID控制过程中加入变论域,依靠控制器实现对金属热处理过程温度的控制。根据实验验证情况可知:该方法有效提高了控制效果,在应用该方法后,缩短了温度控制时间,在100s内就可以是加热温度到达拟定值。

基于BPNN-PID控制策略的果蔬保鲜环境参数调控优化

【目的】开发新的控制策略,用于解决传统控制方法果蔬保鲜环境参数因时变性、非线性、滞后性强和惯性大等特点导致的控制精度低、鲁棒性弱等问题。【方法】将传统比例−积分−微分(Proportional-integral-derivative,PID)和BP神经网络(Back-propagation neural network,BPNN)算法相结合,开发一种基于BPNN-PID的控制策略,通过自主搭建的果蔬保鲜环境调控试验平台和自主设计的控制系统,研究不同控制策略对保鲜环境参数调控效果的影响。【结果】基于BPNN-PID控制策略的果蔬保鲜环境控制系统,环境温度超调量为1.7℃、稳定时间为80 min、稳态误差为±0.2℃,环境相对湿度超调量为2.8%、稳定时间为55 min,相对湿度稳定维持在80%~90%范围内。与传统PID控制策略相比,BPNN-PID控制策略环境温度超调量减小了2.1℃、稳态误差减小了0.3℃、稳定时间缩短了25 min,环境相对湿度超调量减小了2.2%、稳定时间缩短了25 min,环境参数波动幅度均有所降低。【结论】本文开发的果蔬保鲜环境控制系统呈现出良好的动态调整能力,具有较强的鲁棒性,控制性能明显提升,实现了保鲜环境参数的精准控制,满足果蔬保鲜贮藏要求。研究结果为果蔬保鲜环境参数调控提供了参考。

基于粒子群优化模糊PID控制的水厂加氯系统

水厂加氯过程具有非线性、大时滞等特点,采用传统的PID控制方式难以实现消毒剂精准投加。因此,以某采用次氯酸钠消毒系统的水厂为例,首先通过分析该水厂加氯系统工作原理,结合工程经验和运行数据确定了加氯过程的近似数学模型。然后综合使用粒子群优化算法、模糊控制算法和PID控制算法,设计了一种粒子群优化模糊PID控制器,并利用MATLAB软件搭建了粒子群优化模糊PID控制系统和传统PID控制系统的模型进行仿真验证,结果表明:相较于传统PID控制系统,粒子群优化模糊PID控制系统的超调量减少了89.36%,调节时间减少了46.63%,其抗干扰能力也更强,系统整体控制效果有了较大提升。最后使用基于粒子群优化的模糊PID控制法对水厂加氯控制系统进行改造,试运行后发现,新系统控制效果良好,出厂水游离氯值能够稳定在设定值附近。