Optimizing PID controller parameters for robust automatic voltage regulator system through indirect design approach-2

Automatic voltage regulators(AVR)are designed to manipulate a synchronous generator’s voltage level automatically.Proportional integral derivative(PID)controllers are typically used in AVR systems to regulate voltage.Although advanced PID tuning methods have been proposed,the actual voltage response differs from the theoretical predictions due to modeling errors and system uncertainties.This requires continuous fine tuning of the PID parameters.However,manual adjustment of these parameters can compromise the stability and robustness of the AVR system.This study focuses on the online self-tuning of PID controllers called indirect design approach-2(IDA-2)in AVR systems while preserving robustness.In particular,we indirectly tune the PID controller by shifting the frequency response.The new PID parameters depend on the frequency-shifting constant and the previously optimized PID parameters.Adjusting the frequency-shifting constant modifies all the PID parameters simultaneously,thereby improving the control performance and robustness.We evaluate the robustness of the proposed online PID tuning method by comparing the gain margins(GMs)and phase margins(PMs)with previously optimized PID parameters during parameter uncertainties.The proposed method is further evaluated in terms of disturbance rejection,measurement noise,and frequency response analysis during parameter uncertainty calculations against existing methods.Simulations show that the proposed method significantly improves the robustness of the controller in the AVR system.In summary,online self-tuning enables automated PID parameter adjustment in an AVR system,while maintaining stability and robustness.

Design of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller for an Automatic Generation Control of Multi-area Power Thermal Systems Using Firefly Algorithm

Essentially, it is significant to supply the consumer with reliable and sufficient power. Since, power quality is measured by the consistency in frequency and power flow between control areas. Thus, in a power system operation and control,automatic generation control(AGC) plays a crucial role. In this paper, multi-area(Five areas: area 1, area 2, area 3, area 4 and area 5) reheat thermal power systems are considered with proportional-integral-derivative(PID) controller as a supplementary controller. Each area in the investigated power system is equipped with appropriate governor unit, turbine with reheater unit, generator and speed regulator unit. The PID controller parameters are optimized by considering nature bio-inspired firefly algorithm(FFA). The experimental results demonstrated the comparison of the proposed system performance(FFA-PID)with optimized PID controller based genetic algorithm(GAPID) and particle swarm optimization(PSO) technique(PSOPID) for the same investigated power system. The results proved the efficiency of employing the integral time absolute error(ITAE) cost function with one percent step load perturbation(1 % SLP) in area 1. The proposed system based FFA achieved the least settling time compared to using the GA or the PSO algorithms, while, it attained good results with respect to the peak overshoot/undershoot. In addition, the FFA performance is improved with the increased number of iterations which outperformed the other optimization algorithms based controller.

Application of single neuron adaptive PID controller during the process of timber drying

The paper presents a method of using single neuron adaptive PID control for adjusting system or servo system to implement timber drying process control, which combines the thought of parameter adaptive PID control and the character of neural network on exactly describing nonlinear and uncertainty dynamic process organically. The method implements functions of adaptive and self-learning by adjusting weighting parameters. Adaptive neural network can make some output trail given hoping value to decouple in static state. The simulation result indicates the validity, veracity and robustness of the method used in the timber drying process

ADRC FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER DESIGN OF HYPERSONIC FLIGHT VEHICLE

Active disturbance rejection controller（ADRC）uses tracking-differentiator（TD）to solve the contradiction between the overshoot and the rapid nature.Fractional order proportion integral derivative（PID）controller improves the control quality and expands the stable region of the system parameters.ADRC fractional order（ADRFO）PID controller is designed by combining ADRC with the fractional order PID and applied to reentry attitude control of hypersonic vehicle.Simulation results show that ADRFO PID controller has better control effect and greater stable region for the strong nonlinear model of hypersonic flight vehicle under the influence of external disturbance,and has stronger robustness against the perturbation in system parameters.

Application study of digital PID controller in cockpit temperature auto-regulating system

Aiming at the inherent blemish existi ng currently in airplane cockpit temperature regulating system,a digital temperatu re auto-regulating design scheme of the system is put forward,namely,a digita l proportional-integral-derivative(PID) controller used for temperature contr ol is designed.And then it is applied in airpl ane cockpit temperature regulating system by adopting the way of cascade control.Experiment results indicate that the design scheme is reasonable and practical.

基于PID切换控制的弹道修正引信滚转角控制方法

为解决弹道修正引信在修正过程中弹体受力变化较大引起的模型非线性问题,为保证滚转角控制算法的有效控制范围可有效覆盖整个修正控制过程,采用了基于动压变化的位置-速度双闭环比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential,PID)切换控制算法.在传统PID控制算法基础上引入切换控制,将PID控制系统设计成子系统,依靠引信动力学模型与动压之间的关联,以动压为切换信号制定切换规则将多个PID控制系统串联,拓宽了滚转角控制系统的有效控制范围.结合理论分析与仿真验证,结果表明:在整个弹道修正控制过程中定位精度在0.25°以内,响应时间小于0.3 s,验证了基于动压变化的PID切换控制算法对非线性的引信滚转角控制模型、持续滚转角控制的可行性.

轿车行驶过程中专家PID Controller的应用

介绍了在轿车行驶过程中专家PID控制器的设计,得到模拟结果与传统PID控制进行了对比,说明专家PID控制有更小的超调量,且精度较高,并有很好的实用性。

基于模糊PID控制的拖拉机遥控转向系统研究

由于拖拉机实际作业环境较为恶劣,为保证驾驶员的安全,提出了一种拖拉机遥控转向系统的设计方案。首先,对拖拉机现有的液压转向系统进行了分析,并提出了遥控转向系统的结构设计和控制策略设计;然后,通过AMEsim和Simulink分别搭建了遥控转向系统的液压部分模型和模糊PID控制器并进行了联合仿真实验。实验结果表明:设计的遥控转向系统能够实现拖拉机的转向,模糊PID控制器相对于常规PID控制器的控制效果更好,阶跃响应时间由1.49 s缩短到1.07 s,正弦跟踪响应最大误差由0.028 m缩短到0.015 m,抗干扰性也更强。

PID Controller Optimization by GA and Its Performances on the Electro-hydraulic Servo Control System

A proportional integral derivative （PID） controller is designed and attached to electro-hydraulic servo actuator system （EHSAS） to control the angular position of the rotary actuator which control the movable surface of space vehicles. The PID gain parameters are optimized by the genetic algorithm （GA）. The controller is verified on the new state-space model of servo-valves attached to the physical rotary actuator by SIMULINK program. The controller and the state-space model are verified experimentally. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the PID controller adaptive by GA to control the angular position of the rotary actuator as compared with the classical PID controller and the compensator controller.

Design of PID controller with incomplete derivation based on differential evolution algorithm

To determine the optimal or near optimal parameters of PID controller with incomplete derivation, a novel design method based on differential evolution （DE） algorithm is presented. The controller is called DE-PID controller. To overcome the disadvantages of the integral performance criteria in the frequency domain such as IAE, ISE, and ITSE, a new performance criterion in the time domain is proposed. The optimization procedures employing the DE algorithm to search the optimal or near optimal PID controller parameters of a control system are demonstrated in detail. Three typical control systems are chosen to test and evaluate the adaptation and robustness of the proposed DE-PID controller. The simulation results show that the proposed approach has superior features of easy implementation, stable convergence characteristic, and good computational efficiency. Compared with the ZN, GA, and ASA, the proposed design method is indeed more efficient and robust in improving the step response of a control system.

Design and Robust Performance Evaluation of a Fractional Order PID Controller Applied to a DC Motor

This paper proposes a methodology for the quantitative robustness evaluation of PID controllers employed in a DC motor. The robustness analysis is performed employing a 2~3 factorial experimental design for a fractional order proportional integral and derivative controller(FOPID), integer order proportional integral and derivative controller(IOPID)and the Skogestad internal model control controller(SIMC). The factors assumed in experiment are the presence of random noise,external disturbances in the system input and variable load. As output variables, the experimental design employs the system step response and the controller action. Practical implementation of FOPID and IOPID controllers uses the MATLAB stateflow toolbox and a NI data acquisition system. Results of the robustness analysis show that the FOPID controller has a better performance and robust stability against the experiment factors.

Self-adaptive PID controller of microwave drying rotary device tuning on-line by genetic algorithms

The control design, based on self-adaptive PID with genetic algorithms(GA) tuning on-line was investigated, for the temperature control of industrial microwave drying rotary device with the multi-layer(IMDRDWM) and with multivariable nonlinear interaction of microwave and materials. The conventional PID control strategy incorporated with optimization GA was put forward to maintain the optimum drying temperature in order to keep the moisture content below 1%, whose adaptation ability included the cost function of optimization GA according to the output change. Simulations on five different industrial process models and practical temperature process control system for selenium-enriched slag drying intensively by using IMDRDWM were carried out systematically, indicating the reliability and effectiveness of control design. The parameters of proposed control design are all on-line implemented without iterative predictive calculations, and the closed-loop system stability is guaranteed, which makes the developed scheme simpler in its synthesis and application, providing the practical guidelines for the control implementation and the parameter design.

Application of PID controller to 2D differential geometric guidance problem

This paper presents the application of the proportional-integral-derivative （PID） controller to the flight control system （FCS） for two-dimensional （2D） differential geometric （DG） guidance and control problem. In particular, the performance of the designed FCS is investigated. To this end, the commanded angle-of-attack is firstly developed in the time domain using the classical DG formulations. Then, the classical PID controller is introduced to develop a FCS so as to form the 2D DG guidance and control system, and the PID controller parameters are determined by the Ziegler-Nichols method as well as the Routh-Hurwitz stability algorithm to guarantee the convergence of the system error. The results demonstrate that the designed controller yields a fast responding system, and the resulting DG guidance and control system is viable and effective in a realistic missile defense engagement.

Design of PID controller with incomplete derivation based on ant system algorithm

A new and intelligent design method for PID controller with incomplete derivation is proposed based on the ant system algorithm ( ASA) . For a given control system with this kind of PID controller, a group of optimal PID controller parameters K p * , T i * , and T d * can be obtained by taking the overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error of the system's unit step response as the performance indexes and by use of our improved ant system algorithm. K p * , T i * , and T d * can be used in real-time control. This kind of controller is called the ASA-PID controller with incomplete derivation. To verify the performance of the ASA-PID controller, three different typical transfer functions were tested, and three existing typical tuning methods of PID controller parameters, including the Ziegler-Nichols method (ZN),the genetic algorithm (GA),and the simulated annealing (SA), were adopted for comparison. The simulation results showed that the ASA-PID controller can be used to control different objects and has better performance compared with the ZN-PID and GA-PID controllers, and comparable performance compared with the SA-PID controller.

Improved single-neuron PID controller for DC motor applied in robot system

An improved single-neuron proportional integral derivative （ PID ） controller and a new method to build the DC motor system were presented in the article. In the simulation, the robot arm is considered as an external load to DC motor. Both the motor module and the load module are crea- ted in Simulink to achieve simulation results closer to real robot system. In this way, it can well veri- fy the performance of the improved single-neuron PID controller, which is a combined controller of normal PID controller and single-neuron PID controller. Besides, an intelligent switcher can help to realize the function of choosing a better control algorithm according to motor＇ s velocity output. Sim- ulated results confirm the rapid and stable response of the improved PID controller. Moreover, the improved single-neuron PID controller has an excellent ability to overcome the load impact and su- press the jamming signals. At last, a GUI interface platform is built to make the controller easier to be applied in other robot systems.

Design and Experimental Evaluation of PID Controller for Digital Electro-Pneumatic Cabin Pressure Control System

The performance of the designed digital electro-pneumatic cabin pressure control system for the cabin pressure schedule of transport aircraft is investigated.For the purpose of this study,an experimental setup consisting of a simulated hermetic cabin and altitude simulation chamber is configured for cabin pressure control system operation.A series of experimental tests are executed to evaluate the performance of the cabin pressure control system.The parameters of the PID controller are optimized.In the optimization process,the variation regularity of the rate of cabin pressure change under various conditions is considered.An approach to prioritize the control of the rate of change of cabin pressure based on the flight status model is proposed and verified experimentally.The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can be adopted for the designed digital electro-pneumatic cabin pressure control system to obtain a better cabin pressure schedule and rate of cabin pressure change.

Tuning of fuzzy PID controller for Smith predictor

An analytical tuning method was proposed for fuzzy PID controller used in Smith predictor in order to extend its application and improve its robustness. The fuzzy PID controller was expressed as a sliding mode control. Based on Lyapunov theory, Smith predictor was analyzed in time domain. The parameters of the fuzzy PID controller can be obtained using traditional linear control theory and sliding mode control theory. The simulation experiments were implemented. The simulation results show that the control performance, robustness and stability of the fuzzy PID controller are better than those of the PID controller in Smith predictor.

Fuzzy-GA PID controller with incomplete derivation and its application to intelligent bionic artificial leg

An optimal PID controller with incomplete derivation is proposed based on fuzzy inference and the geneticalgorithm, which is called the fuzzy-GA PID controller with incomplete derivation. It consists of the off-line part andthe on-line part. In the off-line part, by taking the overshoot, rise time, and settling time of system unit step re-sponse as the performance indexes and by using the genetic algorithm, a group of optimal PID parameters K*p , Ti* ,and Tj are obtained, which are used as the initial values for the on-line tuning of PID parameters. In the on-linepart, based on K; , Ti* , and T*d and according to the current system error e and its time derivative, a dedicatedprogram is written, which is used to optimize and adjust the PID parameters on line through a fuzzy inference mech-anism to ensure that the system response has optimal dynamic and steady-state performance. The controller has beenused to control the D. C. motor of the intelligent bionic artificial leg designed by the authors. The result of computersimulation shows that this kind of optimal PID controller has excellent control performance and robust performance.

Attitude Control of a Quadrotor with Optimized PID Controller

A new approach to control, stabilization and disturbance rejection of attitude subsystem of quadrotor is presented in this article. Analytical method is used to tune conventional structure of PID controller. SISO approach is implemented for control structure to achieve desired objectives. The performance of the designed control structure is evaluated through time domain factors such as overshoot, settling time and integral error index, and robustness. A comparison is done between designed controller and back-step controller applied to main model of quadrotor. The results of simulation show the effectiveness of designed control scheme.

Design of speed controller for electronic fuel injection gasoline generator based on feed-forward PID control

As for the application of electronic fuel injection （EFI） system to small gasoline generator set, mechanical speed controller cannot be coupled with EFI system and has the shortcomings of lagged regulation and poor accuracy, a feed-forward control strategy based on load combined with proportional-integral-differential （PID） control strategy was proposed, and a digital speed controller applied to the electrical control system was designed. The detailed control strategy of the controller was intro- duced. The hardware design for the controller and the key circuits of motor driving, current sampling and angular signal captu- ring were given, and software architecture was discussed. Combined with a gasoline generator set mounted with EFI system, the controller parameters were tuned and optimized empirically by hardware in loop and bench test methods. Test results show that the speed deviation of generator set is low and the control system is stable in steady state; In transient state the control system responses quickly, has high stability under mutation loads especially when suddenly apply and remove 100% load, the speed deviation is within 8% of reference speed and the transient time is less than 5 s, satisfying the ISO standard.