Effect Models of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Formulation in Banana

[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer ＂3414＂ test was carried out on banana,and then regression analysis was performed on the fertilizer effect.Ternary quadratic,binary quadric and one-variable quadratic regression equations for the fertilizer effect on the banana yield were constructed.[Result]Suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer had significant yield improving effect,whereas overdose of fertilizer application led to decreasing of utilization rate of fertilizer.Therefore,suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer should be selected in production.It could be concluded that one-variable quadratic regression equations was the best model to calculate the suitable fertilizer amount.The best yield range of banana in the tested field was 44.193-45.904 t/hm2,while the corresponding optimum application amount of N,P2O5 and K2O was 795.1,262.3 and 1 236.9 kg/hm2 respectively,and the ratio among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium are 1∶0.33∶1.55.[Conclusion]The result in this study could provide references for the soil types similar to the tested field.

Effects of Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium Combined Fertilization on Rice Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Jianghan Plain

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the rational formula for rice fertilization in Jianghan Plain.[Methods]An experiment on the combined application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was carried out in Jianghan Plain,an important rice producing area in Hubei,with a total of five treatments to study the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the fertilizer use efficiency and yield of rice.[Results]Fertilization had a significant effect on improving rice yield,and nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest effect on rice yield,followed by potassium fertilizer and phosphorous fertilizer.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for the application of rice fertilizers and the reduction and efficiency improvement of chemical fertilizers in Jianghan Plain.

Effects of different ration of NPK fertilizer on the grain yield and protein content in forage rice

Different ratios of NPK were adopted in this research to study its effects on the objective traits of 2 early forage-rice varieties, and to obtain the optimum ratio to further improve the application technique in theory. At the same time, the possibility of increasing yield and protein content in the grain through cultivation technique was also studied. The conclusions were：

Effect of Fertilizer Application on the Yield of Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the fertilization ratio of walnut, so as to provide a basis for rational fertilization of walnut. [Methods] Under the condition of gravelly yellow soil in Chaotian District, Guangyuan City, the orthogonal design of L_9(3~4) was used to test the fertilization ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. [Results] The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on walnut yield ranked as phosphate fertilizer>potassium fertilizer>nitrogen fertilizer. The different treatments had great effects on the yield of walnut, and for the land with gravelly yellow soil, the suitable annual fertilization amount of walnut was urea 1 200 g/plant + calcium superphosphate 1 500 g/plant + potassium sulfate 940 g/plant. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for rational fertilization of walnut in Sichuan Province.

我国梨主产区氮磷钾配比施肥与产量的关系研究

为探析我国梨主产区通过氮磷钾施肥配比,在CNKI相关文献的基础上,对我国主要梨产区梨园氮磷钾配施情况与产量进行相关性分析,并建立产量模型。结果表明,我国梨果主产区梨园氮磷钾肥平均配比为1∶0.66∶0.66,平均产量为31.66 t/hm^(2)。华北、长江流域、西北、黄河故道等4大梨产区梨园氮磷钾肥平均配比分别为1∶0.62∶0.79、1∶0.57∶0.85、1∶0.81∶0.32、1∶0.56∶0.79,平均产量分别为42.85、31.58、15.78、38.76 t/hm^(2)。产量模型分析表明,我国梨果主产区氮磷钾各因素对产量的贡献度为K>P>N,各因素交互效应对产量的贡献度表现为P×K>N×K>N×P。4大梨产区氮磷钾各因素对产量的贡献度分别为K>N>P、P>N>K、K>N>P、N>P>K,各因素交互效应对产量的贡献度分别为N×P>N×K>P×K、N×P>N×K>P×K、N×P>N×K>P×K、N×K>P×K>N×P。可见影响我国各产区梨树产量的因素并不相同,肥料的投入也不相同,华北梨产区、长江流域梨产区、黄河故道梨产区侧重于氮、钾投入,而西北梨产区侧重于氮、磷投入,这与各地区的施肥习惯和土壤养分具有一定的关系。因此,在梨树栽培中应充分考虑当地土壤肥力因素进行配比施肥,以有效提高梨树产量。

Spatiotemporal Changes in Soil Nutrients:A Case Study in Taihu Region of China

The accurate assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in soil nutrients influenced by agricultural production provides the basis for development of management strategies to maintain soil fertility and balance soil nutrients. In this paper, we combined spatial measurements from 2 157 soil samples and geostatistical analysis to assess the spatiotemporal changes in soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, available phosphorus （AP） and available potassium content （AK） from the first soil survey （in the 1980s） to the second soil survey （in the 2000s） in the Taihu region of Jiangsu Province in China. The results showed that average soil nutrients in three soil types all exhibited the increased levels in the 2000s （except for AK in the yellow brown soil）. The standard deviation of soil nutrient contents increased （except for TN in the paddy soil）. Agricultural production in the 20 years led to increases in SOC, TN, AP and AK by 74, 82, 89 and 65%, respectively, of the Taihu areas analyzed. From the 1980s to 2000s all the nugget/sill ratios of soil nutrients indices were between 25 and 75% （except for AK in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s）, indicating moderate spatial dependence. The ratio of AP in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s was 88.74%, showing weak spatial dependence. The spatial correlation range values for SOC, TN, AP and AK in the 2000s all decreased. The main areas showing declines in SOC, TN and AP were in the northwest. For AK, the main region with declining levels was in the east and middle of western areas. Apparently, the increase in soil nutrients in the Taihu region can be mainly attributed to the large increase in fertilizer inputs, change in crop systems and enhanced residues management since the 1980s. Future emphasis should be placed on avoiding excess fertilizer inputs and balancing the effects of the fertilizers in soils.

配方施肥对华北落叶松叶枝根及土壤氮磷钾及计量比的影响

【目的】探究配方施肥对华北落叶松针叶、枝条、细根及土壤氮磷钾含量及计量比的影响及相关关系,为华北落叶松高效施肥技术提供理论参考。【方法】本研究以32年生的华北落叶松为试验材料,采用N、P、K三因素三水平正交试验L9(34),以不施肥为空白(CK),分析配方施肥对华北落叶松针叶、枝条、细根及土壤氮磷钾含量及计量比的影响。【结果】1)与CK相比,各施肥处理显著促进华北落叶松的生长,树高和胸径的增长量均在处理T6达到峰值,高出CK 95%、156%;各施肥处理显著提高土壤TN、TP、TK含量(P<0.05),分别以处理T8、T9和T6效果最佳,增加了91.1%、28.5%、4.3%。2)各施肥处理均能有效提高细根N、P、K含量、枝条N、P含量、针叶N含量,而降低针叶P、K含量和枝条K含量,且各处理与CK间差异显著(P<0.05)。3)氮磷钾配比施肥对各器官及土壤的化学计量比具有显著影响(P<0.05),其中各器官及土壤N∶P<14,针叶、枝及土壤中N∶K<2.1、K∶P>3.4,而细根相反。(4)相关性分析表明:土壤与细根养分含量之间呈显著负相关(P<0.05)、与针叶N含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);针叶和枝条的P、K含量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),枝条和细根的N、P、K含量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。5)方差分析结果表明:氮是肥料3因素中影响华北落叶松各器官及土壤养分含量的主要因素;多重比较表明:氮素水平对华北落叶松各器官及土壤养分含量均产生显著影响,磷和钾素水平对各指标显著性影响不同;主成分分析表明:适宜改善华北落叶松各器官及土壤养分含量的最佳氮磷钾配施方案为N2P3K1(N 352.52 g·株-1、P 1621.58 g·株-1、K 86.48 g·株-1)。【结论】华北落叶松针叶、枝条及土壤的养分变化主要受到N和P的限制,细根受到N和K的限制;施肥能够改善华北落叶松生长环境的养分含量,该研究结果可为华北落叶松高效施肥技术提供参考依据。

Chinese yam yield is affected by soil nutrient levels and interactions among N, P, and K fertilizers

Objective: The current fertilization methods for Chinese yam are uneconomic and unfriend to environment. A rational one is very important to achieve desired balance of high yield of Chinese yam, economic and friend to environment. Here, we studied the effects of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) fertilizers on the yield of ’Qinfeng’ Chinese yam in shallow-groove directional cultivation.Methods: The experiments were conducted in Dehua County, Fujian Province, China using a "3414" optimal design. Overall, three fertilizer factors(N, P, and K) were evaluated at the following four levels: 0, no fertilizer;1, 0.5-fold the typical rate;2, typical fertilization rate;and 3, 1.5-fold the typical rate. There were 14 different fertilization treatments.Results: Treatment 6(N2P2K2) produced the longest(75.6 cm) and thickest tubers(4.9 cm) with the highest tuber fresh weight(1311.9 g) and yield(41 015.9 kg/hm2), whereas, treatment 1 produced the shortest(65.6 cm) and thinnest tubers(3.9 cm) with the lowest fresh weight(953.4 g) and yield(28 532.8 kg/hm2) among the 14 fertilizer combinations. The experimental data could be fitted to single-variable quadratic and binary quadratic models but not to a ternary quadratic polynomial model. Appropriate N, P, and K fertilizer application rates increased Chinese yam yield. However, excessive fertilization lowered the yield. Chinese yam yield was significantly and strongly correlated with the amounts of N, P, and K fertilizer applied.Conclusion: Based on the single variable quadratic and binary quadratic models, we propose that the quantities of N, P, and K fertilizer used to grow 1 hm^(2)’Qinfeng’ Chinese yam should be 360–388.3,90–100.95, and 416.3–675 kg, respectively.

基肥氮、磷、钾配施和拔节期追施氮肥对鲜食期采收糯玉米糊化特性的影响

以国家南方糯玉米区域试验对照品种苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,采用裂区设计研究了不同氮、磷、钾基肥配施和拔节期追施氮肥对鲜食期采收糯玉米糊化特性的影响。结果表明,基肥氮、磷、钾配施和拔节期追施氮肥以及两者互作均对鲜食期采收糯玉米糊化特征值有显著影响。崩解值、回复值、糊化温度受基肥氮、磷、钾配施的影响大于拔节期追施氮肥,而峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度表现相反。基肥氮、磷、钾配施处理下,氮、磷、钾肥均施时峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度、回复值较高,崩解值和糊化温度适中。随着拔节期追施氮量增加,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度、回复值、糊化温度呈先升后降趋势,崩解值逐渐降低。与渝糯7号相比,苏玉糯5号峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度、回复值和糊化温度较高,崩解值较低。相关分析结果表明,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度和回复值两两极显著正相关,且峰值黏度与崩解值正相关。综合两品种在不同肥料处理下的变化趋势,在鲜食期采收糯玉米生产中,氮、磷、钾肥均衡基施并在拔节期适量追施氮肥,有利于鲜食糯玉米糊化特性调优。

氮磷钾配比对不同肥力土壤油菜产量与经济性状的影响

为合理利用肥料,发挥品种基因型优势,促进油菜高产稳产,本研究以‘丰油10号’为试验材料,在大田条件下考查了氮磷钾配比对2种不同肥力土壤油菜产量与经济性状的影响,采用统计分析法比较分析了不同肥力土壤对施肥响应的特点与差异。结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,不同氮磷钾配比均可显著提高油菜的产量、株高、有效分枝高和主花序有效角果数,氮磷钾肥配比为15:9:6时,油菜产量及主花序有效角果数均达到最高;相同施肥处理条件下,油菜产量、千粒重、单株有效角果数、一次有效分枝数、株高、有效分枝高、主序有效段长及有效角果数均表现出随土壤肥力升高而增加的趋势,但贫瘠土壤中的油菜产量始终低于中等肥力土壤的产量水平。结果说明,土壤肥力对油菜产量与经济性状具有重要影响,平衡配施氮磷钾肥,培肥土壤肥力,保证油菜全生育期正常生长发育的养分供给,是实现油菜稳产高产的关键。

配比施肥对假苹婆幼苗叶片生理特性的影响

假苹婆Sterculia lanceolata是我国优良的园林树种,用途广泛,具有极好的观赏价值。本实验找到了适宜假苹婆幼苗生长发育的最佳施肥配比。以假苹婆为试验材料,分别采用氮、磷、钾3个因素和4个水平(纯N含量分别为0、0.9、1.8、2.7 g/株;纯P含量分别为0、1、2、3 g/株;纯K含量分别为0、0.9、1.8、2.7 g/株)的配比施肥和完全随机区组试验,分析不同施肥处理下其叶片生理特性的变化,探究适宜其生长发育的最佳施肥条件。不同配比施肥处理对假苹婆幼苗生理特性的影响显著,适当的N、P、K配施能够有效提高可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量,增强POD、SOD、NR、GS等的活性。综合分析得出,T2(N_(1)P_(2)K_(2))处理下的假苹婆幼苗生理特性表现最优,与对照(CK)相比,其可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了194.10%、105.15%;游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量分别比CK低39%、30%;POD和SOD活性分别是CK的54.70%、68.08%;NR和GS活性分别比CK高66.23%、40.06%。影响假苹婆幼苗叶片生理特性的最佳施肥处理为T2(N_(1)P_(2)K_(2)),即氮肥0.9 g/株,磷肥2 g/株,钾肥1.8 g/株。

氮磷钾配比施肥对君迁子幼树生长及生理生化特性的影响

君迁子Diospyros lotus是我国重要的经济树种之一,常用做柿D.kaki的砧木,本身也具有很高的经济价值。目前对于君迁子的施肥研究相对匮乏,管理比较盲目。为寻找适宜君迁子生长的施肥配方,以3年生君迁子幼树为试材进行土壤盆栽,采用L_(16)(4^(3))正交设计开展氮(N)磷(P)钾(K)三因素四水平(0水平为不施肥,1水平为2水平的0.5倍,2水平为常用施肥量,3水平为2水平的2倍)配比施肥试验,测定不同处理下幼树生长和生理生化指标。结果表明,氮磷钾不同配比施肥对君迁子幼树生长及生理生化指标的影响显著。对地上部生物量(干质量)的影响为K>P>N,以N_(2)P_(1)K_(3)处理最高(657.28 g)。对净光合速率影响为P>N>K,以N_(3)P_(0)K_(3)处理最高,较对照(N_(0)P_(0)K_(0))增加了44.76%。N_(3)P_(1)K_(2)处理的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量达到最高值。叶片全氮含量在低氮水平(N_(1)P_(0)K_(1))出现最高值,全磷以N_(1)P_(3)K_(2)处理最高,全钾含量以N_(2)P_(1)K_(3)处理最高。针对12项生长和生理生化指标,采用模糊隶属函数法综合评价不同处理,得出效果最佳的处理为N_(3)P_(0)K_(3),即全年株施N 11.20 g、P_(2)O_(5)0.00 g、K_(2)O 8.56 g。