Distribution Line Longitudinal ProtectionMethod Based on Virtual Measurement Current Restraint

As an effective approach to achieve the“dual-carbon”goal,the grid-connected capacity of renewable energy increases constantly.Photovoltaics are the most widely used renewable energy sources and have been applied on various occasions.However,the inherent randomness,intermittency,and weak support of grid-connected equipment not only cause changes in the original flow characteristics of the grid but also result in complex fault characteristics.Traditional overcurrent and differential protection methods cannot respond accurately due to the effects of unknown renewable energy sources.Therefore,a longitudinal protection method based on virtual measurement of current restraint is proposed in this paper.The positive sequence current data and the network parameters are used to calculate the virtual measurement current which compensates for the output current of photovoltaic(PV).The waveform difference between the virtual measured current and the terminal current for internal and external faults is used to construct the protection method.An improved edit distance algorithm is proposed to measure the similarity between virtual measurement current and terminal measurement current.Finally,the feasibility of the protection method is verified through PSCAD simulation.

Research on Protection Methods of Historic and Cultural Villages in Zhejiang Province

By the investigation of a few historical and cultural villages in Zhejiang Province,some problems during the process of protecting these villages were found,like similar construction pattern,coarse quality of construction,etc. which caused that villages were losing their characters. For this situation,the protection method of historical cultural villages was put forward,which was that to connect excavating character of different village with maintaining spatial fabrics of historical villages,and that different classes of building should have corresponding protection approach. Some advices were proposed for repairing and promoting historic and cultural elements,natural environment,and constructing infrastructure in the village,which will provide a reference for the construction of other historical and cultural villages.

Surface Protection Methods against Fretting Fatigue for TC11 Titanium Alloy

The influence of various surface coatings, including flame sprayed Cu、 plasma sprayed Cu Ni In、 exploding sprayed WC/Co Ⅰ and plasma sprayed WC/Co Ⅱ, on fretting fatigue resistance for TC11 titanium alloy at 20℃ and 500℃ is studied. The results show that the plasma sprayed WC/Co Ⅱ coating has good protection performance and makes the fretting fatigue strength of TC11 titanium alloy raise 40% at both 20℃ and 500℃. The fretting fatigue strength of TC11 alloy with Cu coating is increased about 62% at 20℃, but the protection performance at 500℃ is not so good as that at 20℃.

Theories and Methods of Landscape Architecture Heritage Protection

This paper firstly made an overview of foreign and domestic theories and methods of landscape architecture heritage protection.It studied the landscape architecture heritage from policies and regulations,investment management,talent cultivation,and popular science education.Then,it discussed problems of landscape architecture heritage protection in China:lack of legislation,weak awareness of heritage resources,overdevelopment of heritage resources,and vacancy in management and monitoring of heritage resources.Finally,it came up with recommendations that competent authorities of Chinese government should attach greater importance to heritage management,talent cultivation,and fund input,integrate with advanced management methods of developed countries,and exploring a landscape architecture heritage protection and management mode suitable for national conditions of China at levels of thought,methods,and technology.

Finite Element Method Applied to Fuse Protection Design

In a poloidal field （PF） converter module, fuse protection is of great importance to ensure the safety of the thyristors. The fuse is pre-selected in a traditional way and then verified by finite element analysis. A 3D physical model is built by ANSYS software to solve the thermal- electric coupled problem of transient process in case of external fault. The result shows that this method is feasible.

“双碳”目标下低碳农业技术发展应用条件评价及路径研究

“双碳”目标下,科学评估筛选适宜不同地域的农业减排固碳技术,并因地制宜制定低碳农业技术路径具有重要的现实意义.综合采取德尔菲法、层次分析法、多因素综合评价模型进行评价表明,种植、养殖、能源消耗3个方面42项技术中发展应用条件综合水平位于3≥Z≥2.5、 2.5>Z≥2、 2>Z≥1等3个区间的比重分别为16.67%,61.90%,21.43%,大部分技术在重庆具有较好的综合推广应用条件,其中种植方面最好;重庆低碳农业发展可采取分区分级思路,根据农业生产特点按粮食主产区、养殖集中区、生态脆弱区分区推进“双增双减”“稳能减排”“提能固碳”综合技术路径,根据技术发展应用条件水平分级优先推广位于3≥Z≥2.5区间的7项技术,以及位于2.5>Z≥2区间的26项技术.最后提出加快低碳农业技术的创新步伐、推广应用、发展环境建设等对策建议.

Optimization of Freeze-drying Protective Agents for Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS1.0391 by Response Surface Methodology

In this study, the Single Factor Test（SFT） was used to optimize the pre-freezing conditions of L. plantarum KLDS1.0391（KLDS1.0391）. Further, the Freeze-Drying Protective Agents（FDPA） of KLDS1.0391 was optimized by Response Surface Methodology（RSM）. The optimum pretreatment conditions were as the follows： initial concentration of KLDS1.0391 was 1011 CFU · m L-1 and KLDS1.0391 was pre-freezed at –80℃ for 8 h to achieve the survival rate of 46.21%. The main components of FDPA were skim milk, sucrose, sodium glutamate and Tween-80. And the influence of four factors on the survival rate of KLDS1.0391 in freeze-drying was in order as the follows： skim milk〉sucrose〉Tween-80〉sodium glutamate. The optimal FDPA composition was skim milk 11.3%, sucrose 9.8%, sodium glutamate 5.1% and Tween-80 0.2%. Under the above conditions, the survival rate of the cells was 82.98%. Comparing the predicted values, the relative error was 0.37% and the difference was not significant, which indicated that the established model could effectively reflect the actual protection of FDPA to KLDS1.0391.

Computation of Protection Zone of a Lightning Rod Using Method of Moments and Monte Carlo Integration Technique

An accurate determination of lightning protection zone is an important issue in the analysis and design of an appropri-ate lightning protection system. This paper presents a fast and accurate protection zone determination methodology for metallic lightning rod. The methodology is based on Quasi Monte Carlo Integration technique applied to Method of Moments (MoM) solution of Integral Equations. As an example, solution of the integral equation for unknown charge distribution on lightning rod is obtained. The electric field in the region surrounding the rod is then computed and the protection zone plotted accordingly. The effect of the thickness of the rod on the protection zone is also studied.

联邦学习中的攻击手段与防御机制研究综述

联邦学习的攻防技术是联邦学习系统安全的核心问题。联邦学习的攻防技术能大幅降低联邦学习系统被攻击的风险,明显提升联邦学习系统的安全性。深入了解联邦学习的攻防技术,可以推进联邦学习领域的研究,实现联邦学习的广泛应用。因此,对联邦学习的攻防技术进行研究具有十分重要的意义。简要地介绍了联邦学习的概念、基本工作流程、类型及可能存在的安全问题;介绍联邦学习系统可能遭受到的攻击,梳理了相关研究;从联邦学习系统有无目标性的防御措施出发,将防御措施分为通用性防御措施及针对性防御措施两类,并对其进行了针对性的总结;对联邦学习安全性未来的研究方向进行了梳理与分析,为相关研究者在联邦学习安全性方面的研究工作提供了参考。

Experimental Research on the Erosion Pattern and Protection Using the Extended Modelling Method

In the paper the extended modelling method with serial sands is used in an experimental research on the erosion patterns at the discharge outlet of a beach Hua-Neng power plant. The theoretical basis for the extended modelling method with serial sands is systematically presented in the paper and the method has been successfully employed in the sediment experiment of coastal works. According to the Froude Law, the model is designed to be a normal one with movable bed, the geometric scale lambda(L) = lambda(H) = 15, and three scales of sediment grain size are chosen, i.e., lambda(d1) = 0.207; lambda(d2) = 0.393; and lambda(d3) = 0.656. The median particle diameter of sea beach prototype sand d(50p) = 0.059 mm and the dis-changed water flow of the power plant is 21.7 m(3) / s. Three types of natural sea sands have been chosen as the serial modelling sands to extend the simulation of the prototype, thus replacing the conventional test in which artificial lightweight sands are used. As a result, this method can not only reduce the cost significantly, but also it is an advanced technique easy to use. Upon a series of tests, satisfactory results have been obtained.

基于可靠性的卫星服务功能链保护方法

在基于SDN架构的混合卫星网络上讨论了服务功能链(Service Function Chain,SFC)的可靠性部署问题,首先对SFC可靠性保护的问题进行描述,建立了底层网络与SFC请求模型,然后建立了网络服务功能的可靠性需求模型与低轨卫星链路的可靠性需求模型,明确了优化目标与约束条件。接着提出基于可靠性的卫星服务功能链保护方法,包括基于深度强化学习的可靠性保护算法和基于低轨卫星节点与链路可靠性备份算法。实验表明,提出的基于可靠性的卫星服务功能链保护方法能在SDN架构的混合卫星网络上提高SFC请求接受率,减少平均时延,在不同的SFC可靠性需求的条件下也保持较高的请求接受率。

人车碰撞事故中人地碰撞损伤研究进展

为了解人车碰撞事故中人地碰撞损伤的研究进展,并对可行的人地碰撞损伤防护方法做出展望。本文从人车碰撞事故特征、人体损伤评价指标、人体损伤来源、人地碰撞损伤影响因素及人地碰撞损伤防护方法5个方面回顾了已有研究成果,并对已有研究中存在的问题进行讨论,就人地碰撞防护方法的发展作出展望。人地碰撞损伤研究仍然存在许多不成熟的地方,特别是人地碰撞损伤的致伤机理和影响因素方面仍须开展深入的研究。通过回顾现有的人地碰撞损伤防护技术指出,未来可从优化车辆前部形状、安装行人安全装置以及控制车辆制动等方面来降低行人损伤风险。大部分事故中碰撞速度为中低速,而在低车速下的人地碰撞损伤不容忽视,可通过控制车辆制动降低人地碰撞损伤。此外,人地碰撞损害评价指标仍存在不足。本文可为后续更好地开展人地碰撞损伤致伤机理及防护方法的研究提供参考。

基于烧蚀机理的涂层类防热结构精细化设计方法

为了实现轻质化、低成本、精细化防热设计,提出基于烧蚀机理的涂层类防热结构精细化设计方法,使用烧蚀机理初步计算出涂层烧蚀碳层厚度,从而建立烧蚀精细化热仿真计算模型,并计算得到较为准确的防隔热仿真结果,该方法的应用可为舱段涂层防热方案论证提供科学有效的理论分析手段,指导防热方案设计,并达到降低设计成本、缩短研制周期的目的。

基于有限元法的油气田集输管网阴极保护布局优化

在利用有限元法建立外加电流阴极保护模型的基础上,借助Sobol灵敏度分析,确定了显著影响某油气田集输管网阴极保护效果的关键参数,并通过粒子群优化(PSO)算法对其系统布局进行优化。结果表明:由于外加电流阴极保护模型的模拟电位与测试桩的测定电位误差较小,故该模型能够较好地反映出油气田集输管网的电位分布现状;改变防护涂层电阻率等一阶敏感性系数较高的因素会对阴极保护效果产生较大影响,土壤电阻率、防护涂层电阻率以及管道埋深与其他参数之间可能存在明显交互作用;当利用PSO算法对油气田集输管网的阴极保护效果进行全局寻优时,该模型经过47700次粒子进化迭代后的最佳阴极保护系统有效覆盖率高达99.14%,优化效果显著。

风电场集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧与动态保护新原理

为解决风电场集电系统长期存在的线路单相接地故障处理难题,提出风电场中性点柔性接地方式,理论推导获得柔性接地风电场三序等效电路,与集电线路单相接地故障复合序网模型,建立风电场零序电压柔性调控理论,提出集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧方法,可主动将故障点电压及故障残流迅速抑制到零,实现单相接地故障电弧的可靠消除。进一步提出基于零序电流动态增量的高阻故障辨识与保护方法,通过柔性调控零序补偿电流,逐渐放大故障残流,实现永久性单相接地故障的灵敏感知与保护。利用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建含双馈异步风电机(doubly-fedinduction generator,DFIG)的规模化风电场模型,模拟多种运行与故障条件对所提方法进行验证,仿真结果表明,该方法能够在考虑系统不平衡电压的情况下精准调控集电线路故障点电压,实现瞬时性单相接地故障快速可靠消弧,动态感知并持续抑制永久性单相接地故障残流,实现集电线路高阻接地故障的灵敏保护。该技术有望提升风电场运行灵活性与故障防御能力,有力保障新能源电能外送的持续性、可靠性。

良渚古城老虎岭水坝遗址考古剖面保护研究与工程实践

良渚古城老虎岭水坝遗址是我国迄今发现最早的大型水利工程系统中的一处典型遗存,对中国文明起源和世界文明史的研究具有重要意义。为清晰地展示老虎岭水坝土遗址上“草裹泥”筑坝工艺的痕迹,针对温热、潮湿、多雨环境土遗址保护的难题,在总结吸取国内土遗址保护经验教训的基础上,借助浙江大学的研究成果和敦煌研究院的工程经验,提出了一套避免使用化学材料加固,而以“黑屋+隔水+控湿”为主的小环境控制工程策略,包括:构建遮光大棚以避雨和抑制绿色生物生长;铺设防水毯以防止坝体渗水;设置电加热玻璃罩以保湿和封闭展示面;采用气相补水以调控空气湿度和土体含水率;采用植物精油等绿色环保技术防治微生物;同时做好遗址实时监测和管护等。这套综合保护措施是土遗址保护理念和工程实践的一次新的尝试。

新型平衡舵阴极保护设计与保护效果评价

目的 针对新型平衡舵结构的电偶腐蚀薄弱区域,设计并优化牺牲阳极保护系统,并对保护效果进行评价。方法 基于边界元法,开展新型平衡舵电偶腐蚀仿真研究,分析电偶腐蚀薄弱区域。针对腐蚀薄弱区域,采用经验法设计牺牲阳极保护系统,开展服役初期和服役3 a后阴极保护效果仿真。从涂层破损率和阳极数量对阴极保护效果的影响出发,优化阴极保护系统。开展物理模型试验,对优化后阴极保护系统的保护效果进行评价。结果 电偶腐蚀主要发生在壳体和底座等支撑材料处,必须采取严格的防腐措施。采用经验法设计的牺牲阳极保护系统在服役初期可以使平衡舵保护电位均负于–800m V,处于良好的阴极保护状态。随着阳极的消耗,服役3 a后,阴极保护系统无法为平衡舵提供有效保护。涂层破损率的增加和阳极数量的减少,都会使平衡舵阴极保护电位正移。通过物理模型试验验证了优化后阴极保护模型的可靠性,对比试验结果,模型的预测误差在5%以内。结论 优化后的阴极保护方案为涂层+8块牺牲阳极,可以在服役3 a涂层破损率达20%的严苛工况下,为平衡舵提供有效阴极保护。优化后的阴极保护系统,铝阳极用量减少30%,有助于节省船舶动力。

混合边界护顶层力学模型及应用

对于直接顶板稳固性较差的矿山,通常需留设护顶层以防止直接顶板的垮塌。为了保证矿山的安全开采,确定合理的护顶层厚度至关重要。针对房柱法开采的采空区顶板进行结构力学解析,将护顶层视作四边中部自由其余部分固支的薄板,即混合边界薄板;利用功的互等法推导出混合边界薄板的挠曲面方程,构建混合边界护顶层力学模型,在此基础上得到护顶层安全厚度的计算公式。将混合边界薄板与四边固支薄板的变形情况进行对比时发现,混合边界薄板的挠度整体大于四边固支薄板挠度,混合边界自由段长度与最大挠度值呈正相关。将理论分析和数值模拟结合应用在某铝土矿No.9采场上,确定了护顶层安全厚度为1 m,验证了力学模型的准确性。

用折线法确定避雷针保护范围的防雷漏洞与改进

用现行折线法确定避雷针高度为h的保护范围,由于没有考虑h的有效保护范围的影响,单支h及两支等高h之间的保护范围均存在防雷漏洞。分析了这些防雷漏洞,并对折线法进行了改进:设h=30 m时h在0.5h高度处的有效保护半径为r_(h/2)=15 m,h的圆锥体及圆台体保护范围的地面有效保护半径分别为r_(01)=30 m,r_(02)=45 m,推导出当h>30 m时,h对圆锥体的保护角α′及h在任意高度处的保护半径r_(x)的计算公式;取D<2r_(01)或D<2r_(02)限制两支等高h的针间距离,按h_(0)=r_(01)或h_(0)=r_(02)为半径的圆弧确定两支等高h的针间保护范围。改进后随着h的增高,α′减小,r_(h/2)、r_(01)、r_(02)保持不变,单支h的保护范围被拉高变窄,单支h及两支等高h之间的保护范围均在h的有效保护范围之内,有效堵住了折线法的防雷漏洞。