The Right to Work of Chinese Ethnic Minorities:Replies to Concerns and Suggestions of the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies

The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies have repeatedly raised concerns about the Chinese government’s fulfillment of its obligations to safeguard the right to work of ethnic minorities, including the insufficiency of materials, the asymmetry of employment conditions between migrating Han and other ethnic groups, as well as so-called pervasive discrimination against non-Han ethnic workers. The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies raised these concerns based on various facts and the rationality of their suggestions differ. China has replied accordingly. China should continue to reply based on the facts, and it should accept those suggestions that are reasonable and on facts.When addressing suggestions that are not based on facts, we should identify the nature of the problems and eliminate misunderstanding by clarifying the facts and encouraging friendly dialogue.

Evolution of the System to Honor Ethnic Minorities' Rights

What system should a multinational state adopt to resolve ethnic minority problems and ensure the rights of minorities? This is a major problem that has to be settled. There are roughly three options: confederacy, autonomy and power sharing. The former Soviet Union adopted the form of confederacy. That was determined by the fact that during the October Revolution, many ethnic groups were in a state of entire separation and isolation. In his speech in 1989, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping said: We owe the stable and united situation in the areas inhabited by ethnic minorities to Chairman

The Right to Development of Chinese Ethnic Minorities Promoted in Accordance with the Idea of Putting People First

I. The Idea of Putting People First and the Right to Development from the Contemporary Perspective of Human Rights

Macro Characteristics of Human Rights Legal Principles for Ethnic Minorities in New China

In this paper, ethnic minorities refer to the 55 minorities other than the Han ethnic group with- in the borders of the People＇s Republic of China; human rights mean the human rights connotations within the ken of international human rights laws; legal principles mean the principles that all authoritative organizations, legislative organs, administrative departments, judicial organs and other departments should obey.

Protection of Minority Linguistic Rights from the Perspective of Human Rights

The protection of minority rights and the construction of a multi-ethnic country are two aspects of the same historical process. Language is one of the most prominent characteristics and symbols of an ethnic group. The diversity of languages is also the common wealth of the entire human race. Linguistic rights are an important part of the cultural rights of ethnic minorities. Recognizing and guaranteeing the rights of ethnic minorities to live, study, and work and to enjoy and develop their own culture and language is the significant contents of their rights. The Chinese government has always attached importance to the protection of cultural rights and other rights of ethnic minorities, including language rights. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, the National Regional Autonomy Law, and other laws and regulations as well as the National Human Rights Action Plan of China and other policy documents all have relevant provisions, which help to form a harmonious and diverse multi-ethnic development pattern.

Protection of the Human Rights of Those Under Guardianship in the General Provisions of the Civil Law

Based on the guardianship system in the General Principles of the Civil Law, the General Provisions of the Civil Law establish the three concepts of respecting the true will of the ward, benefiting the ward to the greatest extent, and moderate intervention of public power in guardianship. The three concepts are embodied in the specific provisions of the guardianship system, highlighting respect for and protection of human rights under the spirit of the Constitution as well as the human rights concept of protecting the interests of this vulnerable group, improving the scope of protecting the human rights of minors, the disabled and the elderly in the Chinese guardianship system. The General Provisions of the Civil Law expand the functions and types of the guardianship system, enrich and perfect the guardianship system for minors, and clearly stipulate the conditions and means for disqualifying guardians, and arranging temporary custody and state custody. They expand the scope of guardianship for minors, respond to the reality of increasing guardianship needs and the aging of Chinese society, dovetail with the international community’s concept of respecting and safeguarding the rights of the elderly and adults with disabilities, and reflect the law moving with the times. The Specific Provisions on Marriage and Family under the General Provisions of the Civil Law now being compiled should refine and enrich the guardianship system under the framework of the guardianship system in the General Provisions, so that they become the rules of conduct that is practically feasible and enforceable in judgments.

Protection and Utilization of Cultural Landscape in a Forest Park in Ethnic Minority Region ——With a Case of Zhangjiajie

Presently, more and more attention is paid to cultural landscapes by peo-ple at travel ing, especial y for folk culture in ethnic minority regions where rich hu-man landscapes could be ful y made use of to improve landscape quality. In the research, cultural landscapes in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park were surveyed and evaluated to analyze characters of cultural utilization, as wel as problems existing in the Park. In addition, highlights were given to protection on cultural landscapes in a forest park construction, presentation of ethnic minority culture, and ful development of tourism products.

On China's Protection of Delinquent Minors'Rights

At the end of June 2011, China had 29 reformatories for delinquent minors, where 17,149 convicts aged 18 oryounger were serving their terms. These facilities have persistently followed the policy of ＂combining punishment with redemption, with redemption taken as the main objective＂ as well as a policy that calls for the integration of ＂educa- tion, persuasion and redemption＂ Good results have been achieved thanks to implementation of these policies, es- pecially since the People＇s Republic of China Law on the Protection of Minors was promulgated in September 1991.

未成年男性性权益的刑法保护——对我国《刑法》第236条之一的立法论思考

我国刑事立法对未成年男性的性权益保护存在不均衡、不完整情况。并且学界对于性侵未成年人犯罪的法益尚未达成共识,致使对未成年男性性权益的保护并不完整。基于未成年人的特殊身份以及以性别不同为基础的心理差异,家长主义应当介入未成年男性性权益的保护。根据平等原则以及儿童利益最大化原则的要求,加强未成年男性性权益的保护具有必要性。为实现对未成年男性性权益的周延保护,首先,应将身心健康作为被性侵未成年男性的首要法益;其次,应扩充负有照护职责人员性侵罪的犯罪对象,将男性也纳入本罪保护范围,并将年龄保护区间扩大至14周岁到18周岁;再次,还需增设负有照护职责人员猥亵罪,以完善对未成年男性的保护;最后,应强化未成年男性保护行政、刑事衔接,凝聚法治保护合力。

未成年人信息权利保障研究:内容、维度与实现路径

文章围绕未成年人信息权利保障,探究未成年人信息权利的内容、维度、制约因素、责任主体及实现路径等问题。基于文献检索及两轮筛选获得211篇中英文文献,采用系统性文献综述方法,对文献内容进行编码与文本分析。研究发现:未成年人被视为整体和细分群体,其信息权利包含信息获取、信息利用、信息安全、信息环境等7项;制约因素体现在政治经济、社会文化、个体生理心理3个方面;保障体系的构建需要政府、公共文化部门、企业、立法司法机关、家庭、学校等多责任主体的参与和协作。

平台视角下未成年人发展权与网络受保护权的平衡进路

信息时代,在兼顾未成年人网络受保护权的同时,保障未成年人的发展权是普及数字红利、推动未成年人社会化的重要举措。《未成年人网络保护条例》充分体现了未成年人发展权与网络受保护权平衡保护的理念,但未成年人“产品化”、未成年人网络产品和服务的单一化和低质化、未成年人网络环境的高风险化、未成年人社会形象的污名化与人格矮化等问题依然突出,平衡保护目标的实现存在诸多阻碍。为实现未成年人网络使用和保护的平衡,关键要牵住平台的“牛鼻子”。平台应秉持最有利于未成年人原则,坚持“内严外宽”的平衡进路,为未成年人营造出宽而不松的网络环境,并遵循普遍保护与特殊保护相结合、限制超量冗余和分级分龄保护的保护思路,构建起未成年人发展权与网络受保护权平衡保护的整体机制。

未成年人个人信息保护的现实困境与路径优化

大数据时代,个人信息保护越来越为人们所关注。未成年人作为特殊主体,对其个人信息及隐私的保护具有重要现实价值。虽然我国已有了初步的立法规则构建,但是在实践中仍然存在对未成年人敏感信息的年龄划分界定不清、监护人同意规则不足、未成年人被遗忘权本土化的现实困境。结合域外国家最新立法及我国相关司法实践,以坚持最有利于未成年人原则为基础,需要对未成年人年龄标准进行三阶段界分、提出监护人同意规则的未来出路、完善我国未成年人被遗忘权保护制度,以此优化我国未成年人个人信息的法律保护。

犯罪附随后果准用制度的构建

在轻罪时代,犯罪附随后果的适用受到来自犯罪分子人身危险性普遍降低和附随后果内容缺乏合理性两方面的挑战。犯罪附随后果的预防功能和人权保障的价值归正,要求对犯罪附随后果的适用作进一步调整。犯罪附随后果准用制度的本质是严格控制犯罪附随后果的适用,其构建要以犯罪附随后果的内容优化为前提,以较大人身危险性的判断为核心,以合理的适用原则为准绳,以科学的程序设计与救济机制为保障。与前科消灭、犯罪记录封存和复权制度相比,犯罪附随后果准用制度有明确、保护和彻底三方面的优越性。

抚养权直接执行的理论阐释与实现路径

抚养权执行难是长期困扰司法实践的难题。《中华人民共和国民事强制执行法(草案)》所创设的抚养权直接执行制度是纾解该难题的关键举措。为保障预期立法目的的实现,应从正当性及可行性上补强理论阐释。在正当性方面,明确抚养权判决系具备执行内容的形成判决。在可行性方面,执行标的为交出子女的行为而非子女人身,直接执行并不侵害被执行人的意志自由。针对抚养权直接执行适用中如何正确考量子女意愿的困境,需要以子女对执行行为本身的认识作为判断是否继续采取直接执行的标准。据此,提出抚养权直接执行的实现路径,即赋予执行机关考量未成年子女意愿的义务;建立有效收集未成年子女真实意愿的机制;明确未成年子女“拒绝意思”的认定标准。

平台处理未成年人个人信息的合规审计分析

个人信息合规审计制度是信息时代运用审计法治推进人权保障事业的重要制度设计,未成年人个人信息保护合规审计是保护未成年人个人信息权益的重要举措。目前实践中尚未形成体系化的互联网平台治理规范,落实平台履行个人信息合规审计义务的针对性、完整性和有效性规定均存在明显瑕疵,且平台自身开展个人信息合规审计的内生动力不足,外部监管也施力有限。为发挥审计法律规制效力,切实保护未成年人个人信息权益,未成年人个人信息合规审计需坚持最有利于未成年人原则。平台开展个人信息合规审计须凸显未成年人保护的特殊性,强化平台内部治理,建立健全平台个人信息保护合规激励机制,以合作监管模式赋能政企协同监管,形成全社会共同参与的未成年人个人信息保护机制。

湖南少数民族传统村落文化保护与传承策略研究

湖南民族村落的文化空间是村民生活的载体和精神的寄托,现面临着风貌较差、活力不足及社会参与弱化的问题,亟需实现保护和传承。文章针对景观、苗绣等不同形式的文化空间提出针对性的原则与策略,旨在为民族村落文化的保护与传承提供有益的参考和借鉴。

中小投资者知情权保护与资产误定价

本文以2010—2023年沪深A股上市公司为样本,通过上市公司差异性互动测度中小投资者知情权保护水平,探究其对资产误定价的影响。研究发现,投资者差异性互动显著提升了资产误定价程度,且主要表现为股价高估,信息不对称与投资者非理性情绪是作用机制,这表明缺乏中小投资者知情权保护会增加资产误定价。进一步研究发现,意见交流能力、关注度和互动规模等中小投资者特征显著影响投资者差异性互动与资产误定价的关系。投资者差异性互动引发的资产误定价会损害正常融资活动与市场经营效率。研究结论对规范互动式信息披露和维护资本市场健康发展具有重要启示。

未成年人司法体系的中国领域法模式

我国未成年人司法改革依附型体例的局部完善及其被动适应成人司法的整体格局,已然难以满足新时代最有利于未成年人的诉讼要求。以领域法重新定位未成年人司法,有利于塑造其综合属性和开放思维,更好吸纳涉未成年人部门法规范的知识,全面涵摄未成年人权利保护的司法诉求,提升未成年人特别诉讼措施的实效,接纳专业知识融入诉讼等。因此,需要以领域法思维对不同部门法框架下涉未成年人司法职能进行重组,从线索发现、证据收集使用、办案流程等方面强化诉讼程序衔接和司法职能整合,推动形成更符合未成年人主体地位的一体化诉讼体系、建立健全功能主义的统一性未成年人司法模式,走出一条中国式现代化的未成年人司法自主发展之路。

黔东南民族文化生态保护区非物质文化遗产的生态响应和环境秩序

以黔东南民族文化生态保护区为例,运用地理学相关空间分析方法以及线性扩散接连分析法,对非物质文化遗产(非遗)生态要素进行分析。主要结论有:①黔东南非遗分布具亲山性、亲水性特点,3个区域的文化-生态要素各有不同;②非遗的环境依赖程度因文化类型不同而存在差异,其中制作、营造、医药、生产以及饮食酿制类非遗的生态依赖最明显;③非遗具有一定的生态脆弱性,生物多样性减少、土壤侵蚀、水质污染、气候变化等问题会影响到文化保护与传承;④非遗一方面依赖生态,一方面也因生态作用而扮演了建构、维系地方环境秩序的角色,直接表现为非遗推动跨县、跨海拔、跨地形地貌的生产分工与合作,在促进民族交流中具有积极作用。