Calcium carbonate promotes the formation and stability of soil macroaggregates in mining areas of China

We studied changes in the concentrations of aggregate-cementing agents after different reclamation times and with different fertilization regimes,as well as the formation mechanism of aggregates in reclaimed soil,to provide a theoretical basis for rapid reclamation of soil fertility in the subsidence area of coal mines in Shanxi Province,China.In this study,soil samples of 0–20 cm depth were collected from four fertilization treatments of a longterm experiment started in 2008:no fertilizer (CK),inorganic fertilizer (NPK),chicken manure compost (M),and50%inorganic fertilizer plus 50%chicken manure compost (MNPK).The concentrations of cementing agents and changes in soil aggregate size distribution and stability were analysed.The results showed that the formation of>2 mm aggregates,the aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD),and the proportion of>0.25 mm water-stable aggregates (WR_(0.25)) increased significantly after 6 and 11 years of reclamation.The concentration of organic cementing agents tended to increase with reclamation time,whereas free iron oxide (Fed) and free aluminium oxide(Ald) concentrations initially increased but then decreased.In general,the MNPK treatment signi?cantly increased the concentrations of organic cementing agents and CaCO_(3),and CaCO_(3) increased by 60.4%at 11 years after reclamation.Additionally,CaCO_(3) had the greatest effect on the stability of aggregates,promoting the formation of>0.25 mm aggregates and accounting for 54.4%of the variance in the proportion and stability of the aggregates.It was concluded that long-term reclamation is bene?cial for improving soil structure.The MNPK treatment was the most effective measure for increasing maize grain yield and concentration of organic cementing agents and CaCO_(3).

Luminescent properties dependence of water-soluble CdTe quantum dots on stabilizing agents and reaction time

The influence of stabilizing agents and reaction time on the luminescent properties of water-soluble CdTe quantum dots(QDs) was discussed.The thioglycolic acid(TGA)-CdTe ODs were characterized by TEM,XRD and FTIR.It is found that larger-size QDs can be synthesized more easily when L-cysteine(Cys) or golutathione(GSH) is chosen as stabilizing agent and TGA is proper to prepare highly luminescent QDs because of the effect between Cd2+ and sulfhydryl group.Furthermore,the absorption wavelength,full width at half maximum(FWHM),stokes shift,photoluminescence(PL) quantum yield and PL stability of TGA-CdTe are strongly dependent on reaction time,in which the absorption wavelength changes against reaction time with an exponential function.The TGA-CdTe QDs prepared at 2 h possess more excellent luminescent properties.

Aggregate binding agents improve soil aggregate stability in Robinia pseudoacacia forests along a climatic gradient on the Loess Plateau,China

The distribution of binding agents(i.e.,soil organic carbon(SOC)and glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP))in soil aggregates was influenced by many factors,such as plant characteristics and soil properties.However,how these factors affect binding agents and soil aggregate stability along a climatic gradient remained unclear.We selected the Robinia pseudoacacia L.forests from semi-arid to semi-humid of the Loess Plateau,China to analyze the plant biomass,soil physical-chemical properties,SOC and GRSP distribution in different sized soil aggregates.We found that from semi-arid to semi-humid forests:(1)the proportion of macro-aggregates(>0.250 mm)significantly increased(P<0.05),whereas those of micro-aggregates(0.250–0.053 mm)and fine materials(<0.053 mm)decreased and soil aggregate stability was increased;(2)the contents of SOC and GRSP in macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates significantly increased,and those in fine materials decreased;(3)the contribution of SOC to soil aggregate stability was greater than those of total GRSP and easily extractable GRSP;(4)soil properties had greater influence on binding agents than plant biomass;and(5)soil aggregate stability was enhanced by increasing the contents of SOC and GRSP in macro-aggregates and soil property was the important part during this process.Climate change from semi-arid to semi-humid forests is important factor for soil structure formation because of its positive effect on soil aggregates.

Solidification Efficiency and Mechanism of Conventional Curing Agents for Sewage Sludge Stabilization and Dewatering

One of the challenges faced by sewage sludge treatment and disposal is its higher water content,and how to efficient dewater those hazardous materials properly is welcome in practice. This study stabilized the sewage sludge via the using of conventional curing agents and calcined aluminum salts,and the corresponding dewatering mechanisms and structural changes of the stabilized sludge were further comparable analyzed.Experimental results showed that wollastonite and kaolin exhibit a relative higher dewatering efficiency as compared to other conventional curing agents; however the releasing rate of heavy metals of Cu,Cr,Ni for kaolin solidification and Zn,Pb for wollastonite solidification is higher than the sludge samples solidified by other curing agents. For comparison,the sludge samples solidified by calcined aluminum salts (AS),calcium ash,Mg-based curing agent,tricalcium aluminate( C_3A) show a lower heavy metals leaching potential and unconfined compressive strength. In addition,the economic characteristics and local availability of AS,calcium ash,C_3A and CaO makes it have a broad prospect in extension and application. These findings are of great significance for stabilization and dewatering of sewage sludge.

Effects of organic mulching on soil aggregate stability and aggregate binding agents in an urban forest in Beijing, China

Urban forest soil is often disturbed by rapid urbanization. Organic mulching is effective for improving soil quality and aggregate stability. This study evaluated how soil binding agents changed aggregate stability through organic mulching in urban forest soils. Three treatments were applied in Jiufeng National Forest Park, Beijing: (1) no organic mulch (control);(2) wood chips alone (5 cm thickness);and, (3) wood chips + wood compost (This mulch was divided into two layers, the upper layer of wood chips (2.5 cm), the lower layer wood compost (2.5 cm)). Soil samples were collected from the surface 10- cm soil layer and fraction into four aggregates. Glomalin-related soil protein and soil organic carbon were measured in bulk soil and the four aggregates. The results show that wood chips + wood compost increased the proportion of large and small macroaggregates, mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter. The total and easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein were higher in the wood chips + wood compost. However, soil organic carbon was lower in the wood chips alone application compared to the controls and wood chips + wood compost. Easily extractable / total glomalin-related soil protein and glomalin-related soil protein / soil organic carbon ratios of wood chips alone and wood chips + wood compost had increased trend compared to the controls but did not reach significant levels (p > 0.05). Mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter correlated positively with total and easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein but were not positively correlated with soil organic carbon, the ratios of easily extractable and total glomalin-related soil protein, and the ratios of glomalin-related soil protein and soil organic carbon. Redundancy analysis revealed that total glomalin-related soil protein was the most important driver for soil aggregate stability, especially the total glomalin-related soil protein of small macroaggregates. The results suggest that wood chips + wood compost enhanced soil aggregate stability through the increase of glomalin-related soil protein. Wood chips alone cannot enhance soil aggregate stability in urban forests in the short term.

Solidification/stabilization of Dewatered Sludge with Multi-Component Solidifying Agents

This work experimentally examined the optimal proportioning of sludge curing agent for dewatered sludge curing on solidified sludge,two components sludge curing agent consisted of cement and slag,and three components consisted of cement,slag and inorganic salt. The results showed that,increasing of curing ages could increase unconfined compressive strength and reduce moisture content for solidified sludge. For the test of two components,the biggest unconfined compressive strength of the solidified sludge achieved to 543. 72 kPa and the minimum moisture content achieved to 3. 56% of 21 d. The optimum proportion of the sludge curing agent of two components is sludge: cement: slag = 1 ∶ 0. 05 ∶ 0. 2 which selected by Design-expert. It could rapidly increasing the unconfined compressive strength of solidified sludge when added three components sludge curing agent( sludge: cement: slag: MgSO4= 1 ∶ 0. 05 ∶ 0. 2 ∶ 0. 03) on sludge curing. The results showed that,curing ages of 7 d,the unconfined compressive strength could achieve to 126. 74 kPa,which was more than 11 times comparison with the solidified sludge curing by two components curing agent. Two or three components sludge curing agent all could stabilize the heavy metals on solidified sludge and the leaching of heavy metals was below the government standard,while the stability of the heavy metals was superior for three components sludge curing agent.

Micro/nano structured oleophobic agent improving the wellbore stability of shale gas wells

Through embedding modified nano-silica particles on the surface of polystyrene using the method of Pickering emulsion polymerization,a kind of nano/micro oleophobic agent named OL-1 was developed.The effects of OL-1 on the rock surface properties and its performance in inhibiting the oil phase imbibition into the rock were explored.The performance and mechanisms of OL-1 in improving the wellbore stability of shale gas wells were evaluated and analyzed.OL-1 could absorb on the surface of the shale core to form a membrane with a micro-nano two-stage roughness,making the surface energy of the core decrease to 0.13 mN/m and the contact angle of the white oil on the core surface increase from 16.39°to 153.03°.Compared with the untreated capillary tube,when immersed into 3#white oil,the capillary tube treated by OL-1 had a reversal of capillary pressure from 273.76 Pa to-297.71 Pa,and the oil imbibition height inside the capillary tube decreased from 31 mm above the external liquid level to 33 mm below the external liquid level.The amount of oil invading into the rock core modified by OL-1 decreased by 64.29%compared with the untreated one.The shale core immersed into the oil-based drilling fluids with 1%OL-1 had a porosity reduction rate of only 4.5%.Compared with the core immersed in the drilling fluids without OL-1,the inherent force of the core treated by 1%OL-1 increased by 24.9%,demonstrating that OL-1 could effectively improve the rock mechanical stability by inhibiting oil phase imbibition.

Stitching Perovskite Grains with Perhydropoly(Silazane)Anti-Template-Agent for High-Efficiency and Stable Solar Cells Fabricated in Ambient Air

All inorganic CsPbI_(3)perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as disruptive photovoltaic technology owing to their admirable photoelectric properties and the non-volatile active layer.However,the phase instability against moisture severely limits the fabrication environment for the high-efficiency devices,breaking through the confinement region to achieve scalable manufacturing has been the primary issue for future commercialization.Here,we develop a curing-anti-solvent strategy for fabricating high-quality and stable black-phase CsPbI_(3)perovskite films in ambient air by introducing an inorganic polymer perhydropolysilazane(PHPS)into methyl acetate to form anti-template agent.The cross-linked PHPS reduces moisture erosions while the hydrolyzate silanol network(–Si(OH)_(4)^(–))controls the perovskite crystal growth by forming Lewis adducts with PbI_(2)during the fabrication.The polycondensation adduct of Si–O–Si/Si–O–Pb strongly binds to CsPbI_(3)grains as a shield layer to hamper phase transition.Using the inorganic CsPbI_(3)perovskite thin-film with PHPS-modified anti-solvent processing as the light absorber,the n–i–p planar solar cell achieved an efficiency of 19.17%under standard illumination test conditions.More importantly,the devices showed excellent moisture stability,retaining about 90%of the initial efficiency after 1000 h under 30%RH.

典型添加剂对3号喷气燃料热氧化安定性的影响原因分析及对策

热氧化安定性是喷气燃料的一项重要性能指标。抗静电剂和抗磨剂是工业喷气燃料调和过程中必须要加入的两种添加剂,而在市场中常用的添加剂分别是抗静电剂Stadis和抗磨剂T-1602。通过研究抗静电剂Stadis和抗磨剂T-1602对喷气燃料热氧化安定性的影响因素,包括空气、光照、存储温度等条件,对喷气燃料在实际生产过程中的调和、存储和使用安全都有非常重要的意义。研究结果表明:抗静电剂Stadis对喷气燃料热氧化安定性基本没有影响。抗磨剂T-1602影响喷气燃料热氧化安定性的因素有含氧的环境、光照、储存温度、添加剂浓度和储存材质等。随着储存温度的升高,含抗磨剂喷气燃料母液的热氧化安定性变差。随着抗磨剂添加浓度逐渐提高,含抗磨剂母液的喷气燃料热氧化安定性逐渐下降。通过采取对喷气燃料配置过程中增加氮封隔绝空气、避免光照、罐存储温度按照不大于40℃等措施,可最大程度降低喷气燃料热氧化安定性超标的质量风险,为喷气燃料的安全使用提供合理保障。

一种O/W型聚氨酯水性外脱模剂的制备及性能研究

传统油基脱模剂含有可能对环境产生污染的有机溶剂,随着全球环保意识的增强,更为绿色环保无毒的水性脱模剂逐渐成为研究热点.为了开发汽车内饰使用的新型脱模剂,以二甲基硅油、含氢硅油等为主要原料,制备出一种O/W型聚氨酯水性外脱模剂.通过测定脱模剂样品性能,探讨了主脱模剂种类及配比、乳化体系复配比例对脱模剂性能的影响.采用能谱仪(EDS)对脱模后的聚氨酯泡沫表面进行元素分析.结果表明:二甲基硅油和含氢硅油按照1∶1配比作为基础聚合物,固含量19.41%,采用非离子表面活性剂SP⁃80、TW⁃80复合乳化体系制备的O/W型聚氨酯水性外脱模剂稳定性最好,脱模后的聚氨酯泡沫表面没有Si元素残留,具有最佳脱模效果.

改性淀粉对垃圾焚烧飞灰中Pb和Cd稳定化研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰中Pb和Cd对人体及环境危害极大且浸出质量浓度严重超标。为稳定飞灰中的Pb和Cd,合成了一种以玉米淀粉为主体的有机螯合剂,用于处理飞灰中的Pb和Cd。通过改变螯合剂投加质量分数、养护时间、液固比(mL∶g)和pH值来研究螯合剂稳定效果并进行表征。X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction,XRD)结果显示,改性处理未改变玉米淀粉的结晶结构类型。通过对结晶度计算,表明改性过程发生在淀粉结晶区。扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)结果显示,处理前飞灰比表面积较大,飞灰经过改性玉米淀粉处理后粒径明显增大,降低了飞灰比表面积。通过傅里叶变换红外(Fourier Transform Infrared,FT-IR)光谱表征,显示飞灰处理前后主要存在碳酸盐、硫酸盐和硅铝酸盐。采用单因素试验确定改性淀粉螯合飞灰Pb和Cd的最佳条件为:改性淀粉投加质量分数为3%、养护时间为24 h、液固比(mL∶g)为2∶5、pH值为7~9。该条件下,Pb和Cd浸出质量浓度最低分别为0.162 mg/L、0.087 mg/L,对Pb和Cd稳定化率均大于93%,浸出质量浓度远低于《生活垃圾填埋场控制标准》限值。淋溶试验显示,淋溶速率较慢及酸雨条件下,螯合体中Pb和Cd的溶解程度较高。

基于多目标粒子群优化算法的某轻型商用车操纵稳定性优化研究

针对某轻型商用车稳态回转时侧倾度偏大的问题对其悬架进行优化改进。基于ADAMS/car搭建整车多体动力学模型,通过前悬架反向平行轮跳试验、后悬架理论计算验证了悬架仿真模型的准确性。进行整车稳态回转工况和转向盘中间位置转向工况仿真分析,结果表明,车身侧倾度偏高。为实现操纵稳定性优化分析的流程自动化,提出了基于modeFRONTIER的联合仿真方法。以悬架设计参数为优化变量,以汽车的侧倾度与横摆角速度响应滞后时间为优化目标,采用拉丁超立方试验设计方法拟合得到混合代理模型,并结合多目标粒子群优化算法对悬架系统进行多目标优化,获得了悬架系统优化方案。优化结果显示,在不影响平顺性的前提下,汽车车身侧倾度降低了13.93%,横摆角速度响应滞后时间降低了2.75%,整车操纵稳定性得到了提升。

长期不同氮肥施用量对潮土团聚体分布和真菌群落组成的影响

不同氮肥施用量显著改变团聚体分布、真菌群落组成及生物胶结物质的产生,但它们之间是否存在相关性尚不清楚。以中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期定位试验(2005—2020年)为研究平台,其包含5个施氮水平:0(F0)、150 kg·hm^(–2)(F1)、190 kg·hm^(–2)(F2)、230 kg·hm^(–2)(F3)和270 kg·hm^(–2)(F4),研究了不同施氮量对土壤团聚体组成(>2000μm、2000~250μm、250~53μm和<53μm)的影响,以及团聚体组成与生物胶结物质(球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)及微生物生物量碳(MBC))和土壤真菌之间的相关关系。结果表明,土壤团聚体分布和真菌群落组成分为显著不同的3组,分别为F0、F1和F2以及F3和F4,其中,(1)F1和F2处理团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)最高,同时大于2000μm团聚体的质量比例显著增加,并与拟棘壳孢属(Pyrenochaetopsis)富集有关;(2)F1和F2、F3和F4处理均表现为2000~250μm团聚体的质量比例增加,而小于53μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低,2000~250μm团聚体的质量比例增加主要与易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白比值(EE-GRSP/T-GRSP)以及易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(EE-GRSP)显著正相关,而与亚隔孢壳属(Didymella)和被孢霉属(Mortierella)相对丰度显著负相关;小于53μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低主要与被孢霉属(Mortierella)、白腐菌属(Phlebia)、黑孢壳属(Melanospora)、Fusicolla、柄孢壳属(Podospora)和亚隔孢壳属(Didymella)相对丰度显著正相关,而与EE-GRSP和/或支顶孢属(Acremonium)、柱霉属(Scytalidium)、外瓶霉属(Exophiala)、EE-GRSP/T-GRSP、MBC显著负相关。因此,土壤团聚体稳定性的变异程度受氮肥施用水平影响。本研究条件下,150 kg·hm^(–2)和190 kg·hm^(–2)施氮水平下的团聚体稳定性超过230 kg·hm^(–2)和270 kg·hm^(–2)施氮水平,与不同施氮量下真菌群落组成及其胶结物质变化显著相关。

EDC诱导丝素蛋白制备水稳定性和延展性增强的丝素膜

为拓展丝素蛋白(silk fibroin, SF)膜在皮肤组织工程中的应用,文中通过制备含有一定比例交联剂1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺(1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl) carbodiimide, EDC)的SF水溶液,得到了水稳定性和延展性增强的丝素蛋白膜,并对所得丝素蛋白膜的溶失率、力学性能、交联度和二级结构进行了表征和分析。与纯SF膜(silk fibroin film, SFF)相比,EDC处理的SF膜(SFF-EDC)的溶失率从98.2%大幅下降到6.1%;力学性能方面,按EDC∶SF质量比为10∶100制备的丝素膜SFF-10EDC的断裂伸长率达到170.97%,是SFF的60倍;EDC可引起SF链分子内和分子间酰胺键的形成,促进SF分子构象从无规卷曲转变为β折叠结构。结果表明,在与SF的相互作用中EDC不仅可作为交联剂,还可作为增塑剂。该研究为构建柔性SF膜提供了新方法。

基于Multi-agent的矿工情绪稳定性模型构建

为解决由矿工情绪稳定性水平低下引起的不安全行为问题,基于复杂适应系统(CAS)理论和多主体建模与仿真(ABMS)的方法,构建矿工情绪稳定性水平提升模型。通过调节班组协调程度、组织公平程度、安全心理培训水平、受教育程度、个性特征和作业环境舒适度,在NETLOGO仿真平台上分析矿工意志强度、情绪安全倾向度以及管理者领导能力对矿工情绪稳定性水平的影响。研究表明:矿工的情绪稳定性水平提升系统是一种典型的复杂适应系统,矿工情绪稳定性水平是各主体属性相互作用的结果,作用程度存在差异。因此,煤炭企业应考虑各种因素,通过控制和改善各主体的行为以提高矿工情绪稳定性水平。

多Agent系统的性能评价

文章针对多Agent系统的性能进行了模拟分析,定义了系统的稳定性、系统负载的均衡性、系统数据的可恢复性、系统效率四个反映系统性能的指标,并进行了初步定性分析。

基于Multi-agent的矿工风险感知偏差演化模型

为探索矿工风险感知偏差的形成及演化过程,在文献研究和复杂适应系统理论分析的基础上,结合多主体建模与仿真(ABMS)方法,构建矿工风险感知偏差演化模型。运用Net Logo仿真平台,通过调节组织、管理者、矿工的不同行为主体属性值,模拟组织安全文化建设水平、安全管理规范水平及风险信息处理能力对矿工风险感知偏差的动态演化过程的影响。结果表明,矿工风险感知偏差演化系统是典型的复杂适应系统(CAS);各仿真主体属性交互影响矿工风险感知偏差,且不同属性的影响程度有所差异。因此,煤炭企业应考虑各种因素的作用效果,有针对性地调节各主体行为,降低矿工风险感知偏差程度。

新型稳定剂对水泥基胶凝材料流变性能的影响

为解决减水剂与增稠剂之间的相容性问题,研发了一种含有增稠组分的新型稳定剂,研究了其对水泥基材料的流变性能、流动性、力学性能的影响,并分析了微观结构。结果表明:新型稳定剂与减水剂具有较好的相容性,相比于单掺减水剂的拌和物,复掺新型稳定剂的拌和物屈服应力和塑性黏度降低,扩展度和力学性能增加,拌和物未出现泌水,具有较好的均质性和稳定性,且微观结构相对致密。

基于智能体的电力系统分布式自适应抗干扰控制

针对多机电力系统中不可避免存在非线性、不确定特性和动态干扰等问题,基于径向基神经网络(RBFNN)和非线性干扰观测器(NDO)提出一种分布式自适应抗干扰控制器,以增强多机电力系统的暂态稳定性和鲁棒性。采用RBFNN处理系统中的未知非线性问题,并基于神经网络的输出设计NDO以实现对复合扰动的在线估计;在多智能体框架下为多机电力系统提出一种分布式自适应抗干扰控制策略,实时接收通信网络测量的数据并控制储能装置动作,在外部扰动下实现各电机转速的快速同步与跟踪,并利用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明闭环系统信号的收敛性。仿真实验表明:所提策略有效可行。