Biological protection of plants: definition and objectives. Technologically, biological protection of plants (hereinafter bioprotection) is a high agricultural technology involving agricultural landscape approach and ...Biological protection of plants: definition and objectives. Technologically, biological protection of plants (hereinafter bioprotection) is a high agricultural technology involving agricultural landscape approach and basee on an ecological imperative, namely “use living beings against living beings”. In a wide sense, present-day bioprotection is a fundamental and applied field of knowledge providing harmless suppression of harmful agents during cultivation and storage of agricultural crops by use natural and (or) artificially constructed organisms (including genetically modified ones having pesticidal properties) and products of their live cycle. The overall objective of bioprotection consists in producing harmless, profitable and high-quality vegetative raw material, food, fodder. At the same time, bioprotection agrotechnologies are important environment forming and environment maintaining factors, steady and positively influencing the health of both rural ethnos, and agrosphere as a whole. Realization of integrated bioprotection approaches should provide minimum destruction of beneficial and non-target organisms, excluding the succession of harmful species and appearance of species resistant to biocontrol agents. 2. Theoretical foundation of bioprotection. The following postulates and imperatives of biosphere science, agrarian and social ecology make the scientific basis of bioprotection: “The Nature knows the how and why of things better”; Steady, balanced development of agrosphere (proceeding from a presumption of life support) is based on biocentrism and biosystem relations, or consortism of its consorbents; Control of the agrosphere by human beings could be effective only in case of primary realization of biocenotic regulation; Biocenotic regulation, dynamics of the number and species diversity of agrosphere is realized through trophically similar cenoconsorcia and tritrophic systems, that provides maintenance and preservation of trophically proved critical level of harmful species; Biotic and man-caused effects on argosphere are regularly registered and the degree of these effects on non-target biota is comprehensively estimated, operative measures to prevent its elimination are taken, if necessary. Thus, artificial agrocenoses and agroecosystems are immanent components of the agrospehere. Functioning of their bioresources meets the same laws of the Nature, as the functioning of the biota of natural ground ecosystems. When agrocenoses and agroecosystems make a single whole with the elements of preserved natural ecosystems, reproduction of bioresources, their protection against expansion of competitive and cosmopolitan species are realized at a level of steadily functioning agrocenoconsorcia, where “living beings protect living beings”. 3. Bioprotection and agrosphere. Present-day bioprotection is based on agrolandscape approaches. The major global function of the agrolandscape involves utilization of maximum quantity of solar energy. Modern geosystemic definition of the agrolandscape emphasizes not only its production abilities, but also its social and design-aesthetic functions: “... is an existing geosystem anthropogenically modified for agricultural use and formed with the purpose of the most effective and ecologically safe use of natural and anthropogenic resources for manufacturing economically and socially reasonable quantity of agricultural production and creation of the welfare and spiritual environment for harmonious development of humans” (A.V. Zaharenko, 2004) . The paradox is, that current plant growing (initially based on the use of gratuitous, inexhaustible solar energy and renewed resources of agrosphere) has turned in the most resource uneconomic branch of economy by the beginning of XXI century. Therefore agricultural technologies, including protection of plants, should mostly use renewable, instead of exhaustible resources and not renewable sources of raw material and energy, materialized in agrochemicals, chemical pesticides, oil展开更多
Nowadays Songshan National Nature Reserve attracts a rapidly increasing number of tourists. However, the development of a tourist economy and the further exploitation of the natural landscape threaten the ecology and ...Nowadays Songshan National Nature Reserve attracts a rapidly increasing number of tourists. However, the development of a tourist economy and the further exploitation of the natural landscape threaten the ecology and management of the reserve. Therefore, defining the relationship between ecological tourism and ecological protection can provide a framework for the management and exploitation of the reserve. Based on the analysis of current situation and questions of the reserve, this paper probes into the relationship between tourism development and ecological protection. Furthermore, it provides specific measures and suggestions for the existing problems.展开更多
文摘Biological protection of plants: definition and objectives. Technologically, biological protection of plants (hereinafter bioprotection) is a high agricultural technology involving agricultural landscape approach and basee on an ecological imperative, namely “use living beings against living beings”. In a wide sense, present-day bioprotection is a fundamental and applied field of knowledge providing harmless suppression of harmful agents during cultivation and storage of agricultural crops by use natural and (or) artificially constructed organisms (including genetically modified ones having pesticidal properties) and products of their live cycle. The overall objective of bioprotection consists in producing harmless, profitable and high-quality vegetative raw material, food, fodder. At the same time, bioprotection agrotechnologies are important environment forming and environment maintaining factors, steady and positively influencing the health of both rural ethnos, and agrosphere as a whole. Realization of integrated bioprotection approaches should provide minimum destruction of beneficial and non-target organisms, excluding the succession of harmful species and appearance of species resistant to biocontrol agents. 2. Theoretical foundation of bioprotection. The following postulates and imperatives of biosphere science, agrarian and social ecology make the scientific basis of bioprotection: “The Nature knows the how and why of things better”; Steady, balanced development of agrosphere (proceeding from a presumption of life support) is based on biocentrism and biosystem relations, or consortism of its consorbents; Control of the agrosphere by human beings could be effective only in case of primary realization of biocenotic regulation; Biocenotic regulation, dynamics of the number and species diversity of agrosphere is realized through trophically similar cenoconsorcia and tritrophic systems, that provides maintenance and preservation of trophically proved critical level of harmful species; Biotic and man-caused effects on argosphere are regularly registered and the degree of these effects on non-target biota is comprehensively estimated, operative measures to prevent its elimination are taken, if necessary. Thus, artificial agrocenoses and agroecosystems are immanent components of the agrospehere. Functioning of their bioresources meets the same laws of the Nature, as the functioning of the biota of natural ground ecosystems. When agrocenoses and agroecosystems make a single whole with the elements of preserved natural ecosystems, reproduction of bioresources, their protection against expansion of competitive and cosmopolitan species are realized at a level of steadily functioning agrocenoconsorcia, where “living beings protect living beings”. 3. Bioprotection and agrosphere. Present-day bioprotection is based on agrolandscape approaches. The major global function of the agrolandscape involves utilization of maximum quantity of solar energy. Modern geosystemic definition of the agrolandscape emphasizes not only its production abilities, but also its social and design-aesthetic functions: “... is an existing geosystem anthropogenically modified for agricultural use and formed with the purpose of the most effective and ecologically safe use of natural and anthropogenic resources for manufacturing economically and socially reasonable quantity of agricultural production and creation of the welfare and spiritual environment for harmonious development of humans” (A.V. Zaharenko, 2004) . The paradox is, that current plant growing (initially based on the use of gratuitous, inexhaustible solar energy and renewed resources of agrosphere) has turned in the most resource uneconomic branch of economy by the beginning of XXI century. Therefore agricultural technologies, including protection of plants, should mostly use renewable, instead of exhaustible resources and not renewable sources of raw material and energy, materialized in agrochemicals, chemical pesticides, oil
文摘Nowadays Songshan National Nature Reserve attracts a rapidly increasing number of tourists. However, the development of a tourist economy and the further exploitation of the natural landscape threaten the ecology and management of the reserve. Therefore, defining the relationship between ecological tourism and ecological protection can provide a framework for the management and exploitation of the reserve. Based on the analysis of current situation and questions of the reserve, this paper probes into the relationship between tourism development and ecological protection. Furthermore, it provides specific measures and suggestions for the existing problems.
