Effect of Ursolic Acid on Breast Cancer Resistance Protein-mediated Transport of Rosuvastatin In Vivo and Vitro

Objective To evaluate whether ursolic acid can inhibit breast cancer resistance protein(BCRP)-mediated transport of rosuvastatin in vivo and in vitro. Methods Firstly, we explored the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil(5-FU, a substrate of BCRP) in rats in the presence or absence of ursolic acid. Secondly, we studied the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats in the presence or absence of ursolic acid or Ko143(inhibitor of BCRP). Finially, the concentration-dependent transport of rosuvastatin and the inhibitory effects of ursolic acid and Ko143 were examined in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney(MDCK) Ⅱ-BCRP421CC(wild type) cells and MDCKⅡ-BCRP421AA(mutant type) cells. Results As a result, significant changes in pharmacokinetics parameters of 5-FU were observed in rats following pretreatment with ursolic acid. Both ursolic acid and Ko143 could significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. The rosuvastatin transport in the BCRP overexpressing system was increased in a concentration-dependent manner. However, there was no statistical difference in BCRP-mediated transport of rosuvastatin betweent the wild type cells and mutant cells. The same as Ko143, ursolic acid inhibited BCRP-mediated transport of rosuvastatin in vitro. Conclusion Ursolic acid appears to be a potent modulator of BCRP that affects the pharmacokinetic of rosuvastatin in vivo and inhibits the transport of rosuvastatin in vitro.

Hepatocellular transport proteins and their role in liver disease

MOLECULAR PHYSIOLLGY OF HEPATOCELLULAR TRANSPORT PROTEINS Basolaferal transport systems Na+-dependent bile salt uptake Uptake of bile salts into the liver was first isolated perfused rat liver[1],isolated hepatocyte cultures and basolateral plasma membrane vesicles [2,4].

Copper transportion of WD protein in hepatocytes from Wilson disease patients in vitro

AIM: To study the effect of copper transporting P-type ATPase in copper metabolism of hepatocyte and pathogenesis of Wilson disease (WD).METHODS: WD copper transporting properties in some organelles of the cultured hepatocytes were studied from WD patients and normal controls. These cultured hepatocytes were incubated in the media of copper 15mg.L-1 only, copper 15 mg. L-1 with vincristine (agonist of P-type ArPase) 0.5mg. L-1, or copper 15 mg. L-1 withvanadate (antagonist of P-type ATPase) 18.39 mg. L-1separately. Microsome (endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus), lysosome, mitochondria, and cytosol were isolated by differential centrifugation. Copper contents in these organelles were measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and the influence in copper transportion of these organelles by vanadate and vincristine were comparatively analyzed between WD patients and controls.WD copper transporting P-type ATPase was detected by SDS-PAGE in conjunction with Western blot in liver samples of WD patients and controls.RESULTS: The specific WD proteins (Mr155 000 lanes) were expressed in human hepatocytes, including the control and WD patients. After incubation with medium containing copper for 2 h or 24 h, the microsome copper concentration in WD patients was obviously lower than that of controls,and the addtion of vanadate or vincristine would change the copper transporting of microsomes obviously. When incubated with vincristine, levels of copper in microsome were significantly increased, while incubated with vanadate,the copper concentrations in microsome were obviously decreased. The results indicated that there were Wdproteins, the copper transportion P-type ATPase in the microsome of hepatocytes. WD patients possessed abnormal copper transporting function of WD protein in the microsome, and the agonist might correct the defect of copper transportion by promoting the activity of copper transportion P-type ATPase.CONCLUSION: Copper transportion P-type ATPase plays an important role in hepatocytic copper metabolism.Dysfunction of hepatocytic WD protein copper transportion might be one of the most important factors for WD.

Hippocampal and cortical expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in pentylenetetrazol-induced chronic epileptic rats

BACKGROUND： Gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter plays an important role in gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, and is highly associated with epilepsy seizures. Pathologically, astrocytes release active substances that alter neuronal excitability, and it has been demonstrated that astrocytes play a role in epileptic seizures. OBJECTIVE： To observe changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the hippocampus and cortex of the temporal lobe in rats with pentylenetetrazol-induced chronic epilepsy. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Department of Neurobiology, Third Military University of Chinese PLA between January 2006 and December 2007. MATERIALS： Pentylenetetrazol was purchased from Sigma, USA; rabbit anti-rat gammaaminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were from Chemicon, USA. METHODS： A total of 40 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into model and control groups. Rat models of chronic epilepsy were created by pentylenetetrazol kindling, and were subdivided into 3-, 7-, and 14-day kindling subgroups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, as well as the number of positive cells in the hippocampus and cortex of temporal lobe of rats, were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. RESULTS： Compared with the control group, the number of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein -positive cells in the hippocampus and cortex of rats with pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy significantly increased, gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression increased after 3 days of kindling, reached a peak on day 7, and remained at elevated levels at day 14 （P〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Astrocytic activation and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 overexpression may contribute to pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy.

Proteomic Analysis of the Proplastid Envelope Membrane Provides Novel Insights into Small Molecule and Protein Transport across Proplastid Membranes

Proplastids are undifferentiated plastids of meristematic tissues that synthesize amino acids for protein synthesis, fatty acids for membrane lipid production, and purines and pyrimidines for DNA and RNA synthesis. Unlike chloroplasts, proplastids depend on supply, with reducing power, energy, and precursor metabolites from the remainder of the cell. Comparing proplastid and chloroplast envelope proteomes and the corresponding transcriptomes of leaves and shoot apex revealed a clearly distinct composition of the proplastid envelope. It is geared towards import of metabolic precursors and export of product metabolites for the rapidly dividing cell. The analysis also suggested a new role for the triosephosphate translocator in meristematic tissues, identified the route of organic nitrogen import into proplastids, and detected an adenine nucleotide exporter. The protein import complex contains the import receptors Toc120 and Toc132 and lacks the redox sensing complex subunits of Tic32, Tic55, and Tic62, which mirrors the expression patterns of the corresponding genes in leaves and the shoot apex. We further show that the protein composition of the internal membrane system is similar to etioplasts, as it is dominated by the ATP synthase complex and thus remarkably differs from that of chloroplast thylakoids.

Effects of lairage after transport on post mortem muscle glycolysis, protein phosphorylation and lamb meat quality

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lairage after transport on post mortem muscle glycolysis,protein phosphorylation and lamb meat quality.Two preslaughter animal treatments,transport for 3 h and lairage for 0 h（T3L0）and transport for 3 h and then lairage for 12 h（T3L12）,were compared with a control treatment of 0 h transport and 0 h lairage.Data obtained showed that preslaughter transport had a significant effect on lamb meat quality.Loins from lambs of the T3L0 treatment showed higher（P=0.026）pH24 h and higher（P=0.021）pH48 h values,but lower（P〈0.001）drip loss and lower（P〈0.05）glycolytic potential at 0 h post mortem than those of the T3L12 and control groups.Muscle samples of the T3L0 group showed higher（P=0.046）shear force and lower（P=0.005）b＊ value than those of the T3L12 group.Muscle glycogen concentration at 0,2,4 h post mortem were lower（P〈0.05）in the T3L0 group than in control.No significant difference（P〉0.05）in most meat quality parameters was determined between the T3L12 group and control,showing lairage for 12 h allowed lambs to recover from the effects of transport for 3 h and resulted in similar meat quality characteristics compared to no transport.Lairage after transport did not affect most meat quality indices in comparison with control,but increased the meat drip loss and b＊value of lambs possibly through decreasing glycogen concentration and glycolytic potential.

Stabilization of the Soliton Transported Bio-energy in Protein Molecules in the Improved Model

We study the stabilization of the soliton transported bio-energy by the dynamic equations in the improved Davydov theory from four aspects containing the feature of free motion and states of the soliton at the long-time motion and at biological temperature 300 K and behaviors of collision of the solitons by Range-Kutta method and physical parameter values appropriate to the ~-helix protein molecules. We prove that the new solitons can move without dispersion at a constant speed retaining its shape and energy in free and long-time motious and can go through each other without scattering. If considering further influence of the temperature effect of heat bath on the soliton, it is still thermally stable at biological temperature 300 K and in a time as long as 300 ps and amino acid spacings as large as 400, which shows that the lifetime of the new soliton is at least 300 ps, which is consistent with analytic result obtained by quantum perturbation theory. These result, s exhibit that the new soliton is a possible carrier of bio-energy transport and the improved model is possibly a candidate for the mechanism of this transport.

Cinnamicaldehyde regulates the expression of tight junction proteins and amino acid transporters in intestinal porcine epithelial cells

Background： Cinnamicaldehyde（CA） is a key flavor compound in cinnamon essential oil possessing various bioactivities. Tight junction（TJ） proteins are vital for the maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier function,transport, absorption and utilization of dietary amino acids and other nutrients. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that CA may regulate the expression of TJ proteins and amino acid transporters in intestinal porcine epithelial cells（IPEC-1） isolated from neonatal pigs.Results： Compared with the control, cells incubated with 25 μmol/L CA had increased transepithelial electrical resistance（TEER） and decreased paracellular intestinal permeability. The beneficial effect of CA on mucosal barrier function was associated with enhanced protein abundance for claudin-4, zonula occludens（ZO）-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3. Immunofluorescence staining showed that 25 μmol/L CA promoted the localization of claudin-1 and claudin-3 to the plasma membrane without affecting the localization of other TJ proteins, including claudin-4, occludin,ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3, compared with the control cells. Moreover, protein abundances for rBAT, xCT and LAT2 in IPEC-1 cells were enhanced by 25 μmol/L CA, while that for EAAT3 was not affected.Conclusions： CA improves intestinal mucosal barrier function by regulating the distribution of claudin-1 and claudin-3 in enterocytes, as well as enhancing protein abundance for amino acid transporters rBAT, xCT and LAT2 in enterocytes. Supplementation with CA may provide an effective nutritional strategy to improve intestinal integrity and amino acid transport and absorption in piglets.

Cr和NGAL预测老年重度烧伤患者早期急性肾损伤的应用价值

目的 探讨肌酐(Cr)和中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)预测老年重度烧伤患者早期急性肾损伤的应用价值。方法 选取53例老年烧伤患者,烧伤面积均大于20%,根据是否发生急性肾损伤(AKI)将患者分为AKI组(28例)及非AKI组(25例),在入院后的48 h内,每6 h收集1次全血NGAL和Cr的测量值。应用氧化酶法测定血清Cr水平;应用酶联免疫吸附法测定NGAL水平;利用受试者工作曲线(ROC)计算曲线下面积(AUC),比较各指标的诊断能力。结果 AKI组患者烧伤面积明显高于非AKI组患者(P<0.01);年龄、平均动脉压、中心静脉压、尿量在两组患者间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。AKI组患者6 h血NGAL水平明显高于非AKI组患者(P<0.01);AKI组患者12、24 h血NGAL、Cr水平明显高于非AKI组患者(P<0.01、P<0.05)。构建ROC曲线结果显示,血清Cr、血NGAL截断值为86.08μmol/L、125.75 ng/mL时对烧伤患者AKI具有较高的预测价值,其中,血NGAL水平预测烧伤患者AKI的灵敏度、阳性预测值更高。结论 入院48 h内测量血NGAL水平可以预测老年重度烧伤患者是否发生AKI,相较于血清Cr水平,血NGAL水平表现出更高的预测价值。

热休克蛋白90对hERG-A561V通道蛋白转运及通道功能影响的研究

目的探讨热休克蛋白90(Hsp90)对人类ether-a-go-go相关基因(hERG)-A561V通道蛋白转运及通道功能影响的研究。方法构建野生型(WT)、突变型(A561V)、杂合型(WT/A561V)细胞模型,采用蛋白质印迹法检测各组细胞hERG及Hsp90蛋白表达差异。转染减表达空载(Itf NC)、Hsp90减表达(Hsp90-)、过表达空载(Ovp NC)或Hsp90过表达(Hsp90+)质粒至各细胞模型(即Itf NC组、Hsp90-组、Ovp NC组、Hsp90+组),另设不加载体的对照(Ctl)组,采用蛋白质印迹法检测各组细胞调控Hsp90前后hERG及Hsp90蛋白表达差异。采用免疫荧光法检测Hsp90调控前后杂合型细胞模型hERG及Hsp90蛋白定位表达情况。采用全细胞膜片钳技术检测调控Hsp90前后杂合型细胞模型hERG通道激活电流及尾电流密度。结果突变型、杂合型细胞模型Hsp90及hERG(135 kDa)蛋白表达水平均较野生型明显升高(均P<0.05)。野生型细胞模型Hsp90+组hERG(135 kDa)、hERG(155 kDa)蛋白表达水平较Ctl组、Ovp NC组均明显升高(均P<0.05),突变型细胞模型Hsp90+组hERG(135 kDa)蛋白表达水平较Ctl组、Ovp NC组均明显升高(均P<0.05),杂合型细胞模型Hsp90+组hERG(155 kDa)蛋白表达水平较Ctl组、Ovp NC组均明显升高(均P<0.05)。融合Hsp90和hERG蛋白后,Ctl组hERG表达于细胞膜、细胞质,Hsp90-组细胞膜上hERG蛋白表达减少,Hsp90+组细胞膜上hERG蛋白表达增多。与Ctl组比较,Hsp90+组Ikr曲线左移14.709,斜率因子k值未见明显变化。杂合型细胞模型Ctl组、Hsp90-组、Hsp90+组激活电流及尾电流密度均在50 mV处达到最高;杂合型细胞模型Hsp90+组在20、30 mV处的激活电流密度均明显高于Ctl组、Hsp90-组(均P<0.05),在30、40 mV处的尾电流密度均明显高于Ctl组、Hsp90-组(均P<0.05)。结论Hsp90在hERG-A561V通道蛋白折叠转运中起作用,而上调Hsp90可促进WT/A561V hERG的折叠转运,进而影响通道功能。

X连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良家系TRAPPC2基因缺失突变的高通量测序分析

目的·研究一个X连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良(spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda,SEDT)家系的致病基因及突变类型。方法·提取一个SEDT家系6名成员外周血基因组DNA。应用Clearseq遗传性疾病试剂盒靶向捕获先证者基因组样本中与罕见遗传性疾病相关的致病区域,并进行高通量测序,过滤去除高频突变。采用外显子组隐马尔科夫模型(exome hidden Markov model,XHMM)分析拷贝数变异(copy number variant,CNV),并进一步对6名家系成员基因缺失片段的拷贝数进行实时定量PCR分析。结果·高通量测序分析结果显示,先证者X染色体存在2.5 kb缺失(chrX:13732385~13734927),该区域覆盖转运蛋白复合体亚单位2(transport protein particle complex subunit 2,TRAPPC2)基因的第4~6个外显子。定量PCR结果证实先证者及其表哥均存在该缺失,先证者母亲为杂合缺失,先证者父亲、姐姐和表型正常的舅舅拷贝数均正常。结论·TRAPPC2基因第4~6个外显子片段的缺失为SEDT的致病性突变;同时高通量测序分析中运用XHMM算法可检测到致病基因多个外显子的缺失。

Intracellular Transport of HIV-1 Matrix Protein Associated with Viral RNA

HIV-1 matrix protein (MA) is a multifunctional structural protein localized on N terminus of Gag precursor p55. MA participates in HIV-1 assembly as membranotropic part of Gag precursor as well as an individual protein spliced from Gag early in infection. MA is found in the nuclei of infected cells and in plasma membrane, the site of virus assembly, in association with viral genome RNA. MA mutated variant M4 which contains two changed amino acids in N-terminal regions is also associated with viral RNA, but it is localized in the nuclear and cytoskeleton fractions but not in the plasma membrane suggesting that the mutant is deprived of membranotropic signal and “sticks” in the nuclei an d cytoskeleton, its previous location sites. These data allow suggesting that MA involved into transmission of viral RNA is transported to plasma membrane by cytoskeleton.

血清胱抑素C、尿微量白蛋白、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白联合检测在早期肾损伤患者中应用价值

目的:探究血清胱抑素C(CysC)、尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)联合诊断在早期肾损伤中应用效果。方法:将2022年1月—2024年1月在漳州市中医院诊治糖尿病患者80例,根据肾小球滤过率(GFR)水平分为早期肾损伤组(A组)38例、单纯糖尿病组(B组)42例,并选择同期体检健康人员38例纳入对照组(C组),检测所有患者血清CysC、NGAL、尿mAlb水平,分析其对早期肾损伤的诊断价值。结果:与C组比较,A组、B组CysC、mAlb、NGAL水平均升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与B组比较,A组CysC、mAlb、NGAL水平均高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CysC、mAlb、NGAL敏感度均低于联合诊断,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);CysC、mAlb、NGAL单独诊断特异度与联合诊断特异度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);CysC、mAlb、NGAL准确度均低于联合诊断,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:CysC、mAlb、NGAL水平在早期肾损伤患者中呈异常高表达,且联合诊断早期肾损伤有着较高效能,可对早期肾损伤进行较为准确的鉴别。

镰刀菌属真菌毒素在植物和病原菌互作中的研究进展

镰刀菌是世界上最重要的植物病原菌之一,可影响植物的生长发育,严重威胁全球粮食安全和生物多样性。几乎所有的镰刀菌都会产生真菌毒素,其毒素种类多、毒性强,一方面可以作为致病因子之一参与镰刀菌的致病过程,另一方面可污染粮食和饲料,进而引起人类和动物的相关病症。已有研究表明,镰刀菌侵染植物后产生的不同种类真菌毒素不仅毒害植物细胞,引起植物组织的坏死,还会加速病原菌的侵染;同时,针对病原菌产生的毒素,植物会激活防御酶并启动防御相关基因的表达,或将致病毒素转化为无毒或低毒物质并转运到胞外,或通过分泌次生代谢物直接抑制病原菌毒素的生物合成。为全面解析镰刀菌毒素在病原菌侵染植物中的作用,提高植物对病原菌的抗性,该文综述了镰刀菌属真菌毒素的种类、毒性机理以及毒素在植物和病原菌互作中的作用,并讨论了植物对真菌毒素的防御反应策略,以期为镰刀菌毒素致病机制和病原菌防治策略研究提供参考。

多药耐药相关蛋白转运体在药物性肝损伤中的作用研究进展

肝脏是人体新陈代谢最旺盛的器官,也是体内多种药物的解毒器官。当长期或过量使用药物时会增加药物性肝损伤(DILI)的风险。多药耐药相关蛋白(MRPs)是位于细胞膜上的功能蛋白,可转运多种药物,在DILI中发挥重要作用。MRPs功能的抑制、缺失是药物肝毒性产生的重要原因。本文对MRPs的结构、表达部位及功能进行归纳,并对MRPs与DILI的关系及其改善DILI的机制进行总结,期望更好地了解MRPs转运体与DILI的关系,为后续防治DILI提供参考。

核桃铵态氮转运蛋白基因JrAMT2的功能分析

【目的】研究高效利用氮素基因铵态氮转运蛋白基因JrAMT2,对核桃Juglansregia的品种改良、快速生长及产量形成有重要意义。【方法】以核桃JrAMT2过表达幼苗为实验材料,对JrAMT2基因进行生物信息学分析。通过基因表达量和表型测定对核桃JrAMT2过表达植株生长发育、氮素吸收、叶绿素质量分数、叶绿素荧光进行理化分析。【结果】JrAMT2基因在核桃JrAMT2过表达植株中稳定表达。与野生型相比,核桃JrAMT2过表达株系的株高、节间长、生物量等生长参数显著提高(P<0.05),核桃幼苗的株高、节间长增加,最高可增加68.2%和50.3%,植株地上部分、地下部分生物量显著增加,地上部分最高可增加56.26%(鲜质量)和56.26%(干质量),地下部分最高可增加344.38%(鲜质量)和354.33%(干质量);核桃JrAMT2过表达株系地下部分对铵态氮及硝态氮的吸收显著提高(P<0.05),最高可提高114.1%和70.3%,其中JrAMT2基因介导了铵态氮从地下部分到地上部分的运输,地上部分铵态氮质量分数显著增加(P<0.05),最高可增加59.1%;核桃JrAMT2过表达植株叶绿体表面积与单层细胞表面积比率、叶绿素质量分数显著增加(P<0.05),最高可增加22.94%和74.3%;对叶绿素荧光参数分析,核桃JrAMT2过表达植株叶片放氧复活体活性、量子产额、电子传递效率均显著提高(P<0.05)。【结论】核桃JrAMT2基因在核桃幼苗生长发育、氮素吸收和光合作用中均有积极显著调控的作用,为进一步研究核桃快速繁育提供一定的理论依据,且为筛选优良品种奠定一定基础。

铜与卵巢癌的研究进展

卵巢癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一,多数患者在发现时已是晚期,治疗效果及预后差,严重影响患者的生存质量。铜是人体内重要的微量元素,参与多种关键生物过程,并与多种恶性肿瘤的进展密切相关。目前,越来越多的研究探索了铜与卵巢癌的关系,发现卵巢癌患者血浆、腹水及肿瘤组织中铜水平较健康人群明显升高,并且多种铜转运蛋白的异常表达与卵巢癌铂类药物化疗耐药密切相关。近年来,针对铜代谢的抗肿瘤治疗方式成为了研究的热点,大量的研究证明了铜螯合剂和铜离子载体在体内外对卵巢癌的显著抑制作用。综述铜与卵巢癌的密切关系,深入了解基于铜代谢的药物及治疗方法在卵巢癌中的应用,以期为卵巢癌的治疗提供新的方向。

钙在作物生长发育中的功能及应用

钙是作物必需的中量元素之一,广泛存在于根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子中,对作物的生长发育具有重要意义。钙属于再利用难的元素,其吸收、转运受制于蒸腾作用,因此农作物常发生生理性缺钙,从而导致抗逆性减弱,产量和品质降低。作物体内的钙具有双重功能,既参与细胞壁与细胞膜的构成,还可作为细胞内第二信使参与多种环境刺激和内部生长发育信号的响应。细胞中钙的吸收和转运对于维持细胞内钙离子稳态和钙信号精准传导至关重要。近年来,钙在作物生长与发育中的功能和在作物生产中的应用得到了广泛研究。本文阐述了作物体内钙元素的分布、吸收转运和需求状况,介绍了作物缺钙症状和原因,并综述了钙的营养结构功能和第二信使功能及钙信号产生、传导和解码机制,总结了钙在作物生长发育中的作用,包括对产量、品质和抗逆性等方面的影响,同时对其未来研究方向提出了展望。

杨树KT、HAK、KUP基因家族鉴定及钾肥处理对杨树生长的影响

KT、HAK、KUP基因家族是植物进行K^(+)转运的最大蛋白系统。以毛果杨(Populus trichocarpa Torr.&Gray)全基因组数据为基础,利用生物信息学方法对杨树KT、HAK、KUP家族进行了全基因组鉴定,并在毛果杨全基因组中鉴定出20个KT、HAK、KUP家族成员。理化性质预测分析表明:KT、HAK、KUP基因家族成员均为疏水性蛋白,等电点在5.30~9.16;亚细胞定位预测显示家族成员蛋白集中在细胞质膜上。应用拟南芥和杨树构建系统进化树显示,KT、HAK、KUP基因家族可分为5个亚家族。基因结构及基序(motif)分析表明,KT、HAK、KUP基因进化过程相对保守。顺式作用元件分析表明,KT、HAK、KUP基因家族成员含有诸多与激素、逆境胁迫的响应元件。杨树不同钾离子浓度处理下,植株的净生长情况呈现了显著的差异,说明钾元素对杨树生长影响较大。