Stability and accuracy of central difference method for real-time dynamic substructure testing considering mass participation coefficient

For real-time dynamic substructure testing(RTDST),the influence of the inertia force of fluid specimens on the stability and accuracy of the integration algorithms has never been investigated.Therefore,this study proposes to investigate the stability and accuracy of the central difference method(CDM)for RTDST considering the specimen mass participation coefficient.First,the theory of the CDM for RTDST is presented.Next,the stability and accuracy of the CDM for RTDST considering the specimen mass participation coefficient are investigated.Finally,numerical simulations and experimental tests are conducted for verifying the effectiveness of the method.The study indicates that the stability of the algorithm is affected by the mass participation coefficient of the specimen,and the stability limit first increases and then decreases as the mass participation coefficient increases.In most cases,the mass participation coefficient will increase the stability limit of the algorithm,but in specific circumstances,the algorithm may lose its stability.The stability and accuracy of the CDM considering the mass participation coefficient are verified by numerical simulations and experimental tests on a three-story frame structure with a tuned liquid damper.

Simulation of large-scale numerical substructure in real-time dynamic hybrid testing

A solution scheme is proposed in this paper for an existing RTDHT system to simulate large-scale finite element （FE） numerical substructures. The analysis of the FE numerical substructure is split into response analysis and signal generation tasks, and executed in two different target computers in real-time. One target computer implements the response analysis task, wherein a large time-step is used to solve the FE substructure, and another target computer implements the signal generation task, wherein an interpolation program is used to generate control signals in a small time-step to meet the input demand of the controller. By using this strategy, the scale of the FE numerical substructure simulation may be increased significantly. The proposed scheme is initially verified by two FE numerical substructure models with 98 and 1240 degrees of freedom （DOFs）. Thereafter, RTDHTs of a single frame-foundation structure are implemented where the foundation, considered as the numerical substructure, is simulated by the FE model with 1240 DOFs. Good agreements between the results of the RTDHT and those from the FE analysis in ABAQUS are obtained.

Flexible substructure online hybrid test system using conventional testing devices

This paper presents a substructure online hybrid test system that is extensible for geographically distributed tests. This system consists of a set of devices conventionally used for cyclic tests to load the tested substructures onto the target displacement or the target force. Due to their robustness and portability, individual sets of conventional loading devices can be transported and reconfigured to realize physical loading in geographically remote laboratories. Another appealing feature is the flexible displacement-force mixed control that is particularly suitable for specimens having large disparities in stiffness during various performance stages. To conduct a substructure online hybrid test, an extensible framework is developed, which is equipped with a generalized interface to encapsulate each substructure. Multiple tested substructures and analyzed substructures using various structural program codes can be accommodated within the single framework, simply interfaced with the boundary displacements and forces. A coordinator program is developed to keep the boundaries among all substructures compatible and equilibrated. An Interuet-based data exchange scheme is also devised to transfer data among computers equipped with different software environments. A series of online hybrid tests are introduced, and the portability, flexibility, and extensibility of the online hybrid test system are demonstrated.

Substructure hybrid testing of reinforced concrete shear wall structure using a domain overlapping technique

An online hybrid test was carried out on a 40-story 120-m high concrete shear wall structure. The structure was divided into two substructures whereby a physical model of the bottom three stories was tested in the laboratory and the upper 37 stories were simulated numerically using ABAQUS. An overlapping domain method was employed for the bottom three stories to ensure the validity of the boundary conditions of the superstructure. Mixed control was adopted in the test. Displacement control was used to apply the horizontal displacement, while two controlled force actuators were applied to simulate the overturning moment, which is very large and cannot be ignored in the substructure hybrid test of high-rise buildings. A series of tests with earthquake sources of sequentially increasing intensities were carried out. The test results indicate that the proposed hybrid test method is a solution to reproduce the seismic response of high-rise concrete shear wall buildings. The seismic performance of the tested precast high-rise building satisfies the requirements of the Chinese seismic design code.

Networked collaborative pseudo-dynamic testing of a multi-span bridge based on NetSLab

Modem dynamic tests such as networked collaborative pseudo-dynamic testing （PDT） provide new tools to study the dynamic performance of large and complex structures. In this paper, several networked collaborative PDT systems established in China and abroad are introduced, including a detailed description of the first networked collaborative platform that involved the construction of a standardized demonstration procedure for networked collaborative PDT. The example is a multi-span bridge with RC piers retrofitted by FRP, and a networked structural laboratory （NetSLab） platform is used to link distributed laboratories located at several universities together. Substructure technology is also used in the testing. The characteristics, resource sharing and collaborative work of NetSLab are described, and the results illustrate that use of the NetSLab is feasible for studying the dynamic performance of multi-span bridge structures.

Velocity plus displacement equivalent force control for real-time substructure testing

This paper employs a velocity plus displacement（V＋D）-based equivalent force control（EFC） method to solve the velocity/displacement difference equation in a real-time substructure test. This method uses type 2 feedback control loops to replace mathematical iteration to solve the nonlinear dynamic equation. A spectral radius analysis of the amplification matrix shows that the type 2 EFC-explicit, Newmark-β method has beneficial numerical characteristics for this method. Its stability limit of Ω = 2 remains unchanged regardless of the system damping because the velocity is achieved with very high accuracy during simulation. In contrast, the stability limits of the central difference method using direct velocity prediction and the EFC-average acceleration method with linear interpolation are shown to decrease with an increase in system damping. In fact, the EFC-average acceleration method is shown to change from unconditionally stable to conditionally stable. We also show that if an over-damped system with a damping ratio of 1.05 is considered, the stability limit is reduced to Ω =1.45. Finally, the results from an experiment with a single-degree-of-freedom structure installed with a magneto-rheological（MR） damper are presented. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to follow both displacement and velocity commands with moderate accuracy, resulting in improved test performance and accuracy for structures that are sensitive to both velocity and displacement inputs. Although the findings of the study are promising, additional test data and several further improvements will be required to draw general conclusions.

Pseudo-dynamic tests on masonry residential buildings seismically retrofitted by precast steel reinforced concrete walls

A retrofitting technology using precast steel reinforced concrete（PSRC） panels is developed to improve the seismic performance of old masonry buildings. The PSRC panels are built up as an external PSRC wall system surrounding the existing masonry building. The PSRC walls are well connected to the existing masonry building, which provides enough confinement to effectively improve the ductility, strength, and stiffenss of old masonry structures. The PSRC panels are prefabricated in a factory, significantly reducing the situ work and associated construction time. To demonstrate the feasibility and mechanical effectivenss of the proposed retrofitting system, a full-scale five-story specimen was constructed. The retrofitting process was completed within five weeks with very limited indoor operation. The specimen was then tested in the lateral direction, which could potentially suffer sigifnicant damage in a large earthquake. The technical feasibility, construction workability, and seismic performance were thoroughly demonstrated by a full-scale specimen construction and pseudo-dynamic tests.

Seismic performance testing of reinforcement concrete frames strengthened with Y-eccentrically brace

Two single-storey single-span reinforcement concrete （RC） frame structures strengthened with Y-eccentrically brace were designed and manufactured to be 1/3 scale. The pseudo-dynamic testing method was used to study the mechanical characteristics and the seismic performance under E1-Centro earthquake action with different peak acceleration adjusted by China＇s Code for Seismic Design of Buildings. The test results indicate that RC frame structures strengthened with Y- eccentrically steel brace present perfect seismic performance under strong earthquake action owing to the good ductility, strong bearing capability and fine energy absorbing capability provided by energy dissipation element and high lateral stiffness provided by diagonal braces. The seismic performance is also affected by the length of outsourcing steel at the joint between energy dissipation element of eccentric steel brace and RC frame beam. The joint should be considerably designed to make sure that shear failure can firstly occur in energy dissipation element.

基于改进Smith预估器的振动台子结构试验方法研究

振动台子结构试验是一种有效的实时结构混合试验方法,利用振动台和其他加载装置进行联合加载,可以提升振动台的加载能力。针对试验过程中受到干扰影响的振动台子结构试验控制系统,提出一种基于Smith预估器的控制方法。介绍了基于主动质量驱动器加载方法的振动台子结构试验装置和工作原理以及Smith预估器的实现方式。分析了时滞对控制系统的影响,当控制系统引入4 ms的时滞时,仿真结果发散,系统模型存在纯滞后环节,因此容易发生较严重的震荡。为解决此问题,引入Smith预估器与改进的Smith预估器并进行相应的数值仿真工作。仿真结果表明:基于传统Smith预估器的振动台子结构试验方法能够保证系统仿真结果不再发散,但其结果较为一般;而基于改进Smith预估器的振动台子结构试验方法结果更为理想,其峰值误差与均方根误差等相关评价指标都相对较小,说明所提方法可以有效解决时滞系统的稳定性问题。

调谐多液柱阻尼器对浮式风机基础的减摇特性研究

建立调谐多液柱阻尼器(TLMCD)与浮式基础的缩尺模型,在水池内开展试验,研究规则波激励下TLMCD对浮式基础纵摇运动响应的控制效果;同时利用OpenFOAM建立数值模型并进行验证,从流场、水动力载荷、浮体运动姿态和阻尼力做功等方面,分析TLMCD与浮式基础耦合的作用机理。结果表明:TLMCD在共振激励下的减摇效果最佳,2%质量比的液体可以降低浮体在共振激励下最大纵摇响应的10.84%~18.53%,在0.9<T/T0<1.1范围内TLMCD能实现至少7.32%以上的减摇效果;共振条件下液舱晃荡产生的水动力做正功的时间占比为89.52%,液柱内液体的晃荡周期性为浮体提供反向的阻尼力矩。

船舶撞击内河桥梁下部结构力学特性研究

为研究内河桥梁下部结构在船舶撞击下的受力特性,依托安康市汉江一桥,开展水平冲击荷载作用下的单桩冲击力室内模型试验,在通过室内模型试验结果验证数值模型有效性的基础上,建立汉江一桥下部结构模型,研究分析其受船舶撞击下的船撞力、位移及损伤特性。研究结果表明:船桥碰撞产生的船撞力可分为直接撞击阶段与残余力撞击阶段,船桥碰撞问题的研究可仅采用直接撞击阶段;桥梁下部结构的刚度越大,船桥碰撞的接触时间越短、船撞力峰值越大;船舶撞击桥梁下部结构不同位置的最大位移变形主要出现在各部件的连接处,桩基的中性点主要出现在桩顶附近与桩身下半段;进行桥梁下部结构防撞设计时,应重点关注桥墩与承台连接处,承台与桩基连接处的强度问题。研究结果可为内河桥梁的防撞设计与相应的规范规程提供参考。

κ-test算法在星系团研究中的应用

介绍了κ-test算法基本原理,并将此算法运用于近邻星系团系统A399/A401。κ-test算法对该系统中215颗星系空间分布的成团现象进行了判定,证实确是真正物理意义上的成团。

桥梁下部结构施工中节段预制拼装技术的混凝土无损检测研究

针对桥梁下部结构施工中混凝土损耗极为严重的问题,提出了一种节段预制拼装技术,旨在解决桥梁下部结构施工过程中混凝土致密度不高以及耐久性弱的问题。论文对节段预制拼装技术的混凝土无损检测结果进行分析,结果表明:采用节段预制拼装技术的28 d龄期的混凝土结构和56 d龄期的混凝土结构的温度、表面透气性、混凝土的电阻率、混凝土含水率均能够达到混凝土无损检测标准。

基于BP神经网络的离线迭代混合试验方法研究

利用反向传播(误差逆传播算法back propagation algorithm,BP简称反向传播算法)神经网络对非线性结构位移-力系统进行拟合,将训练好神经网络作为试验子结构与数值子结构联合求解,省去了混合试验中试验子结构与数值子结构之间的实时数据交互,并通过迭代训练样本的方法不断逼近真实响应,克服了神经网络需要大量训练样本的问题。通过对两个自由度的非线性结构进行混合试验数值仿真,验证了该方法的可行性。以实际工程的一榀框架为混合试验对象,取一个隔震垫作为试验子结构进行数值仿真,进一步验证了该方法的有效性。

Pseudo-dynamic testing of a fabricated composite frame with steel plate shear walls

A pseudo-dynamic testing program was generated on a fabricated composite frame with steel plate shear walls （SPSWs） to study its seismic perlbrmance. The specimen was a three-storey single-bay frame, which was composed of H- section steel columns and composite beams, and was assembled by bolted height-adjustable steel beam-to-column connections （BHA connections）. Beam-only-connected SPSWs were selected as lateral load resisting members. The specimen was subjected to four ground motions of progressively increasing intensity. The results showed that： （1） beam-only-connected S PSWs provided sufficient lateral load resistance, lateral stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity to the fabricated frame via the tension ficld action developed in their infill panels; （2） the fabricated frame, assembled by BHA connections, exhibited substantial redundancy and good ductility; （3） an undesirable failure mode of the fabricated frame, in huge earthquakes, included severe cracking in composite beams and block shear failure in SPSWs＇ connections; （4） the inter-storey shear force distribution determined by ASCE/SE1 7-10 was verified with experimental data.

基于卡尔曼滤波的振动台子结构试验方法研究

振动台子结构试验是一种有效的实时结构混合试验方法,持续受到国内外学者的关注。利用振动台和其它加载装置进行联合加载,从而提升和扩展振动台的加载能力,实现大比例甚至足尺结构试验的目的。基于主动质量驱动器(AMD)加载方法的振动台子结构试验中,在试验子结构和数值子结构完全拆分的情况下,无论采用位移PID还是三参量控制,在界面加速度输入情况下AMD系统在3~5 min后会产生失稳现象,通过调整控制增益、对加速度反馈信号进行滤波无法消除这种现象。在加速度传感器噪声的影响下,子结构试验系统无法保持长期稳定,通过数值仿真表明现有的时滞补偿算法也无法消除这种失稳现象。考虑这种情况,将卡尔曼滤波引入界面加速度的量测环节,通过整体结构模型求得的界面加速度对实测界面加速度进行修正,从而提升了振动台子结构试验的系统稳定性和试验精度。数值仿真结果表明,通过设置合理的卡尔曼滤波参数,可以抑制加速度传感器随机噪声对子结构试验精度的影响,系统时滞稳定性也得到显著改善。文中的研究结果为振动台子结构试验的成功实施提供了一种可行的解决方案。

固定式海上风力机实时混合试验加载方式研究

在传统的海上风力机模型试验中,湍流风载荷在实验室中复现困难,实验室场地的空间限制无法进行大型海上风力机模型试验,上部风力机与下部平台存在的缩尺矛盾也无法深入研究海上风力机全耦合作用机理.随着计算能力的提升、数值积分算法以及控制等关键问题研究取得突破,上述矛盾可由实时混合试验方法解决.本文以美国国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)5 MW固定式海上风力机为研究对象,按照1∶90进行缩尺,制作物理子结构模型,开发AeroDyn程序作为数值子结构,添加UDP/IP通信机制作为数据采集与传输方式,以推杆式作动器为加载装置,搭建了完整的实时混合试验系统,进行无海浪工况下的固定式海上风力机实时混合模型试验.将试验结果与FAST软件结果进行对比分析,结果吻合良好,说明了实时混合模型试验方法的可行性.研究结果为海上风力机实时混合模型试验技术的进一步发展提供了参考,为海上风力机结构设计与安全运行提供技术支撑.

足尺柱承重模块化钢框架稳定承载力试验研究

为研究竖向荷载作用下柱承重模块化钢框架的受力性能、破坏机理及模块间节点对结构整体受力性能的影响,进行了模块间节点静力受弯试验与足尺2层单跨模块化钢框架竖向静力加载试验,分别得到模块间节点的刚度属性及模块化钢框架的整体稳定承载力与破坏模式。最后,考察了模块间节点对模块化钢框架结构整体性能的影响,并验证了结构稳定承载力理论计算模型与数值分析模型。结果表明:模块间节点的半刚性属性对模块化钢框架的稳定承载力影响较大,设计时应加以考虑;竖向荷载作用下模块化钢框架破坏模式为上下层模块角柱整体失稳;子结构模型能够较好地计算柱承重模块化钢框架的整体稳定承载力。

基于OpenSees Navigator的子结构混合仿真试验系统及其验证

将有限元软件OpenSees Navigator应用于子结构混合仿真试验,介绍了基于OpenSees Navigator的子结构混合仿真试验方法的试验原理、试验系统组成和误差控制方法,并通过八层实腹式SRC异形柱框架子结构混合仿真试验结果和有限元软件OpenSees Navigator的数值模拟结果来验证该试验系统及方法的有效性和准确性。研究结果表明,试验预加载得到的命令位移和反馈位移时程曲线吻合程度较好,验证了该试验系统的有效性;模型结构的加速度反应、位移反应和层间剪力试验结果和模拟结果较为接近,表明该子结构混合仿真试验系统和试验方法能够较好地反映SRC异形柱框架结构在地震作用下的动力反应,将该试验系统应用于工程结构的抗震性能研究能够取得良好的效果。

梁–H型柱弱轴刚性拼接的子结构抗倒塌性能试验研究

梁柱连接节点是框架结构的重要组成部分,明确节点的受力性能是准确进行结构抗连续倒塌分析的前提。本文基于替代荷载路径法并考虑楼板的组合效应,以两跨三柱型组合梁–柱子结构为研究对象,设计制作了H型柱弱轴方向刚性拼接的栓焊连接子结构试件(RWUF)和全螺栓连接子结构试件(RWUT)。对两种子结构试件进行单调静力加载试验并分析其破坏模式、变形性能和抗力机理。结果表明:两种试件的加载过程均经历了弹性阶段、压拱阶段、混合机制阶段(梁机制与悬链线机制的混合阶段),且子结构试件首次断裂均发生在混合机制阶段,悬链线效应的发挥为断后荷载的提升起到有利作用;试件的断裂均发生在梁段拼接处,RWUF在正弯矩区受拉侧焊缝断裂后破坏持续向腹板扩展,直至丧失承载力,RWUT的破坏仅为正弯矩区受拉侧盖板的断裂;螺栓发生有限滑移后,螺栓孔壁持续受到挤压,并发生轴向变形有利于塑性铰的转动,也为轴力的传递提供了路径,结构受荷后期悬链线效应显著,整体抗力得到提升。基于能量平衡原理对子结构进行动力评估可知,节点的非线性转动能力直接影响结构的抗倒塌能力,弱轴采用全螺栓连接的结构具备更高的动力倒塌抗力。