A Lagrangian Trajectory Analysis of Azimuthally Asymmetric Equivalent Potential Temperature in the Outer Core of Sheared Tropical Cyclones

In this study,the characteristics of azimuthally asymmetric equivalent potential temperature(θ_(e))distributions in the outer core of tropical cyclones(TCs)encountering weak and strong vertical wind shear are examined using a Lagrangian trajectory method.Evaporatively forced downdrafts in the outer rainbands can transport low-entropy air downward,resulting in the lowestθ_(e)in the downshear-left boundary layer.Quantitative estimations ofθ_(e)recovery indicate that air parcels,especially those originating from the downshear-left outer core,can gradually revive from a low entropy state through surface enthalpy fluxes as the parcels move cyclonically.As a result,the maximumθ_(e)is observed in the downshear-right quadrant of a highly sheared TC.The trajectory analyses also indicate that parcels that move upward in the outer rainbands and those that travel through the inner core due to shear make a dominant contribution to the midlevel enhancement ofθ_(e)in the downshear-left outer core.In particular,the former plays a leading role in suchθ_(e)enhancements,while the latter plays a secondary role.As a result,moist potential stability occurs in the middle-to-lower troposphere in the downshear-left outer core.

Plasma potential measurements using an emissive probe made of oxide cathode

A novel emissive probe consisting of an oxide cathode coating is developed to achieve a low operating temperature and long service life.The properties of the novel emissive probe are investigated in detail,in comparison with a traditional tungsten emissive probe,including the operating temperature,the electron emission capability and the plasma potential measurement.Studies of the operating temperature and electron emission capability show that the tungsten emissive probe usually works at a temperature of 1800 K-2200 K while the oxide cathode emissive probe can function at about 1200 K-1400 K.In addition,plasma potential measurements using the oxide cathode emissive probe with different techniques have been accomplished in microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasmas with different discharge powers.It is found that a reliable plasma potential can be obtained using the improved inflection point method and the hot probe with zero emission limit method,while the floating point method is invalid for the oxide cathode emissive probe.

The effect of sea surface temperature increase on the potential habitat of Ommastrephes bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

In the Northwest Pacific Ocean, the squid jigging fisheries from China, Japan and other countries and regions have targeted the west winter-spring cohort of neon flying squid（Ommastrephes bartramii） from August to November since the 1970 s. This squid is a short-lived ecological opportunist with a life-span of about one year,and its population is labile and recruitment variability is driven by the environment or climate change. This variability provides a challenge for ones to forecast the key habitats affected by climate change. The catch data of O. bartramii from Chinese squid jigging fishery and the satellite-derived sea surface temperature（SST） data are used in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from August to November of 1998 to 2004, the SST preferences of O.bartramii corresponding to high values of catch per fishing day（CPUE） are determined and monthly potential habitats are predicted using a histogram analysis of the SST data. The possible changes in the potential habitats of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean are estimated under four climate change scenarios based on the Fourth Assessment Report（AR4） of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, i.e., 0.5, 1, 2 and 4°C increases in the SST because of the climate change. The results reveal an obvious poleward shift of the potential habitats of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.

Temperature Effects of Parabolic Linear Bound Potential and Coulomb Bound Potential Quantum Dot Qubit

On the condition of electric-LO phonon strong coupling in a parabolic quantum dot,we obtain theeigenenergy and the eigenfunctions of the ground state and the first-excited state using the variational method ofPekar type.This system in a quantum dot may be employed as a two-level quantum system-qubit.When the electronis in the superposition state of the ground state and the first-excited state,we obtain the time evolution of the electrondensity.The relations of the probability density of electron on the temperature and the electron-LO-phonon couplingconstant and the relations of the period of oscillation on the temperature,the electron-LO-phonon coupling constant,the Coulomb binding parameter and the confinement length are derived.The results show that the probability densityof electron oscillates with a period when the electron is in the superposition state of the ground and the first-excitedstate,and show that there are different laws that the probability density of electron and the period of oscillation changewith the temperature and the electron-LO-phonon coupling constant when the temperature is lower or higher.Andit is obtained that the period of oscillation decreases with increasing the Coulomb bound potential and increases withincreasing the confinement length not only at lower temperatures but also at higher temperatures.

A Brief Report of Graphic Explanations for Generalized Potential Temperature in the Non-Uniformly Saturated Atmosphere

Compared to potential temperature(θ) in the dry atmosphere and equivalent potential temperature(θe) in the saturated atmosphere,generalized potential temperature(θ*) has already proven a better thermodynamic parameter in describing the non-uniformly saturated real atmosphere.To add otherwise absent graphic explanations,this paper first presents the physical definition of θ* through a tephigram.Then,the utility of the measurement in identifying and forecasting the locations of precipitation maxima and heat wave areas with diagnostic comparison studies and traditionally used thermodynamic parameters is shown.

Effect of Cropland Occupation and Supplement on Light-temperature Potential Productivity in China from 2000 to 2008

There are more people but less land in China,so food safety has always been a most important issue government concerned.With continuous population increase,economic development and environment protection,cropland occupation and supplement are unavoidable.It not only leads to the variation of cropland area,but also makes the light-temperature potential productivity per unit area different due to regional climate differentiation,therefore impacts the total potential productivity and food output eventually.So,it is necessary to analyze the climate differentiation between occupation and supplement cropland areas and to study its impact on total potential productivity,which is significant to reasonably develop natural resources and instruct agricultural arrangement.This study firstly discussed the variation and distribution of occupation and supplement croplands in China from 2000 to 2008,then analyzed the climate differentiation between occupation and supplement cropland areas and its effect on light-temperature potential productivity.The results demonstrate:1) From 2000 to 2008,the cropland variation presented occupation in the south and supplement in the north,but overall decreased.Supplement cropland was mainly from ecological reclamation(77.78%) and was mainly distributed in Northeast China and Northwest China with poor climatic and natural conditions.Occupation cropland was mainly used for construction(52.88%) and ecological restoration(44.78%) purposes,and was mainly distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,and the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River with better climatic and natural conditions.2) The climate conditions were quite different in supplement and occupation cropland areas.The annual precipitation,annual accumulated temperature and average annual temperature were lower in the supplement cropland area,and its average po-tential productivity per unit was only 62% of occupation cropland area,which was the main reason for the decrease of total potential productivity.3) Cropland occupation and supplement led to the variation of total potential productivity and its spatial distribution.The productivity decreased in the south and increased in the north,but had a net loss of 4.38315×107 t in the whole country.The increase of cropland area was at the cost of reclaiming natural forest and grassland resources,and destroying natural ecological environment,while the decrease of cropland area was mainly due to a lot of cropland occupied by urban-rural construction,which threatened the sustainable use of cropland resources.

Calculation of Equation of State of QCD at Finite Chemical Potential and Temperature

在这篇论文，用路径积分技术，我们为压力密度导出一个模型无关的公式(μ ， T )( 或相等地分区函数) 量 Chromodynamics (QCD ) ，它在有限化学潜力和温度给 QCD 的状态(曙光女神) 的方程。在这个公式压力密度(μ ， T ) 由二项条款组成：第一项条款((μ ， T )| T =0) 是 μ-independent (但是 T 依赖) 经常；第二个术语被 G 完全决定[μ ， T ]( ， ω n )( 在有限 μ 的处理夸克增殖者和有限 T ) ，它包含所有重要 μ-dependence。在 Dyson Schwinger ( DS )途径并且在忽视处理 gluon 增殖者的 μ-dependence 的近似下面的彩虹梯子近似的框架，然后，我们显示出那 G [μ ， T ](，ω n )能从 G 被获得[ T ](，ω n )(在μ =的处理夸克增殖者 0 )由替换ω n → ω n +iμ 。这结果更加便于数字计算。，由这结果 G [T ]( ， ω n ) 被知道，一个人能在上述近似下面决定 QCD 的 EOS (直到添加剂术语(μ ， T )| T = 0 ) 。最后， QCD 的现在的曙光女神的比较和在 DS 途径的彩虹梯子近似的框架在以前的文学获得的 EOS 被给。在以前的文学给的 EOS 不满足热力学的关系，这被发现。

Quantifying the non-conservative production of potential temperature over the past 22000 years

The energy budgets of the ocean play a crucial role in the analysis of climate change. Potential temperature is traditionally used as a conservative quantity to express variations associated with “heat” in oceanography, such as the heat content and heat transport. However, potential temperature is usually not conserved during turbulent mixing, so the use of conservative temperature is more accurate. Based on climatological simulations under the modern and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM;~21 ka;ka=thousand years ago), as well as a transient climate simulation of the past 22 000 years, we quantify the errors induced by the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature in paleo-climate research for the first time. The temperature error reaches 0.9℃ near the coasts aff ected by river discharges but is much smaller in the open oceans, typically 0.03°C above the main thermocline and less than 0.01℃ elsewhere. The error of the ocean heat content (OHC) is roughly 3×10^22 J and is relatively steady over the past 22 000 years. However, the OHC increases to six times the original value during the last glacial termination from 20 ka to 7 ka. As a result, the relative OHC error decreases from 1.2% in the LGM climate to 0.14% in the modern climate. The error of the ocean meridional heat transport (OMHT) is generally smaller than 0.005 PW (1 PW=10 15 W), with very small temporal variations (typically 0.000 4 PW), and induces a relative OMHT error of typically 0.3% over the past 22 000 years. Therefore, the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature induces a relative error of generally less than 1% in the analyses of basin-scale climate variations.

A Model-Independent Discussion of Quark Number Density and Quark Condensate at Zero Temperature and Finite Quark Chemical Potential

Generally speaking, the quark propagator is dependent on the quark chemical potential in the dense quantum chromodynamics （QCD）. By means of the generating functional method, we prove that the quark propagator actually depends on p4 ＋ iμ from the first principle of QCD. The relation between quark number density and quark condensate is discussed by analyzing their singularities. It is concluded that the quark number density has some singularities at certain # when T = 0, and the variations of the quark number density as well as the quark condensate are located at the same point. In other words, at a certain # the quark number density turns to nonzero, while the quark condensate begins to decrease from its vacuum value.

Microstructure of Surface Layer Formed at Low Temperature and High Carbon Concentration Carburizing with Rare Earth Element

A suitable carburized microstructure with fine granular dispersed carbides in hypereutectoid zone,ultra fine martensite in matrix and recrystallized austenite to be refined to the grain size of 12～14 has been obtained by a new process,which is a high carbon concentration carburizing with rare earth element at low temperature(860～880℃)in a discontinuous gas carburization furnace.There was not much difference for the microstructure in eutectic zone between this and conventional process.Forming mechanism of granular carbides has been also studied in this paper.

Uniformity principle of temperature difference field in heat transfer optimization

The uniformity principle of temperature difference field is very useful in heat exchanger analyses and optimizations.In this paper, we analyze some other heat transfer optimization problems in the thermal management system of spacecrafts,including the cooling of thermal components, the one-stream series-wound heat exchanger network, the volume-to-point heat conduction problem, and the radiative heat transfer optimization problem, and have found that the uniformity principle of temperature difference field also holds. When the design objectives under the given constraints are achieved, the distributions of the temperature difference fields are uniform. The principle reflects the characteristic of the distribution of potential in the heat transfer optimization problems. It is also shown that the principle is consistent with the entransy theory. Therefore, although the principle is intuitive and phenomenological, the entransy theory can be the physical basis of the principle.

Vertical properties of nutrients and oxygen under temperature-salinity structure of the Bering Basin in July 1999

The China R/V Xuelong went on the first Arctic scientific cruise, and we obtained 271 hydro-chemical samples from 22 deep-sea stations in the Bering Basin in late July, 1999. Here we describe vertical properties of silicate [Si] , dissolved inorganic nitrogen [DIN] or [N] (nitrate plus ammonium plus nitrite) , phosphate [P] and oxygen [ O2 ] in seawater under potential temperature-salinity structure. The seasonal stratification in the summer and the water exchanges of the North Pacific Ocean over the Bering Basin resulted in that the four layers of vertical structure with two thermoclines may be found. Vertical [Si] and [N] and [P] profiles show that the nutrients are consumed mainly in ≤50 m and the order of deficient nutrients is [Si] the first, [N] the second and [P] the third. The [N] and [P] increase with depth downward to about 500 m and then both decrease, but the [Si] increases from 150 m to 2000 m or the bottom. In ≥ 150 m the [ O2 ] decreases, which is related with both [P] and [N] increasing closely. Seawater [N] :[P] ratios are 6 - 12 in =≤50 m, 10.5 - 14.3 in 100 - 150 m and 11.7 - 15.8 from 300 m to the bottom.

Reduced Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Size to Sea Surface Temperature in a Radiative-Convective Equilibrium Environment

It has been challenging to project the tropical cyclone （TC） intensity, structure and destructive potential changes in a warming climate. Here, we compare the sensitivities of TC intensity, size and destructive potential to sea surface warming with and without a pre-storm atmospheric adjustment to an idealized state of Radiative-Convective Equilibrium （RCE）. Without RCE, we find large responses of TC intensity, size and destructive potential to sea surface temperature （SST） changes, which is in line with some previous studies. However, in an environment under RCE, the TC size is almost insensitive to SST changes, and the sensitivity of intensity is also much reduced to 3% ~C-1-4% ~C-1. Without the pre-storm RCE adjustment, the mean destructive potential measured by the integrated power dissipation increases by about 25% ~C-1 during the mature stage. However, in an environment under RCE, the sensitivity of destructive potential to sea surface warming does not change significantly. Further analyses show that the reduced response of TC intensity and size to sea surface warming under RCE can be explained by the reduced thermodynamic disequilibrium between the air boundary layer and the sea surface due to the RCE adjustment. When conducting regional-scale sea surface warming experiments for TC case studies, without any RCE adjustment the TC response is likely to be unrealistically exaggerated. The TC intensity-temperature sensitivity under RCE is very similar to those found in coupled climate model simulations. This suggests global mean intensity projections under climate change can be understood in terms of a thermodynamic response to temperature with only a minor contribution from any changes in large-scale dynamics.

Mapping the spatial distribution of fossil geothermal manifestations and assessment of geothermal potential of the Tangyin rift,Southeast of Taihang Mountain in China

The spatial prediction of geothermal sites along the southeast side of Taihang Mountain in the Tangyin rift is a critical goal in the development of renewable energy resources in cities such as Hebi in Henan province,which has significant potential for geothermal energy production due to the existence of deep faults and Cenozoic volcano.The study aimed to delineate areas with high geothermal manifestations for detailed geothermal exploration and well-test drilling.To define favorable zones for geothermal potentiality,multi-source datasets were chosen to generate evidence thematic layers that demonstrate the distribution of geothermal anomalies such as geologic maps,structural maps,Land Surface Temperature maps(LST),and hydrothermal mineral alterations maps.The remote sensing and Geographical Information System(GIS)approaches were integrated to map fossil geothermal manifestations and appraise the promising geothermal zones from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-Digital Elevation Model(ASTER-DEM)dataset using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),which is one of the Mult-criteria Decision Making methods.Results show LST values ranging from 22.6℃ to 45.4℃,with the highest values found along the faults and volcanic areas.The hydrothermal alteration minerals discriminated from band ratios of 4/2,6/5,and 6/7 for iron oxide,ferrous minerals,and clays reveal the presence of high amount of montmorillonite and illite minerals along the faults and volcanoes which are related to hot fluid circulation from subsurface.Structural analysis shows that the major structural trend follows the NNE Tangdong and Tangxi faults,with high density on the west side of the Tangxi fault where there is good exposure of outcrop but less fault density on the east side due to sedimentation in a low land which may conceal geological structures.Lastly,all the thematic layers of geothermal factors were reclassified,ranked,and integrated by the weight overlay logic model based on the influence of geothermal suitability to map potential areas for geothermal resources whereby 5 zones were obtained ranging from very poor to very good.The promising potential sites are mostly found along the highly deep structures of the major Tangxi fault crosscutting the permeable lithology of carbonate rocks and around the Hebi volcanoes.The distribution of hot springs and geothermal wells of the Hebi field were correlated and verified against the potential geothermal anomalies map.The overall integrated method proposes an advanced technique for designing the Tangyin rift’s exploration plan and development actions for geothermal resources utilization,which can be used for exploration of any unveiling geothermal potential sites.

Particle-in-Cell Simulation Study on the Floating Potential of Spacecraft in the Low Earth Orbit

In order to further understand the characteristics of the floating potential of low earth orbit spacecraft,the effects of the electron current collection area,background electron temperature,photocurrent emission,spacecraft wake,and the shape of spacecraft on spacecraft floating potential were studied here by particle-in-cell simulation in the low earth orbit.The simulation results show that the electron current collection area and background electron temperature impact on the floating potential by changing the electron current collection of spacecraft.By increasing the electron current collection area or background electron temperature,the spacecraft will float at a lower electric potential with respect to the surrounding plasma.However,the spacecraft wake affects the floating potential by increasing the ion current collected by spacecraft.The emission of the photocurrent from the spacecraft surface,which compensates for the electrons collected from background plasma,causes the floating potential to increase.The shape of the spacecraft is also an important factor influencing the floating potential.

Moist Potential Vorticity Vector for Diagnosis of Heavy Rainfall Events in Tanzania

In this paper, we modify the convective vorticity vector (CVV) defined as a cross product of absolute vorticity and gradient of equivalent potential temperature to moist potential vorticity vector (MPVV) defined as a cross product of absolute vorticity () and the gradient of the moist-air entropy potential temperature (). The patterns of (MPVV) are compared with the patterns of heavy rainfall events that occurred over different regions in Tanzania on 20th to 22nd December, 2011 and on 5th to 8th May, 2015. Moreover, the article aimed at assessing the relative contributions of the magnitude, horizontal and vertical components of (MPVV) detecting on the observed patterns of rainfall events. Dynamic and thermodynamic variables: wind speed, temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity from numerical output generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model running at Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) were used to compute MPVV. It is found that MPVV provide accurate tracking of locations received heavy rainfall, suggesting its potential use as a dynamic tracer for heavy rainfall events in Tanzania. Finally it is found that the first and second components of MPVV contribute almost equally in tracing locations received heavy rainfall events. The magnitude of MPVV described the locations received heavy rainfall events better than the components.

Grey relational analysis on the relation between marine environmental factors and oxidation-reduction potential

The effects of marine environmental factors-temperature(T),dissolved oxygen(DO),salinity(S) and pH-on the oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) of natural seawater were studied in laboratory.The results show an indistinct relationship between these four factors and the ORP,but they did impact the ORP.Common mathematical methods were not applicable for describing the relationship.Therefore,a grey relational analysis(GRA) method was developed.The degrees of correlation were calculated according to GRA and the values of T,pH,DO and S were 0.744,0.710,0.692 and 0.690,respectively.From these values,the relations of these factors to the ORP could be described and evaluated,and those of T and pH were relatively major.In general,ORP is influenced by the synergic effect of T,DO,pH and S,with no single factor having an outstanding role.

Thermodynamic Foundation for High Temperature Electrochemistry

Thermodynamic concepts required for the thermodynamic calculation of the potentials of electrodes for high temperature applications are briefly reviewed. A thermodynamic approach to the calculation of half cell potentials and the standard chemical potential of an electron at high temperatures which are related to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode(SHE) is discussed. As examples, an external Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a YSZ(Ag|O_2) pH sensor for high temperature applications are analyzed by using the thermodynamic approach to derive a high temperature pH measurement equation. The two electrodes are employed to measure high temperature pH and the measured pH was compared with the calculated pH by using a solution chemistry method. Concepts and principles for electrode kinetics are also briefly introduced and a modification to the Tafel equations is suggested.

An Updated Estimation of Radiative Forcing due to CO_2 and Its Effect on Global Surface Temperature Change

New estimations of radiative forcing due to CO2 were calculated using updated concentration data of CO2 and a high-resolution radiative transfer model. The stratospheric adjusted radiative forcing （ARF） due to CO2 from the year 1750 to the updated year of 2010 was found to have increased to 1.95 W m-2, which was 17% larger than that of the IPCC＇s 4th Assessment Report because of the rapid increase in CO2 concentrations since 2005. A new formula is proposed to accurately describe the relationship between the ARF of CO2 and its concentration. Furthermore, according to the relationship between the ARF and surface temperature change, possible changes in equilibrium surface temperature were estimated under the scenarios that the concentration of CO2 increases to 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 times that of the concentration in the year 2008. The result was values of ＋2.2℃, ＋3.8℃, ＋5.1℃, ＋6.2℃, ＋7.1℃ and ＋8.0℃ respectively, based on a middle-level climate sensitivity parameter of 0.8 K （W m 3）-1. Non-equilibrium surface temperature changes over the next 500 years were also calculated under two kinds of emission scenarios （pulsed and sustained emissions） as a comparison, according to the Absolute Global Temperature change Potential （AGTP） of CO2. Results showed that CO2 will likely continue to contribute to global warming if no emission controls are imposed, and the effect on the Earth-atmosphere system will be difficult to restore to its original level.

Frequency dependence of electron temperature in hollow cathode-type discharge as measured by several different floating probe methods

We measured electron temperatures through a hollow cathode-type discharge tube using several different floating probe methods. This method detected a shift in the floating potential when an AC voltage was applied to a probe through an intermediary blocking capacitor. The shift in the floating potential is described as a function of the electron temperature and the applied AC voltage. In this study, the effects of the frequency and waveform on the electron temperatures were systematically investigated. The electron temperature measured when using the floating probe method with applied sinusoidal and triangular voltages was lower than that measured with an applied rectangular voltage.The value in the high frequency range was close to that of the tail electron temperature.