Effect of deformation parameters on the austenite dynamic recrystallization behavior of a eutectoid pearlite rail steel

Understandings of the effect of hot deformation parameters close to the practical production line on grain refinement are crucial for enhancing both the strength and toughness of future rail steels.In this work,the austenite dynamic recrystallization(DRX)behaviors of a eutectoid pearlite rail steel were studied using a thermo-mechanical simulator with hot deformation parameters frequently employed in rail production lines.The single-pass hot deformation results reveal that the prior austenite grain sizes(PAGSs)for samples with different deformation reductions decrease initially with an increase in deformation temperature.However,once the deformation temperature is beyond a certain threshold,the PAGSs start to increase.It can be attributed to the rise in DRX volume fraction and the increase of DRX grain with deformation temperature,respectively.Three-pass hot deformation results show that the accumulated strain generated in the first and second deformation passes can increase the extent of DRX.In the case of complete DRX,PAGS is predominantly determined by the deformation temperature of the final pass.It suggests a strategic approach during industrial production where part of the deformation reduction in low temperature range can be shifted to the medium temperature range to release rolling mill loads.

Microstructural Evolution of Pearlite in Eutectoid Fe-C Alloys during Severe Cold Rolling

The microstructural evolution of pearlite during severe cold rolling in Fe-0.8C binary alloy and Fe-1Mn-0.8C ternary alloys was investigated by using SEM, TEM and XRD etc. The results show that the deformed pearlite consists of irregularly bent lamella, coarse lamella with shear-band and fine lamella. As the rolling reduction increases, the proportion of fine lamella increases. The strong plastic deformation, amorphization and dissolution of cementite take place during the severe cold rolling. The maximum carbon content in ferrite reaches 0.15 mass% after 90% cold rolling.

INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR OBTAINING ULTRAFINE AUSTENITE GRAINS WITH INITIAL MICROSTRUCTURE OF WARM-ROLLED FERRITE/PEARLITE

Three warm-rolled ferrite/pearlite microstructures were prepared by rolling at 500℃, and the austenitizing characteristics were discussed in conjunction with deformation during the heating stage. The results indicated that the final austenite grain size was sensitive to the deformation direction of the initial warm-rolled microstructure. The transient microstructure at a given temperature was the most important influencing factor on the austenitizing characteristic combined with deformation. Moreover, the hot-rolled mierostructure also had to be prepared in an optimal state because of its direct effect on the warm-rolled microstructure.

Microstructure Evolution and Its Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Cold Drawn Pearlite Steel Wires for Bridge Cables

The microstructure evolution and its effects on the mechanical performance of 2000 MPa bridge cable steel wires were investigated by transmission electron microscope(TEM),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),X-ray diffractometer(XRD)and mechanical tests.Experimental results reveal that,with the increasing strain from 0 to 1.42,a fiber structure and a<110>fiber texture aligned with the wire axis are gradually developed accompanied by cementite decomposition and the formation of sub-grains;the tensile strength increases linearly from 1510 to 2025 MPa,and the reduction of the area is stable with a slight decline from 44%to 36%.After annealing at 450℃for different times,pronounced changes in the microstructure occur.Cementite lamella fragment into coarser globules corresponding to a remarkable spheroidization process,while ferrite domains recover and recrystallize,and this process is associated to modifications in the mechanical properties.Furthermore,based on the observations on dislocation lines crossing through cementite lamellae,a possible mechanism of cementite decomposition is discussed.

The Influence of Abnormal Segregation Band on Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled Ferrite/Pearlite Steel Plate

In order to further reveal the influence of abnormal segregation band on mechanical properties of hot rolled ferrite/pearlite steel plate, especially on laminated tensile fracture, the experimental method of delamination tension was adopted. In this paper, the thin tensile samples with 3 mm thickness from the surface, 1/4 positions and center along the thickness orientation of test plate were measured, also the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties was probed. The results show that the center region of hot rolled ferrite/pearlite steel plate exists granular bainite and ferrite mixed grains, which leads to lower plasticity and toughness of this region. During the tensile process, microcracks are generated and extended at the center of steel plate due to the inconsistency of deformation and fracture on the adjacent structures, finally leading to laminated fracture of steel plate.

Effect of Hot Deformation on Pearlite Transformation of 86CrMoV7 Steel

The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams of 86CrMoV7 steel samples including hot deformed and not hot deformed were constructed by dilatometry, metallography and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that hot deformation accelerated pearlite transformation and fine pearlite microstructure. Moreover, the undissolved carbides became the nucleating sites of pearlite, accelerated pearlite formation and fine pearlite if the steel had been deformed at high temperature. In contrast, undissolved carbides did not make any influence on pearlite transformation if the steel had not been deformed at high temperature.

THERMODYNAMIC EXPLANATION OF LEADING PHASE IN PEARLITE TRANSFORMATION

In this paper a concept of 'leading probability' is presented. The difference in the leading probability between ferrite and cementite depends mainly upon the difference between their driving forces at the beginning of precipitation. The results of theromdynamic calculations showed that the leading probability of cementite increased with the increase of carbon concentration of austenite, and the decrease in transformation temperature was favourable to cementite's being the leading nucleus during pearlite transformation.

Effect of Pearlite Interlamellar Spacing on Predominant Abrasive Wear Mechanism of Fully Pearlitic Steel

The aim of this investigation was the determination of the predominant wear mechanism on three-body abrasion of fully pearlitic low alloy steel. Furthermore, the effect of pearlite interlamellar spacing on wear behavior was investigated. For this purpose, the samples were subjected to the different heat treating to attaining different interlamellar spacing. Mechanical properties such as hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and impact toughness were evaluated. Three body abrasion tests were conducted under ASTM standard condition using a rubber wheel abrasion test apparatus. Abraded surface and wear debris were investigated by light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that wear resistance of fully pearlitic steel depended to pearlite interlamellar spacing the and lower spacing has the greater wear resistance, so it may be due to subsurface work hardening and interlamellar spacing and cementite in fine and/or coarse pearlite, that influence on surface destruction during wear. Although during wear process the several mechanisms play roles, but study of surface and debris shows that with decreasing interlamellar spacing, the predominant mechanism wear changed from ploughing to cutting mode.

Effect of Metallic, Nonmetallic, Water Cooled and Cryogenic Chills on Pearlite Content (PC), Eutectic Cell Count (ECC) and Grain Size (GS) of Hypo Eutectic Nickel Alloyed Cast Iron

This paper presents the results obtained, deductions made from solidification behaviour and a series of micro structural studies such as pearlite content, eu-tectic cell count and grain size of hypoeutectic gray cast iron which was sand cast (CO2 moulding) using metallic, nonmetallic, water cooled and subzero (cryogenic) end chills. Hypo-eutectic cast irons containing C 3.42, Si 2.4 and Ni 1.5 with impurity contents (S, P, Mn etc.) were solidified unidirectionally in an American Foundrymen Society (AFS) standard mould, the end of which was provided with different end chills to study the effect of chilling during solidifi-cation. The melts were inoculated with 0.3% Fe-Si to promote graphitization. It was observed that the transition from one structure to another is more gradual than normally obtained in the structure of cast irons solidified mul-ti-directionally in a sand mould at room temperature. Austenite dendrite interactions were shown to be a major factor in determining the microstructure, in which the higher dendrite reaction leads to changes in DAS, ECC and GS. It is observed that, the number of eutectic cells is an index of graphite nucleation and the effect of these on structure, since the eutectic cells are developed on the graphite nuclei during solidification.

Predication of Plastic Flow Characteristics in Ferrite/Pearlite Steel Using a Fern Unit Cell Method

The flow stress of ferrite/pearlite steel under uni-axial tension was simulated with finite element method (FEM) by applying commercial software MARC/MENTAT. Flow stress curves of ferrite/pearlite steels were calculated based on unit cell model. The effects of volume fraction, distribution and the aspect ratio of pearlite on tensile properties have been investigated.

高强韧QT800-5材质的研究与应用

以铸态高强韧珠光体球铁的开发与应用为研究目标,使用万能材料试验机和金相显微镜分析了球墨铸铁经多元合金化及二次孕育处理后的组织和和性能。结果表明,同时添加Ni、Cu、Mo后,采用二次孕育(倒包孕育+随流孕育),可获得95%珠光体、2级球化等级、6级大小石墨的基体组织。其抗拉强度≥854 MPa、屈服强度≥537 MPa、延伸率≥6%,满足了高强韧球铁的力学性能要求。

珠光体纳米摩擦学行为的分子动力学模拟研究

由于独特的叠层结构,铁素体和渗碳体能较好发挥协同作用,故珠光体组织表现出优异的摩擦学性能.然而,受试验技术限制,人们对珠光体优异摩擦学性能的机械起源认识仍不全面,尤其是在片层方向和片层厚度对珠光体摩擦学行为的影响方面.本文中采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了片层方向和片层厚度对珠光体划痕摩擦学行为的影响.结果表明:与平行于表面的片层方向相比,垂直于表面的片层方向表现出更优异的摩擦学行为,其塑性影响区深度更小,磨损原子数量也较少.对于具有垂直于表面片层方向的珠光体,片层厚度对塑性影响区深度基本无影响,但摩擦力、摩擦系数和磨损原子数目随着片层厚度的减小而减小.此处,片层厚度与磨痕形貌紧密相关.本工作有助于人们理解珠光体片层方向和片层厚度与摩擦变形微观机制之间的关联,可为设计具有更优异摩擦学性能的珠光体钢提供一定理论指导.

Mg处理对高碳工具钢75Cr1热轧组织及力学性能的影响

通过添加不同长度的含Mg包芯线对高碳工具钢75Cr1钢中夹杂物进行改性处理,对比研究了不同喂入长度下的夹杂物形态和微观组织变化规律;结合力学试验和形貌表征,研究了Mg处理对于试验钢组织及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:Mg处理有利于细化夹杂物,可以将夹杂物核心部分改性为MgO·Al_(2)O_(3)或MgO,并形成以CaS包裹的小尺寸球型“核-壳”夹杂物;改性后的小尺寸夹杂物有利于钉扎晶界细化奥氏体晶粒;同时,小尺寸夹杂物还会阻碍钢中碳原子扩散从而降低珠光体形成孕育时间,减小珠光体片层间距,提高材料塑韧性。75Cr1高碳工具钢最佳包芯线喂入长度为2~2.5 m/t。

Cr和Si含量对重载铁路用75 kg·m^(-1)U77MnCrH钢轨组织与性能的影响

为开发适应重载铁路用高强韧、高硬度耐磨钢轨,按照C-Si-Mn-Cr成分设计体系进行U77MnCrH钢轨钢的成分设计和中试试验;基于中试试验的组织性能,筛选出组织性能较好的试验钢进行75 kg·m^(-1)U77MnCrH钢轨试制试验;使用金相显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、万能拉伸试验机及硬度计对75 kg·m^(-1)U77MnCrH钢轨试样进行组织性能分析。结果表明:随着Cr含量由0.26%增加到0.38%,钢轨钢试样中珠光体片层间距由165 nm减小到146 nm,抗拉强度和硬度均有提高,屈服强度R_(p0.2)与断后伸长率均有降低;随着Si含量由0.25%增加到0.45%,珠光体片层间距由165 nm减小到132 nm,断后伸长率和硬度均有提高,屈服强度R_(p0.2)明显增加,抗拉强度变化不大;0.45%的Si配合0.26%的Cr获得的钢轨珠光体更加均匀细小,片层间距分布更加均匀,力学性能与硬度匹配更好,抗拉强度达到1258 MPa,屈服强度R_(p0.2)达到845 MPa,断后伸长率达到13.0%,轨头顶面硬度达384 HBW,横断面硬度介于36.2~38.8 HRC。75 kg·m^(-1)U77MnCrH钢轨的各项指标对生产实践具有较强的参考价值。

珠光体型高铁车轮钢的研究进展

珠光体钢具有高强度和优异的耐磨性,广泛应用于铁路车轮。首先总结了目前我国高速动车组车轮的应用现状、轮辋强韧性水平及主要损伤形式;其次,结合350 km/h自主化高铁车轮钢的研发思路从珠光体组织及夹杂物改性控制方面重点介绍了轮辋材料强韧化机理及超高周疲劳性能的研究进展;最后,从冶金与材料学角度提出了未来更高时速高铁车轮用钢的发展思路。

卷曲温度对中碳钢组织及力学性能的影响

在中碳钢轧制变形过程中,卷曲温度对其显微组织和力学性能有较大影响。利用拉伸试验、维氏硬度测试、金相检验及扫描电镜分析等方法对不同卷曲温度下的中碳钢进行分析。结果表明:随着卷曲温度的降低,铁素体和珠光体分布更加均匀,珠光体片层间距减小,带状级别变小,材料的强度、韧性、硬度明显变大,塑性变差。

Si对缆索钢丝绳用热轧盘条组织和力学性能的影响

利用扫描电镜和能谱(EBSD)仪器对两种不同Si含量的热轧盘条的横截面和纵截面的组织形貌进行观测,并用万能试验机测试热轧盘条的拉伸性能,结果表明:随着Si含量的增加,珠光体转变的过冷度增加,热轧盘条的珠光体团尺寸和珠光体片间距减小。Si元素使Mn元素在渗碳体中偏聚,增加了渗碳体的稳定性,减小了渗碳体片层的球化倾向。Si元素使盘条横、纵截面珠光体的织构强度减弱,珠光体组织更加均匀,取向更加随机。Si元素能大幅度提升热轧盘条和成品钢丝的强度,小幅度提升塑性。低Si盘条的抗拉强度为1134 MPa,均匀伸长率为7.1%;高Si盘条的抗拉强度为1263 MPa,均匀伸长率为7.3%。低Si钢丝的抗拉强度为1937 MPa,均匀伸长率为2.2%;高Si钢丝的抗拉强度为2106 MPa,均匀伸长率为2.3%。

电缆钢绞线用钢盘条的生产实践

通过优化冶炼和控轧控冷工艺参数开发了高性能电缆钢绞线用盘条DL75。将预精轧出口温度设定为900℃,在精轧机组实现未再结晶区轧制,测定了斯泰尔摩控冷辊道的实际冷却速度。轧制结果表明,索氏体率为87%,晶粒度为8级,抗拉强度平均值为1070MPa,满足客户定制化需求。

连铸机扇形段用调心滚子轴承失效分析

本文采用了光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及硬度仪等设备,对失效的连铸机扇形段调心滚子轴承进行了分析,以探求其失效的原因。结果表明:轴承安装时存在一定的偏载,随着轴承的不断运转,偏载会越来越严重地挤压轴承的滚子,加上在重载环境下会产生更剧烈的磨损,使轴承内圈升温,最终导致轴承滚子严重挤压变形和内圈硬度下降。调心滚子轴承的内圈硬度下降最严重,其中大量珠光体的存在是其硬度降低的关键原因。

电解抛光对含珠光体组织材料纳米压痕测试结果的影响

将含珠光体组织的HRB600热轧带肋高强钢筋在不同体积分数(20%,10%)高氯酸乙醇电解液和电解电压(20,15 V)下进行电解抛光,再进行纳米压痕测试,研究了电解抛光条件对纳米压痕测试结果的影响。结果表明:电解抛光后钢筋中的珠光体组织呈深黑褐色,铁素体组织呈白色,当电解液中高氯酸的体积分数为20%、电解电压为20 V时,两者的衬度差异较大,电解腐蚀程度较大,珠光体中渗碳体和铁素体的平均高度差较大,即表面粗糙度较大;较大的表面粗糙度导致纳米压痕载荷-位移曲线出现平台,纳米压痕测试失真。推荐电解抛光条件为电解液中高氯酸体积分数为10%,电解电压为15 V,电流为3 A,电解时间为6 s,温度为室温。