The Subduction Structure Beneath the New Britain Island Arc and the Adjacent Region from Double-Difference Tomography

We applied double-difference tomography to relocate seismic events and determine the lithospheric velocity structure beneath the New Britain Island arc and the South Bismarck Sea Basin,based on the local P wave arrival time dataset collected by the International Seismological Centre.Results of the seismic relocation and velocity inversion show that the subduction of Solomon Sea Plate along the New Britain Trench is spatially different above 150 km,and the subduction angle of the slab on the west side is higher than that on the east side.The relocated earthquakes also show that there are double seismic zones at the depths of about 30–90km beneath the New Britain Island Arc.The velocity structure shows that the dehydration of the subducting slab caused the low-velocity anomalies in mantle wedge above the slab,which are associated with the magmatic activities around the New Guinea-New Britain Island arc.Moreover,it shows that there is another low-velocity anomaly zone beneath the Bismarck mid-oceanic ridge with spatial variation.Beneath the west of the Bismarck mid-oceanic ridge,the low-velocity anomaly is weakly connected to the subducted Solomon Sea slab.Conversely,the low-velocity anomaly beneath the Manus Sea Basin is highly intertwined to the subducting slab and its mantle wedge,indicating that the subduction of the Solomon Sea Plate might be a key deep dynamic factor that drives the spreading of the Manus Sea Basin and the separation of the Bismarck Plate.

Double-difference tomography of P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath the western part of Java, Indonesia

West Java in the western part of the Sunda Arc has a relatively high seismicity due to subduction activity and faults.In this study,double-difference tomography was used to obtain the 3D velocity tomograms of P and S waves beneath the western part of Java.To infer the geometry of the structure beneath the study area,precise earthquake hypo・center determination was first performed before tomographic imaging.For this,earthquake waveform data were extracted from the regional Meteorological,Climatological,Geophysical Agency(BMKG)network of Indonesia from South Sumatra to Central Java.The P and S arrival times for about 1,000 events in the period April 2009 to July 2016 were selected,the key features being events of magnitude>3,azimuthal gap<210°and number of phases>8.A nonlinear method using the oct-tree sampling algorithm from the NonLinLoc program was employed to determine the earthquake hypocenters.The hypocenter locations were then relocated using double-difference tomography(tomoDD).A significant reduction of travel-time(root mean square basis)and a better clustering of earthquakes were achieved which correlated well with the geological structure in West Java.Double-difference tomography was found to give a clear velocity structure,especially beneath the volcanic arc area,i.e.,under Mt Anak Krakatau,Mt Salak and the mountains complex in the southern part of West Java.Low velocity anomalies for the P and S waves as well as the vp/vs ratio below the volcanoes indicated possible partial melting of the upper mantle which ascended from the subducted slab beneath the volcanic arc.

Application of the Double-difference Relocation Method Combined with Waveform Cross-correlation on the Three Gorges Reservoir Seismicity

In this paper,we use the double difference location method based on waveform crosscorrelation algorithm for precise positioning of the Three Gorges Reservoir( TGR)earthquakes and analysis of seismic activity. First,we use the bi-spectrum cross-correlation method to analyze the seismic waveform data of TGR encrypted networks from March,2009 to December,2010,and evaluate the quality of waveform cross-correlation analysis.Combined with the waveform cross-correlation of data obtained, we use the double difference method to relocate the earthquake position. The results show that location precision using bi-spectrum verified waveform cross-correlation data is higher than that by using other types of data,and the mean 2 sig-error in EW,NS and UD are 3.2 m,3.9 m and 6.2 m,respectively. For the relocation of the Three Gorges Reservoir earthquakes,the results show that the micro-earthquakes along the Shenlongxi river in the Badong reservoir area obviously show the characteristics of three linear zones with nearly east-west direction,which is in accordance with the small faults and carbonate strata line of the neotectonic period,revealing the reservoir water main along the underground rivers or caves permeated and induced seismic activity. The stronger earthquakes may have resulted from small earthquakes through the active layers.

Analysis on Double-difference Earthquake Location and the Seismicity Pattern of the Yangjiang Earthquake Sequences

The locations of about 400 earthquakes in Yangjiang, Guangdong Province are determined using the double, difference earthquake location algorithm （DDA）. The seismicity pattern becomes concentrated from discrete grids. The rupture characteristics of the Yangjiang earthquake sequence show a conjugated distribution in NW and NE directions. The major distribution trends NE and dips NE with an angle of 30^o and a length of 30km,and the minor distribution trends NW and dips SE with an angle of 30^o and a length of 20km. The focal depth is 5km - 15km. The distribution of the Enping earthquake sequence,which is not far from Yangjiang,is NW-trending. The relationship between hypocenter distribution and geological structure is discussed.

基于Hatch滤波的改进矩阵变换法在BDS多频模糊度解算中的应用

长基线条件下,空间相关性弱,电离层延迟残差和噪声影响变大,致使矩阵变换法模糊度解算过程中,窄巷组合受噪声影响大,单历元模糊度解算成功率低。因此,削弱电离层残差及噪声影响可以一定程度提高模糊度解算成功率。本文在分析矩阵变换算法基础上,利用Hatch滤波有效抑制伪距测量噪声和多径效应特点,结合弱电离层、低噪声的载波组合,通过相位平滑伪距代替组合伪距值参与解算,从而削弱电离层残差及观测噪声影响。通过实测数据分析,本文算法可有效提高矩阵变换法模糊度解算成功率。

低成本GNSS终端多普勒平滑伪距定位算法

随着低成本全球卫星定位(GNSS)终端硬件性能的不断提升,其在定位领域的应用也更加广泛,然而低成本GNSS终端在数据采集中常受观测环境的影响,使得载波相位观测值的高精度定位较为困难。伪距定位算法因其定位模型简单且实时性好的优势被广泛使用,因此本文利用多普勒平滑伪距方法,充分利用了多普勒观测值的作用,通过多普勒平滑伪距噪声来提升观测值的测量精度,利用多普勒平滑伪距模型对静态与多种动态环境下的平滑效果进行测试和分析。实验结果表明:在静态情况下,采用多普勒平滑伪距算法,伪距单点定位与伪距实时差分定位模型定位中平面精度较平滑之前分别提高了25%与31%;在动态环境下,有遮挡动态实验其精度提升30%以上,空旷情况下定位精度提升15%以上,快速运动过程中其提升能达到20%左右。表明通过多普勒平滑伪距算法可以显著提高低成本GNSS终端的定位精度。

The MW5.5 earthquake on August 6,2023,in Pingyuan,Shandong,China:A rupture on a buried fault

On August 6,2023,a magnitude MW5.5 earthquake struck Pingyuan County,Dezhou City,Shandong Province,China.This event was significant as no large earthquakes had been recorded in the region for over a century,and no active fault had been previously identified.This study collects 1309 P-wave arrival times and 866 S-wave arrival times from 74 seismic stations less than 200 km to the epicenter to constrain the spatial distribution of the mainshock and its 125 early aftershocks by the double difference earthquake relocation method,and selects 864 P-waveforms from 288 stations located within 800 km of the epicenter to constrain the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock through centroid moment tensor inversion.The relocation and the inversion indicate,the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake was caused by a rupture on a buried fault,likely an extensive segment of the Gaotang fault.This buried fault exhibited a dip of approximately 75°to the northwest,with a strike of 222°,similar to the Gaotang fault.The rupture initiated at the depth of 18.6 km and propagated upward and northeastward.However,the ground surface was not broken.The total duration of the rupture was~6.0 s,releasing the scalar moment of 2.5895×1017 N·m,equivalent to MW5.54.The moment rate reached the maximum only 1.4 seconds after the rupture initiation,and the 90%scalar moment was released in the first 4.6 s.In the first 1.4 seconds of the rupture process,the rupture velocity was estimated to be 2.6 km/s,slower than the local S-wave velocity.As the rupture neared its end,the rupture velocity decreased significantly.This study provides valuable insights into the seismic characteristics of the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake,shedding light on the previously unidentified buried fault responsible for the seismic activity in the region.Understanding the behavior of such faults is crucial for assessing seismic hazards and enhancing earthquake preparedness in the future.

远海环境低成本RTK接收机多路径效应与平滑伪距单点定位性能

低成本RTK接收机抗多路径性能较弱,导致远海环境中的单点定位性能显著下降。综合分析远海环境中载波相位平滑抑径算法对低成本RTK接收机单点定位性能的影响。结果表明,远海环境中RTK接收机的多路径效应为陆地环境的2~3倍,E5频点的抗多路径性能最强;平滑抑径效果与伪距多路径效应大小有关,采用平滑抑径算法后,RTK接收机SPP定位精度在远海环境提升62%,在陆地环境提升24%;平滑抑径后GPS/Galileo/BDS-3多系统SPP定位精度优于1 m,可满足海上较精细作业的需求。

基于北斗GEO卫星观测的桂林地区TEC空间梯度研究

小尺度的总电子含量(TEC)梯度异常会显著影响区域电离层模型以及地基增强系统(GBAS)的精度。因此,为了提高区域电离层模型的准确性和GBAS导航定位的精度,深入研究小尺度的TEC空间梯度显得尤为重要。为了研究中小尺度的空间梯度,利用2019—2022年间桂林地区全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)接收机的北斗地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星数据,对中国低纬地区(23°N 107.9°~113.1°E)电离层的TEC空间梯度进行研究分析。根据3颗北斗GEO卫星对地形成的3个相邻穿刺点(从西至东,依次编号为C02,C03,C01)的TEC观测值,构成C02-C03与C03-C01两个约为300 km尺度区域(107.9°~110.3°E,110.3°~113.1°E)的TEC梯度观测。统计结果显示,C02-C03区域的空间梯度基本为西向;而C03-C01区域的空间梯度在1~4月与9~12月为东向,5~8月为西向。这表明2个相邻区域的空间梯度在季节变化上存在差异,揭示了中小尺度空间梯度具有显著的局地效应。此外,地方时差并非空间梯度事件的主要原因。在太阳活动高年,背景TEC较高,空间梯度事件更易发生。梯度事件发生率的半年变化是TEC半年异常的体现。空间梯度事件在不同地磁条件下的发生率相似。

BDS-3不同频点双频组合伪距单点定位性能分析

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)在进行双频单点定位时通常固定使用B1I和B3I频点组合。为充分探究BDS-3系统的定位潜力,针对BDS-3不同频点双频伪距单点定位(SPP)性能展开研究。推导了卫星差分码偏差(DCB)改正公式,并建立了BDS-3任意双频组合SPP数学模型。利用全球35个多模GNSS实验(MGEX)跟踪站121 d的实测数据,采用改进的RTKLIB软件进行了全球范围内BDS-3双频无电离层组合SPP解算实验。首先,对BDS-3的6种频点信号质量进行了全面评估,包括信噪比、多路径效应和数据可用率等指标。其次,对基于DCB改正的14种BDS-3双频伪距组合进行了性能对比。研究发现,在多路径误差、信噪比及数据完整率等多项指标上,B2ab信号质量最高,B2b与B2a其次,B3I与B1C次之,B1I表现较差。在BDS-3的14种不同双频组合SPP性能比较中,基于DCB改正的定位精度明显优于未加DCB改正的情况。DCB改正相对未改正可以将三维精度由14.9~31.2 m显著减小到1.7~15.5 m。受无电离层双频组合模型噪声放大系数的影响,最优组合为B1C&B2a,最差组合为B2a&B2ab,两者数值分别为1.7 m与15.5 m。以上结论可以为BDS-3伪距定位在车载导航等方面的应用提供参考。

顾及DISB的智能手机伪距差分定位算法

为了提高智能手机在遮挡环境下的定位精度和可靠性,给出一种全球定位系统(GPS)、伽利略卫星导航系统(Galileo)、北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)组合的系统间紧组合伪距差分定位模型和适用于智能手机的高度角附加不确定度的随机模型。首先评估了L1/B1I和L1/E1频率间的伪距差分系统间偏差的大小与稳定性,结果表明,智能手机伪距差分系统间偏差可以保持稳定性。利用小米8、华为P40智能手机和实测相同及不同类型接收机进行对比验证,通过设置截止高度角方式模拟遮挡环境。实验结果表明:在45°截止高度角模拟遮挡环境情况下,应用紧组合伪距差分改正模型,小米8和华为P40智能手机平面定位精度分别提高了25.5%和32.4%。该方法可以提高智能手机在遮挡环境下定位的精度和可靠性。

实时周跳探测与修复的MGF周跳解算方法的改进

周跳的探测和修复是基于载波相位高精度定位的关键技术之一。基于改进的几何无关相位组合MGF方法具有直接分离不同频率上的周跳,对高频数据中较小的周跳实现有效探测,探测速度远快于TurboEdit法等优点。但MGF法无法探测4周以上的周跳,并对低采样率和低卫星高度角下的数据进行周跳探测时,会选取错误的周跳备选值作为周跳检验量从而造成周跳的误判。针对MGF法所存在的问题,通过联合相位减伪距法PRP法,构建新的周跳备选值判断方程,并对MGF法的周跳检验量进行二次历元间差分STMGF,组成PRP-STMGF周跳探测组合。PRP-STMGF周跳探测组合能够探测任意周的周跳,与TurboEdit法相比,修复时无需分离周跳,直接对PRP-STMGF法的周跳检验量进行四舍五入即可确定出正确的周跳值,且适用于低采样率和低卫星高度角下的实时周跳探测与修复。最后通过北斗双频实测数据进行实验验证,结果表明,PRP-STMGF周跳探测组合,避免了MGF法选取错误周跳备选值的问题,相较于TurboEdit法不仅低延时,准确率高,且适用于不同采样率和低卫星高度角下周跳探测与修复。

虚拟星座伪卫星和双泄漏电缆覆盖的室内定位

为增强室内卫星导航信号,提出了一种双泄漏电缆覆盖的虚拟星座伪卫星室内二维定位方法。采用卫星导航模拟器产生多路虚拟轨道卫星信号,同时激励相互垂直的双泄漏电缆的末端,信号沿泄漏电缆轴向传输的同时,通过外导体上的一系列槽孔向室内空间辐射卫星导航信号,使卫星导航接收机能直接定位,输出概略位置和伪距观测量,再利用卫星间伪距差的二维定位算法对接收机位置进行二次解算。通过搭建硬件系统进行实地测试,证明能达到室内伪距定位的米级精度。

一种LM-BP加速搜索的周跳探测与修复方法

针对传统三频周跳探测与修复方法中的不敏感、漏检以及效率较低等问题,提出一种基于莱文伯格-马夸特(LM)-反向传播(BP)神经网络加速搜索法的伪距相位组合与电离层残差组合联合周跳探测与修复方法:利用2个伪距相位组合以减少不敏感周跳数量,利用1个电离层残差组合以提高小周跳探测敏感度;在构成3个线性无关的组合观测值后,使用LM-BP加速搜索算法进行周跳探测与修复。实验结果表明,相对常规的伪距相位组合与电离层残差组合联合方法,该方法能够提高周跳探测与修复性能,可探测小至1个的周跳,探测与修复整体时效有较大提升。

Galileo伪距硬件延迟对双频单点定位的影响分析

差分码偏差(Differential Code Bias,DCB)是高精度定位和电离层建模的主要影响因素之一。为探讨Galileo系统卫星端DCB改正对双频单点定位的影响,本文推导了Galileo 4种不同频点无电离层组合卫星端DCB改正公式。选取4个MGEX(Multi-GNSS Experiment)测站连续7 d的观测数据进行标准单点定位(Standard Point Positioning,SPP)和精密单点定位(Precise Point Positioning,PPP)实验,分析改正与不改正DCB对Galileo定位性能的影响。结果表明:DCB改正对SPP定位精度和PPP收敛时间均有提升,但对PPP收敛后的定位精度几乎没有影响。其中,E1/E5b和E1/E5(a+b)组合提升较小,SPP精度提升为亚厘米至厘米级,PPP收敛速度提升率约为2.0%和5.2%;E1/E6组合提升较大,SPP精度提升为米级,PPP收敛速度提升率约为32.3%。E1/E5a、E1/E5b和E1/E5(a+b)组合SPP定位精度和PPP定位性能基本相当,优于E1/E6组合。

Decadal Forecasts of Large Earthquakes along the Northern San Andreas Fault System, California: Increased Activity on Regional Creeping Faults Prior to Major and Great Events

The three largest earthquakes in northern California since 1849 were preceded by increased decadal activity for moderate-size shocks along surrounding nearby faults. Increased seismicity, double-difference precise locations of earthquakes since 1968, geodetic data and fault offsets for the 1906 great shock are used to re-examine the timing and locations of possible future large earthquakes. The physical mechanisms of regional faults like the Calaveras, Hayward and Sargent, which exhibit creep, differ from those of the northern San Andreas, which is currently locked and is not creeping. Much decadal forerunning activity occurred on creeping faults. Moderate-size earthquakes along those faults became more frequent as stresses in the region increased in the latter part of the cycle of stress restoration for major and great earthquakes along the San Andreas. They may be useful for decadal forecasts. Yearly to decadal forecasts, however, are based on only a few major to great events. Activity along closer faults like that in the two years prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta shock needs to be examined for possible yearly forerunning changes to large plate boundary earthquakes. Geodetic observations are needed to focus on identifying creeping faults close to the San Andreas. The distribution of moderate-size earthquakes increased significantly since 1990 along the Hayward fault but not adjacent to the San Andreas fault to the south of San Francisco compared to what took place in the decades prior to the three major historic earthquakes in the region. It is now clear from a re-examination of the 1989 mainshock that the increased level of moderate-size shocks in the one to two preceding decades occurred on nearby East Bay faults. Double-difference locations of small earthquakes provide structural information about faults in the region, especially their depths. The northern San Andreas fault is divided into several strongly coupled segments based on differences in seismicity.

基于伪距残差和新息的GNSS/IMU抗差自适应定位算法

在全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)和惯性测量元件(IMU)组合导航系统中,抗差滤波和自适应滤波常被用于提高组合导航的定位精度。但是抗差滤波和自适应滤波所适用的条件不同,使用不当反而可能会降低组合导航的定位精度,针对此问题,提出基于伪距残差和新息的GNSS/IMU抗差自适应定位算法。所提算法基于伪距残差评估GNSS的定位质量,选择合适的滤波算法进行GNSS/IMU组合导航解算。在长时间GNSS定位质量较差时,基于新息和伪距残差判断是否IMU运动学推算误差大于GNSS观测值误差,从而根据判断的结果选择是否采用抗差因子。结果表明:所提算法相对于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法在东、北和天方向上分别提高36.05%、22.71%和56.22%的定位精度。

基于实测数据信噪比随机模型的智能手机相对定位性能分析

传统观测噪声随机模型存在经验参数缺乏灵活性和通用性的问题,文中提出一种基于实测数据信噪比随机模型。首先,基于双差伪距观测量,结合站点已知坐标,提取双差伪距观测噪声;其次,根据误差传播定律,依次估计测地型接收机、智能手机终端观测噪声中误差;最后,结合智能手机对每颗卫星的观测噪声中误差与相应的信噪比推算随机模型参数,建立信噪比实测模型。算例分析表明,无论在不同观测模式还是不同环境下,基于实测数据信噪比随机模型的定位效果优于传统信噪比随机模型,在N、E、U方向上精度提升可达5%~20%,总体上空旷环境下的提升效果优于遮挡环境,且不同终端基于实测模型提升的定位效果也各有不同。

区域GNSS高精度电离层建模研究与应用

为了更精确地描述电离层变化,实现区域性实时电离层建模,基于区域连续运行参考系统(CORS),通过对比分析载波相位观测值直接计算的电离层延迟和相位平滑伪距计算的电离层延迟的精度,将精密单点定位(PPP)事后计算的电离层延迟当作真值,以穿刺点代替格网点,提出基于向量基(VIM)和GIMM的内插方式。将电离层产品和相位平滑伪距电离层产品进行约束PPP,并与传统无电离层组合进行比较分析,结果显示VIM的内插精度最高,在不同区域范围内的稳定性更强。与传统PPP进行对比,区域性实时电离层产品对收敛速度有很大提升,E方向的收敛速度提升了90%,相对相位平滑伪距电离层产品提高12%,在E定位精度上提高7%,有效改善了实时高精度电离层延迟模型,可用于提高精密单点定位PPP的收敛速度。

Assessment of Pseudorange Multipath at Continuous GPS Stations in Mexico

We conducted a study to quantify the amount of pseudorange multipath at continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations in the Mexican territory. These CGPS stations serve as reference stations enabling rapid high-precision three-dimensional positioning capabilities, supporting a number of commercial and public safety applications. We studied CGPS data from a large number of publicly available networks spanning Mexico. These include the RGNA (National Active Geodetic Network) administered by INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography), the PBO network (Plate Boundary Observatory) funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated by UNAVCO (University NAVstar Consortium), the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), which is a collaboration effort of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the UNAM network, operated by the National Seismological System (SSN) and the Institute of Geophysics of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the Suominet Geodetic Network (SNG) and the CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) network, operated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). We evaluated a total of 53 CGPS stations, where dual-frequency geodetic-grade receivers collected GPS data continuously during the period from 1994 to 2012. Despite carefully selected locations, all GPS stations are, to some extent, affected by the presence of signal multipath. For GPS network users that rely on pseudorange observables, the existence of pseudorange multipath could be a critical source of error depending on the time scale of the application. Thus, to identify the most and the least affected GPS stations, we analyzed the averaged daily root mean square pseudorange multipath variations (MP1-RMS and MP2-RMS) for all feasible satellites tracked by the CGPS networks. We investigated the sources of multipath, including changes associated with hardware replacement (i.e., receiver and antenna type) and receiver firmware upgrades.