Civil Society in Traditional China: Governance and Ownership System——Evidence from Construction and Management of Public Facilities in the Qing Dynasty

This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model with China's native origin, and reveals the attributes and characteristics of ownership by legal entities in China's traditional era. Bridge councils and free ferry services are non-profit and non-government public-interest institutions, whose members were elected by local communities. These councils were responsible for the fundraising, construction, and long-term maintenance and operation of public facilities and infrastructure at the grassroots level. They adopted open and transparent management procedures and could coordinate cross-jurisdictional affairs and mediate disputes. They possessed independent assets such as lands and fund reserves, and such exclusive legal-entity ownership received protection from the government and under the laws. Such form of legal-entity ownership provided the institutional foundation for the development of clans, temples, charitable groups, academies of classical learning, and various associations and societies. These self-organizing groups demonstrate remarkable mobilization and organizational capabilities and institutional creativity of civil society in traditional China. They served as a link between the government and communities and played a unique and active role in maintaining social order at the grassroots level.

Legal Regulation of Public-Private Partnership in the Republic of Macedonia

This paper deals with a very important issue,which concerns the possibility of establishing a public-private partnership(PPP),through which link is made between the public and the private sector,for the benefit of both sectors,which is a very important opportunity for the realization of different infrastructure projects,and of course tourism facilities can be created in this form.Particular attention is given to the legal regulation of this issue in the Republic of Macedonia.It is mainly expressed through the provisions of the Law on PPP,which makes a clear distinction between the public and the private partner.Public partner is a legal entity that gives an agreement for the establishment of a public private partnership.Private Partner is a domestic or foreign legal entity or natural person or consortium with whom the public partner concludes an agreement for a PPP.

A Systematic Bibliographical Review: Barriers and Facilitators for Access to Legal Abortion in Low and Middle Income Countries

Background: There is a complex interplay between women’s preferences, abortion services availability and the context in which these are provided. Even in countries where it is legal, denial of abortion is common, especially in low and middle income countries, forcing women to look for the service elsewhere and bringing serious consequences to the health and wellbeing of many women and their families. This non-systematic review pretends to answer the question: Which are the barriers to and facilitators for the access to legal abortion services in low and middle income countries? Methods: A non-systematic bibliographical review. Inclusion criteria: all quantitative, qualitative and evidence synthesis studies performed in low and middle income countries according to the World Bank classification for 2015 and published in English, Spanish and Portuguese language, between 2005 and 2017. Exclusion criteria: articles evaluating the efficacy of interventions, addressing the knowledge about abortion procedures among health care students and personnel, as well as those that only included sex workers. Results: The database search yield 199 articles in MEDLINE. 24 in Scopus and 38 in Scielo. A total of 22 articles including 15 countries from Africa (n = 6), Asia (n = 5), Central and South America (n = 3) and Europe (n = 1). The legal status of abortion in each of these countries was studied and described. For the analysis of the information, three categories of deepening were established: Laws and policies, Service delivery and Women’s abortion care-seeking behavior. Conclusion: the determinants of access to abortion in low and middle income countries are convoluted as multiple delays and barriers usually overlap. Similarly, stigmatization has a great impact across all the steps of abortion provision. Multiple facilitators were proposed in the three aspects of abortion provision, but they need to be adjusted depending on the context of each country.

Research on the Influence of Public Art on City Image

With the integration of global economy, the urbanization process in our country develops rapidly. It appears particularly important to build city image. As manifestation of city characteristics, it reflects spiritual outlook of a city. More importantly, it is the requirement for unremitting self improvement in urbanization development. Public art embodies spirit and life style of a city. As a product of modern urban form, it has close relationship with the shaping of city image. This article researches on relevance between public art construction and city image shaping, according to general situation of public art construction in Nantong city, and discusses the influence of them. The aim of this article is to promote the shaping of city image more effectively.

A Study of Verbal Humor in Public Speech from the Perspective of Relevance Theory and Cooperative Principle--Taking TED Talks as An Example

Verbal humor carries rich cultural connotation and reflects the wisdom,communicative skills of the humor maker.There are many researches on verbal humor both at home and abroad,especially in the fields of sitcoms and literature from the perspective of pragmatics and cognitive linguistics.However,the researches on the humorous corpus of public speech are limited.This paper intendsto use qualitative research methods to explore the mechanism of verbal humor generation under the theoretical framework of cooperative principle and relevance theory.Through the analysis in the paper,it points out that verbal humor can be produced by violating the cooperative principle,the gap between maximum relevance and optimal relevance,and the speaker’s expanding contextual reasoning.The cooperation principle and relevance theory have a good elaboration on humor in public speeches,but both have their own deficiencies in explanatory power.Only the combination of those two theories can better explain the generation mechanism of verbal humor.

Interview with Village Leaders(III):Political,Legal and Public Services in Rural Tibet

Village Head Nyima Cering Ready to Leave His Office Omda is a village within the jurisdiction of Chewei Township of Qamdo County, lying some 80 km from Qamdo Town, the county headquarters. About 40 km to the north of Omda Village is Garma Monastery of the Garma Gagyu Sect, famous for its Buddhist images

On Translation of Chinese City Public Signs from the Perspective of Relevance Theory——A Case Study of Guangzhou City Public Signs

This thesis analyzes Guangzhou city public sign language translations from the standpoint of Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory and Gutt’s translation approach.In the case study,authentic examples are transcribed and examined according to principle or viewpoints of Relevance Theoretical Translation Approach—"optimal relevance","implicature and explicature","to make intention and expectation meet".Tentative suggestions are made to discuss a possible better translation.

数据产权法律构造论

在数字经济环境中,数据已成为一种新型生产要素,需要更好地挖掘和开发其经济价值。数据不同于传统有体物以及知识产权客体的特征和属性使其在法律制度构建和运行上也具有特殊性。数据产权制度是数据基础制度的核心内容,其应涵盖保护数据主体合法权益、协调和平衡数据利益关系、促进数据有序流动和分享、促进数据要素利益公平分配等内容。数据产权的法律构造旨在建立数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权和数据产品经营权的数据动态流转和价值实现机制,最终服务于数字经济发展目标。

论检察公益诉讼中的调查核实权

依据宪法和法律的规定,人民检察院是我国的法律监督机关。检察机关提起公益诉讼保护社会公共利益、维护社会治理秩序是人民检察院行使法律监督职责的重要内容和途径。调查核实权是检察机关充分行使公益诉讼法律监督职能的必要手段,保障和服务公益诉讼的顺利开展。检察公益诉讼中的调查核实权作为一项基础权力,虽具有非强制性和有限性,但具有一定的刚性和权威性。为更好地贯彻二十大精神,推动习近平法治思想的检察实践,应对公益诉讼不断发展的现实需求,应积极配合公益诉讼立法,在立法中对“调查核实”这一检察公益诉讼的核心环节加强规范,对调查核实权的属性、权力边界和运用程序予以进一步明确和细化。

检察公益诉讼调查核实权的运行现状及制度保障

检察公益诉讼调查核实权是检察机关开展公益诉讼的基础性权力,对于实现检察机关的法律监督职能、维护实体公正、推进诉讼程序具有积极意义。该权力在运行中仍存在被调查对象配合度不足、权力适用失范、调查核实成本过高等现象。因此,为了确保检察机关正确理解并合理行使该权力,应当赋予调查核实权以强制力、完善立法供给、明确检察机关行使调查核实权的目的、优化鉴定配套机制等,从而为检察公益诉讼工作的顺利开展提供坚实的制度保障。

以“合宪性、涉宪性”为方法——从“连坐规定案”审查意见的方法逻辑切入

《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于完善和加强备案审查制度的决定》第5条规定了涉宪性审查、合宪性审查的双审原理结构:一是通过涉宪性审查穷尽法律问题,通常情形下,合法性审查已实现有效审查,作为重要备位机制的合宪性审查不再启动;例外情形下,穷尽法律问题仍未能实现有效审查,则进而展开合宪性审查。二是通过合宪性审查援引宪法依据,当明确条款并依序援引,禁止向抽象的法规范逃逸。其中,在基本权利审查场域,具体的基本权利规范优先援引,进而依需要辅助援引或单独援引“概括性人权条款”。据此方法规范,“连坐规定案”审查意见在对“连”与“坐”涉宪性审查后,关于“连”的合宪性审查继续展开,所诉诸的“宪法第二章关于‘公民的基本权利和义务’规定的原则和精神”,包括优先援引的第38条人的尊严条款、第33条第2款平等权条款以及补强援引的第33条第3款“概括性人权条款”。

数字政府建设政企合作法律风险的规制模式

数字政府建设政企合作的目标是公私协力实现公共给付,以数字化赋能中国式现代化。相较于传统公共服务领域,数字政府建设政企合作存在数字技术侵权、政府权力迁移、行政优益权履行不能和责任虚化等法律风险,容易产生合作中断、非正常终止等问题,致使合作结果与目标存在差距。政府规制、自我规制和元规制等现有风险规制模式各有优劣,但在面对数字政府建设的特定适用场景时均呈现出捉襟见肘之势,表现为风险防范不足,对互动关注不够,过于强调过程规制而缺乏结果有效性的考量。结果导向型合作规制模式强调结果与目标的一致性、协商与互动、合作绩效与公共问责,对数字政府建设政企合作法律风险的规制更为妥当,并可分为目标规制、过程规制和结果规制三个层面。结果导向型风险规制模式的法律构造为:建构将公共价值嵌入算法的合作机制,并通过风险评估和公民参与程序规避侵权风险;强化信用监管、优化契约机制分别规避政府权力迁移风险和行政优益权履行不能风险,并通过风险管理程序予以实现;明确政企责任分担,并通过公共问责程序规制责任虚化风险。

个人信息保护公益诉讼的法理反思与制度完善

大数据时代,随着个人信息价值不断丰富与提升,个人信息泄露与滥用等问题日益严峻,而公民个人在其信息权益受到侵害时的救济能力有限,无法与侵害主体抗衡。《个人信息保护法》第70条将公益诉讼引入个人信息保护领域,一定程度上弥补了现有个人信息保护制度的不足。但是,这一条款的规定过于原则化,导致在实际适用中存在诸如起诉条件笼统泛化、起诉主体规则不明确、赔偿责任适用混乱等问题。为了使个人信息保护公益诉讼制度能够更好地发挥其应对大规模处理个人信息,维护社会公共利益的作用,有必要细化信息保护公益诉讼适用前提条件,明确诉讼主体规则,积极探索个人信息保护公益诉讼赔偿责任适用规则,从而推动个人信息保护公益诉讼制度的有效实施。

论环境民事公益诉讼中因果关系要件的证明

当前,环境民事公益诉讼中因果关系要件的证明责任如何分配及其证明标准如何设定,对此理论界和实务界仍有很大争议。在证明责任分配问题上,解决路径在于参照适用《民法典》第一千二百三十条的规定,由被告承担环境民事公益诉讼中因果关系要件的客观证明责任。与此同时,原告需提供能够证明关联性事实的初步证据。这一规则应当理解为因果关系的法律推定。将因果关系法律推定规则引入环境民事公益诉讼中具有合理性基础,如纠正人们对环境侵权因果关系要件“证明责任倒置”的错误认识、防止原告滥用诉权、平衡原被告双方的举证负担。在证明标准问题上,环境民事公益诉讼中因果关系要件的证明标准应因事后救济性环境民事公益诉讼和预防性环境民事公益诉讼的类型划分而有所区别,且受关联性事实认定标准的影响。

协调与融合:民事检察公益诉讼时效问题研究

诉讼时效是法律对于当事人实体权利的保护期限,诉讼时效届满未提起诉讼,当事人便会承担不利的法律效果。对于诉讼时效制度规范是否涵摄检察机关提起的民事公益诉讼以及如何对其进行规定,文章通过对民事检察公益诉讼的性质进行探究,对检察机关进行定位,并结合诉讼时效相关理论、价值选择等,与传统一般民事诉讼的普通诉讼时效及特别诉讼时效相类比,对诉讼时效在我国民事检察公益诉讼中的适用性,以及如何对民事检察公益诉讼的诉讼时效作出规定进行探究,以求推动民事检察公益诉讼的进一步完善与发展。

舆论下的规制:清末民初法学教育的“跃进”式发展(1905—1927)

在近代“西学东渐”的历史潮流下,清末民初,社会舆论推动了西式法学教育的出现与发展,但受传统谋官心态以及逐利目的的影响,法学教育呈现“跃进”式的发展状况,致使民国初期各类法律学校数量一度激增至67所。面对此种乱象,社会舆论再度发挥监督作用,以谴责批评的方式助推政府通过教育管控、学校裁撤以及自我整改来规制此种乱象,并取得了明显效果。回顾清末民初法学教育“跃进”式发展的历史脉络,在看到其发展乱象的同时,也要认识到其在传播法律知识、培养法治理念和培育政法人才方面对近代中国的贡献。

既有住区户外公共空间活动分布及影响因素分析——以深圳桃源村为例

既有住区户外空间闲置与不足并存。如何提高户外空间使用效率与品质,是既有住区亟待解决的重要问题。1980~1990年代建设的大型福利住宅区是深圳既有住区主要类型之一。本文以桃源村为典型案例,记录13个组团级户外公共空间居民活动行为数据,总结居民活动分布特征;并从空间构成、空间可达性、活动设施以及景观环境等四个方面构建环境因素指标群。分析影响不同时段、不同年龄居民活动的建成环境影响因素。从时间复合、功能复合及人群复合维度,针对性的提出相应的环境优化策略。

论新时代公安法治人才培养——基于习近平法治思想中的法学教育理论

习近平法治思想中的法学教育理论和习近平总书记关于新时代公安工作的一系列重要论述,为新时代公安法治人才培养提供了科学指引和根本遵循。其中的公安法治人才培养方向论、公安法治人才培养目标论、公安法治人才培养责任论、公安法治人才培养法学教育体系论、公安法治人才培养改革重点论,搭建起公安法治人才培养的系统理论。公安院校是公安法治人才培养的第一阵地,应当以“五论”为根本引领,着力培育德法兼修、明法笃行的高素质公安法治人才。

法治与引领:第七次全国县级以上公共图书馆评估定级回望与思考

文章立足《中华人民共和国公共图书馆法》和高质量、专业化强引领的新环境,从评估标准研制、评估宣讲培训、正式评估工作、评估工作总结的评估全流程出发,对第七次评估工作进行了回望与反思,总结了此次评估工作所取得的成就,肯定了评估工作在缩小图书馆事业区域发展差异、创新评估工作手段中发挥的作用,同时希望评估结果能够得到充分应用,评估工作可以不断创新,继续助力我国公共图书馆事业发展腾飞。