Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends in Costa Rica: Implications for Public Health

This commentary delves into the evolving landscape of cancer incidence and mortality in Costa Rica, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the data. Key findings reveal a concerning upward trajectory in cancer incidence rates, placing Costa Rica at the forefront within Central America. While prostate cancer and breast cancer dominate, disparities emerge when scrutinizing gender-specific trends. Notably, stomach and cervical cancers show declines, potentially attributed to targeted interventions. However, colorectal and liver cancers witness mortality increases, necessitating strategic responses. Geographical disparities persist across provinces, highlighting the need for equitable healthcare access. In conclusion, this commentary underscores the urgency of addressing the burgeoning cancer burden in Costa Rica, calling for evidence-based interventions and collaborative efforts on a global scale.

An assessment of public services based on public risks and fiscal risks——Public finance as the foundation and pillar of state governance

Public finance is the foundation and pillar of state governance,and the core of state governance is public risk management.On one hand,public finance provides public services using public revenue and manages public risk directly.On the other hand,public fiscal risk can serve as a policy instrument for public risk management.Public risk,public services,public revenue,and fiscal risk mutually reinforce and set each other off.Therefore,striking a balance between fiscal risk and public risk is of great importance.To minimize public risk under the constraint of fiscal risk is the fundamental basis of the assessment of public services.Even though the constraint of fiscal risk may vary with the requirement of minimizing public risk,there is a limit.Thus,improving the efficiency of the provision of public services,or in other words,raising the effectiveness of public risk management,may relieve the pressure of fiscal risk and obtain a more appropriate balance between public risk and fiscal risk.

Construction of Public Security Risk Governance System under the View of Risk Society Theory

With the development of economy,China has to fight against the increasing public security risk. The theory of risk society points out that the traditional system of hierarchical management should be transformed into the governance system led by government and participated in by multiple parties to avoid and reduce risk in modern society. In order to achieve modernization of the national governance system and capacity,we have to deal with these two important subjects,that is,what can we learn from the Western risk society theory and how to establish a scientific and efficient public security risk management system based on the characteristics of modern public security risk.

Influence Factors Concept Model for Public Participation in Nanotechnology Risk Communication

Based on risk social cognition theory and planned behavior theory, the influence factors of the public participation in the nanotechnology risk communication are analyzed,and the concept model is presented to analyze their relationships and functional mechanism. In the model,the risk communication behaviors are divided into two variables of the public opinion expression and information acquisition,and the subjective norm divided into the internal and external social networks. Then the questionnaire is designed so as to verify the proposed model and analyze their relationships. The survey data are analyzed using SMART PLS software. The validity analysis shows that the questionnaire has a high convergence and discriminant validity. In addition, the Cronbach'a coefficient of each item is more than 0. 70,which shows the questionnaire has a high credibility. Based on the statistical data analysis, relationships of the influence factors are obtained.Further,the influence path model of the public attitude,intention,self regulation and behavior control in the risk communication is established. According to the Bootstrap algorithm in SMART,the path coefficient and its explanation variance of each influence factor are obtained. The calculation results show that the explanation variance values are all bigger than 10% and the path is reliable.Based on the path model, the influence path and function relationships of the participation attitude, subjective norm and behavior control on the participation intention and behavior are obtained. This will provide theoretical and data supports for the risk management and strategy making of the public participation in nanotechnology risk communication.

Typology and Risk Factors of Public Road Accidents in Kinshasa with Its Two Peripheral Areas (Mongata and Kasangulu) from March to May 2017

Introduction: Road traffic put people at risks and needs health education to avoid accidents and deaths. This article aimed to build up a typology of public road accidents (public road accidents) and risk factors associated with in the provincial city of Kinshasa and its peripheral cities (Kasangulu and Mongata), to identify the profiles of the vehicles and people involved in these public road accidents. Method: We conducted a prospective eco-analytical study on a stratified random sample whose size was determined by the Fischer formula. Results: Overall, from March to May 2017, we witnessed an incidence of public road accidents cases ranging from 139 public road accidents cases in the city province of Kinshasa and its two peripheral areas: road axes of high concentration: Rte Blvd Lumumba-Airport;Rte Poids Lourd-Pont Matete, the axes of medium concentration: Rte N21-IMBU, Rte Blvd 30 juin-socimat;Rte Matadi-Kasangulu toll;Rte Université-Intendance, Rte By Pass-triangle Maman Mobutu-Kintambo (Rte-Matadi)-Toll/lère virage-Triangle Maman Mobutu and those of low concentration were: Rte du tourisme/Mimoza-Mbudi;Rte Matadi-Terrain Siwabanza. Conclusion: In these areas, public road accidents are a real public health problem that deserves sustained attention from all and especially from decision makers. Interventions must concern the HVE accident complex.

Change in Public Administration from the Perspective of Risk Society

In the context of risk society, public administration is facing more complex circumstances, which will inevitably call for an overall restructuring. In the dimension of circumstances, extreme disasters, transboundary crisis and emerging risks create the complex context of public administration. In the dimension of structure, the original structure of public administration still exists but its mode of operation is subject to change. In the meantime, the adaptation to complex scenarios of potential risk society will bring innovations to the structure of public administration so that the structure can develop from a hierarchical mode to a network mode on the whole. In the dimension of process, driven by shifts between order and chaos within the social system, public administration will also undergo frequent shifts between routine administration and emergency management. The core of public administration in the context of risk society is its emergency management, which needs to strike a balance between security and development at the value goal level. As to institutional design, emergency management should be characteristic of an all-hazards approach, multi-organization participation, whole-process management and overall adaptive management. Both the theory and the practice of public administration in China need to be reviewed to address challenges of risk society and explore a new approach that is suitable for China's political situation and can be included into our global risk society governance.

城市重大公共卫生风险全过程防控体系构建

在复杂多样的城市风险中,重大公共卫生风险是影响力与破坏力较为严重的一种,探索建立符合中国城市发展进程的城市重大公共卫生风险全过程防控体系迫在眉睫。遵循风险发生过程,以“全周期管理”理念为指引,结合4R危机管理理论、风险管理理论和整体性治理理论,构建重大公共卫生风险全过程动态防控理论框架,同时立足于“以体系为核心”和“以风险为主线”的研究视角,深入分析“全过程动态”的核心意识,将风险防控过程划分为“全面风险评估预警—精准动态响应控制”,进而探讨构建包含风险识别、风险评估、风险评价和决策支持的风险评估体系,以及包含应急响应和常态化控制的风险控制机制的实践路径,提升中国重大公共卫生风险治理水平。

公立医院廉政风险点分析及防范对策研究

廉政风险管理是新时代公立医院党的建设重要工作之一。本文通过对中国裁判文书网中发布的2020年和2021年公立医院腐败案件判决进行统计和分析,归纳总结公立医院易发高发的廉政风险点,根据新时代公立医院高质量发展的要求,提出了风险防范策略,以期为公立医院未来廉政风险管理提供新的思路和对策。

中国突发公共卫生事件风险沟通知识生产研究

为深入探究我国突发公共卫生事件风险沟通领域的知识生产状况与发展逻辑,运用文献计量法与内容分析法,系统梳理中国知网234篇核心文献。首先,通过量化统计总结知识生产态势;其次,利用Citespace软件构建知识生产主体与载体以及核心议题可视化知识图谱,分析知识生产现状;最后,通过分析文献内容,梳理知识生产的内容逻辑与过程逻辑。结果表明:当前,我国突发公共卫生事件风险沟通知识生产受“推力”与“拉力”共同驱动;存在明显学科交叉趋势;知识生产内容体系初具雏形;知识生产方法具有多样化特征。

2021年西宁市宾馆、理发店空气中化学污染物状况及健康风险评估

目的了解西宁市宾馆、理发店空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨及甲醛等化学污染物的污染状况及健康风险特征,识别可能存在有害物质,为西宁市公共场所卫生状况的改善与管理提供依据。方法2021年对西宁市18家宾馆、9家理发店空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨及甲醛进行监测,采用健康风险评价方法评价宾馆、理发店空气中化学污染物对从业人员的非致癌和致癌风险。结果2021年西宁市宾馆、理发店空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨均未超标,慢性非致癌效应的危害系数(hazard quo-tient,HQ)均低于1。甲醛致癌风险值高于1×10^(-4),苯的致癌风险值略高于1×10^(-6)。结论西宁市宾馆、理发店空气中氨、苯、甲苯和二甲苯暴露量未超过不良反应阈值,非致癌风险较低;甲醛、苯对人群具有潜在的致癌风险。

公立医院廉洁风险防控量化评价研究

目的探讨公立医院廉洁风险防控量化评价,为提升公立医院廉洁风险防控工作质效提供参考。方法自行设计《公立医院权力事项廉洁风险防控检查标准》,从权力运行流程梳理清晰程度、廉洁风险点查找准确程度、防控措施有力程度三个方面对四川大学华西医院各部门/临床医技科室提供的权力事项廉洁风险防控进行评分和评级。结果共检查了236个权力事项的廉洁风险防控情况,根据检查标准,57项评为一档,103项评为二档,76项评为三档,占比分别为24.15%、43.64%和32.20%。经检查,全院236个权力事项的廉洁风险防控检查得分为(5.82±1.92)分,其中,流程维度得分为(2.11±0.75)分,风险点查找维度得分为(1.89±0.75)分,防控维度得分为(1.89±0.79)分,体现出部分单位的工作流程不够清晰、个别风险点查找不准确、防控措施不具体等问题。结论医院要结合自身工作环节的问题,从思想、行为、成效和考核评价几方面入手,着力思考廉洁风险防控长期建设中的具体化、精准化、显著化和可量化。

政府购买公共体育服务的风险识别

公共体育服务供给是转变体育行政部门职能,将其从庞杂的行政事务中解放出来的重要手段与方式,也是体育改革的重要方向与抓手。政府购买公共体育服务是向社会采购的公共行为。政府购买公共体育服务的实施过程中伴随着一些风险,如果风险识别不出来,处理不及时,势必会影响公共体育服务效果。文章从体育法规、服务过程、评估管理等方面入手分析,提出公共体育服务过程中的风险识别与防范策略,目的是提高公共体育服务效能,推动我国体育事业迈上质量更优、效率更高、更加公平、更可持续的发展之路。

金融科技平台垄断的公私协同治理

金融科技平台垄断涉及数据互操作限制、扼杀式收购以及算法合谋等多种实践样态,其垄断行为既能在杠杆效应下提高竞争壁垒,也因其混业经营特性而容易诱发系统性风险。传统反垄断法公共规制路径依赖具有压制性与滞后性,难以应对复杂多变的金融科技平台垄断问题,需要为垄断治理提供全新的视角和方案,公私协同治理模式应运而生。在理论维度,协同治理所强调的灵活性、回应性能够满足风险社会下金融科技平台垄断的治理结构需求;在实践层面,金融科技平台内生的公私融合性以及根植于金融市场的合规传统,则为公私协同治理提供了现实基础。金融科技平台垄断问题在公私协同治理的具体实现上,需深化公私治理主体间的互信、促进治理规范的软硬协同,以及强化监管科技工具的共治目标嵌入。

突发公共卫生事件中公众的风险感知与情绪传播研究

在风险社会背景下,社交媒体平台在应对突发性公共卫生事件,如风险感知的变迁和问题反馈解决等方面,扮演着关键角色。本研究对微博平台“新十条”发布后两个月内所涵盖的约30万条帖子进行了数据挖掘与实证分析,深入探讨社交媒体平台上风险感知变化的规律。研究结果揭示,不同情绪对风险感知的影响存在显著差异,负面情绪“恶”的传播对风险感知的影响最为突出。

Managing Public Health Risks Using Air Monitoring at a Former Manufactured Gas Plant Site

Monitoring emissions from a former Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) site during remediation was used to manage risks associated with inhalation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and contaminated particulates acting as an exposure conduit for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. This risk management case study presents a USEPA-approved air monitoring program implemented to manage public health risks during remediation at a former MGP site located in the southeast United States. Risk-based Acceptable Air Concentrations (AACs) were developed and a sampling regimen established to monitor potential emissions to maintain contaminant concentrations below the AACs. The exposure duration used was based on a twelve-month project duration and an exposure time of 24 hours per day;equations, toxicity values and sources were based on USEPA’s Regional Screening Levels. A total 535 twenty-four hour time weighted samples (269 VOC samples and 266 PAH samples) were collected over the project duration. Only minor levels of VOCs and PAHs were detected and no results were above the AACs. These timeweighted averages demonstrate that the real-time air monitoring and control measures implemented at the site effectively maintained concentrations below the AACs and were protective of public health.

基于业内人士视角的政府购买图书馆服务的风险认知研究

[目的/意义]政府购买图书馆服务已成为目前图书馆服务供给的新模式,然而随着实践的发展,其风险问题也日益凸显。本文基于业内人士视角,全面系统地调查政府购买图书馆服务的风险认知,为多元主体的风险控制提供理论依据。[方法/过程]在前期调研的基础上,采用专家调查法对政府购买图书馆服务的风险因素进行归纳和筛选,最终确立3大类28项风险因素,并构建相关风险层次体系。随后采用问卷调查法调查图情业内人士的风险认知,结合风险发生的可能性和其产生后果分析各项风险强度。[结果/结论]研究表明,业内人士已有风险意识,但认知并不明晰;依所在机构性质、职务和学科背景的不同,其认知存在差异。

论湿地保护领域中的预防性环境行政公益诉讼

传统的湿地保护模式具有“行政执法人员的机会主义”“多元规制机构的协调难题”“持续性的运行成本支出”等相对劣势。为实现对于湿地生态的全过程保护,督促湿地行政主管部门积极履职,有必要将预防性环境行政公益诉讼纳入湿地保护体系。应通过立法或司法解释,明确预防性环境行政公益诉讼的提起范围、提出时机和诉讼程序。