Laboratory pull-out tests on fully grouted rock bolts and cable bolts:Results and lessons learned

Laboratory pull-out tests were conducted on the following rock bolts and cable bolts:steel rebars,smooth steel bars,fiberglass reinforced polymer threaded bolts,flexible cable bolts,IR5/IN special cable bolts and Mini-cage cable bolts.The diameter of the tested bolts was between 16 mm and 26 mm.The bolts were grouted in a sandstone sample using resin or cement grouts.The tests were conducted under either constant radial stiffness or constant confining pressure boundary conditions applied on the outer surface of the rock sample.In most tests,the rate of displacement was about 0.02 mm/s.The tests were performed using a pull-out bench that allows testing a wide range of parameters.This paper provides an extensive database of laboratory pull-out test results and confirms the influence of the confining pressure and the embedment length on the pull-out response(rock bolts and cable bolts).It also highlights the sensitivity of the results to the operating conditions and to the behavior of the sample as a whole,which cannot be neglected when the test results are used to assess the bolt-grout or the grouterock interface.

Tapered Suction Caissons:A Numerical Investigation into Their Pull-out Performance

Suction caissons have been widely used as anchors and foundations for floating and fixed offshore platforms. The pull-out performance of conventional suction caissons （with upright walls） has been investigated by a number of researchers. However, no attention has been paid to tapered suction caissons. This paper deals with the performance of tapered suction caissons under vertical pull-out loads. A numerical approach is used for this purpose. The numerical model is first verified against test data available for common upright caissons. The verified model is then used to study the pullout performance of tapered suction caissons. It is noticed that the pull-out capacities exhibited by tapered suction caissons are in general considerably higher than those from their corresponding traditional upright caissons. To obtain an insight into this superior behaviour, effects from certain soil/caisson/drainage parameters on the pull-out capacity of tapered suction caissons are studied. Soil cohesion is noticed to have a linear improving effect on the capacity of both upright and ta- pered suction caissons. The soil internal friction angle is noticed to have an exponential increasing effect on the pull-out capacity. With a constant caisson diameter, an increase in the aspect ratio is seen to particularly influence the pull-out capacity. With a constant caisson length, an increase in the aspect ratio is discovered to result in non-linear decrease in the pull-out capacity. Under undrained conditions, tapered models generally show less sensitivity to above mentioned soil/caisson parameters as compared with those under drained conditions.

DYNAMIC CRACK MODELS ON PROBLEM OF BRIDGING FIBER PULL-OUT OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

An elastic analysis of an internal central crack with bridging fibers parallel to the free surface in an infinite orthotropic anisotropic elastic plane was performed. A dynamic model of bridging fiber pull-out of composite materials was presented. Resultingly the fiber failure is governed by maximum tensile stress, the fiber breaks and hence the crack extension should occur in self-similar fashion. By the methods of complex functions, the problem studied can be transformed into the dynamic model to the Reimann-Hilbert mixed boundary value problem, and a straightforward and easy analytical solution is presented. Analytical study on the crack propagation subjected to a ladder load and an instantaneous pulse loading is obtained respectively for orthotropic anisotropic body. By utilizing the solution, the concrete solutions of this model are attained by ways of superposition.

Comparison of the Pull-out Strength Between a Novel Micro-dynamic Pedicle Screw and a Traditional Pedicle Screw by Using Pull Out Test and Micro-CT

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of the micro-dynamic pedicle screw for the prevention of loosening between the screw and bone surface in lumbar spinal fusion.For this evaluation,the peek pull-out force(PPF)after fatigue resistance testing at different cycles and semidiameter of screw insertion area of micro-CT image was compared between the micro-dynamic and traditional pedicle screws.Methods Forty lumbar vertebrae received a traditional pedicle screw on one side and a micro-dynamic pedicle screw on the other side as follows:15 vertebrae underwent instant pull-out testing(group A,traditional vs.group B,micro-dynamic);15 vertebrae underwent pull-out test after 5000-cyclic fatigue loading(group C,traditional vs.group D,micro-dynamic);and 10 vertebrae underwent pull-out test after 10000-cyclic fatigue loading(group E,traditional vs.group F,micro-dynamic).All vertebrae that after fatigue loading were scanned by using micro-ct to check the semidiameter of screw insertion area.The PPF,normalized PPF(PPFn),bone mineral density(BMD)and diameter of screw insertion area were compared between all groups.Results The BMD showed a weak significant correlation with PPF(r=0.252,P=0.024).The PPF in groups A and B(P=0.485),and groups C and D(P=0.184)did not show significant difference.However,the PPF in group F was significantly greater than that measured in group E(P=0.005).The PPFn of groups A,C,and E significantly decreased as the number of cycles increased(P=0.015).Meanwhile,the PPFn of groups B,D,and F remained consistent regardless of the number of cycles(P=0.367). The semidiameter of traditional pedicle screw insertion area was significantly larger than that of micro-dynamic pedicle screw insertion area(P<0.001).Conclusions This study compared the performance of a micro-dynamic pedicle screw versus that of a traditional pedicle screw using pull-out testing and micro-CT.The results showed that the micro-dynamic pedicle screw provides similar resistance in lowcycle fatigue testing and favorable resistance in high-cycle fatigue testing versus the traditional pedicle screw.The micro-dynamic pedicle screw provides stronger fixation stability versus the traditional pedicle screw,especially in high-cyclic fatigue loading condition versus the traditional pedicle screws.

Mechanical Characterisation of Interface for Steel/Polymer Composite Using Pull-out Test: Shear-Lag and Frictional Analysis

Fibre-matrix interface is known to have contribution to the mechanical performance of fibre-reinforced composite by its potential for load transfer between the fibre and the matrix. Such load transfer is of great importance in dentistry when a post is used for fixing a ceramic crown on the tooth. In this study, a pull-out test was carried out to analyse the interfacial properties of a steel fibre embedded in a polyester and epoxy matrices. It was found that the fibre-matrix interface is debonded on the whole embedded length when the fibre stress reached the debonding stress. Then, the fibre stress fell down to the initial extraction stress required to pulling out the debonded fibre from the matrix. Both debonding stress and initial extraction stress initiated a linear increase with the implantation length after the debonding stress reached horizontal asymptotes. To analyse the fibre-matrix load transfer before debonding, an analytical shear-lag model was adopted to in this test conditions. Fitting the experimental results with the analytical model provided the interfacial shear strength. By considering the Coulomb friction at the fibre-matrix interface during the fibre extraction process, an analytical model which considers Poisson＇s effects on both fibre and matrix, was developed. In this model, knowledge of the initial extraction stress of the fibre provides the residual normal stress at the fibre-matrix interface.

Investigating Earth Reaction to Pull-Out Process of Frictional Rock Bolts Using Distinct Element Method

The reaction of earth to pull-out process of frictional rock bolts was here modeled by the distinct element method (DEM). Ten frictional bolts were prepared;the expanding shells of five bolts included convex edges and the others had the shells with concave bits. The strength of bolts was measured by applying a standard pull-out test;the results confirmed that the strength of shells with convex edges was remarkably more than the strength of other shells. Furthermore, a two-dimensional DEM model of the test was developed by a particle flow code;the obtained results showed that the reaction of rock particles to the contacts occurring between the convex edges and earth was considerably more than those of the concave bits. In the other words, the convex edges transferred the pull-out force into a large area of the surrounded rock, causing these bolts to have the highest resistance against earth movements.

Nature of the Pull-out System of Carbon Nanorope/Polyethylene Composite and Twisting Effect on Interfacial Behavior

The nature of the pull-out system of carbon nanorope/polyethylene（CNRP/PE） composite is studied by using molecular dynamics approach. The deformation of the CNRP/PE composites in pull-out process is exhibited. The influence of twisting deformation on the interfacial interaction of the composites is investigated. The results show that the energy of the pull-out system is conserved; and the interfacial bonding is weak resulting in a sliding failure of the CNRP inside PE matrix.

Analysis of Pull-Out Behaviour of Straight and Hooked End Steel Fibres

The effective utilisation of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) requires in-depth and detailed understanding of bonding mechanisms governing the tensile behaviour. In response to this demand, this study presents an empirical description of the axial force required to pull out a hooked end steel fibre from a cementitious matrix. It is based upon consistent experimental tests that show the force versus displacement plot is formed from a sequence of events in which partial and full debonding at the interface is followed by bending of the hook knee to raise the force to its maximum. A loss of peak force occurs with the reversed plasticity involved in a full straightening of the fibre that precedes the rapid sliding to its full removal under a falling force. The stages are assembled in the said order with a piecewise connection between linear segments and a curve of exponential decay. A power law can be introduced to describe the knee bending stage if preferred. The normalised co-ordinates were adopted for the simple mathematical discontinuous function of the full pull-out process. Normalising force and displacement for hooked fibre is based upon the maximum values found for straight fibre pull out. This would apply to an overall embedded length of unity and a unit peak force for a full debonding of straight fibre in similar materials. For hooked fibre the normalised co-ordinates given refer to the initiation and duration of each event to be tabulated at fractions of the embedded length with multiples of that force. Such predictions are seen to be in good agreement with average pull-out response curves.

Optical pulling force on nanoparticle clusters with gain due to Fano-like resonance

We demonstrate that,in a simple linearly-polarized plane wave,the optical pulling forces on nanoparticle clusters with gain can be induced by the Fano-like resonance.The numerical results based on the full-wave calculation show that the optical pulling forces can be attributed to the recoil forces for the nanoparticle clusters composed of dipolar nanoparticles with three different configurations.Interestingly,the recoil forces giving rise to optical pulling forces are exactly dominated by the coupling term between the electric and magnetic dipoles excited in the nanoparticle clusters,while other higherorder terms have a negligible contribution.In addition,the optical pulling force can be tailored by modulating the Fano-like resonance via either the particle size or the gain magnitude,offering an alternative freedom degree for optical manipulations of particle clusters.

循环张拉作用下新型多节泡土钉抗拔性能现场试验研究

新型多节泡土钉具有拉拔硬化特征,相比传统土钉,其在土质边坡中抗拔性能更优。为了探究实际工况条件下新型多节泡土钉的边坡加固性能,并与传统土钉进行比较,开展7组新型多节泡土钉及传统土钉现场循环张拉试验,研究注浆工艺、节泡间距及埋深对土钉抗拔力及其发挥速率的影响规律,进而探明了每一循环下土钉弹、塑性拉拔位移占比,并分析其内在机理。试验结果表明:循环张拉作用下,注浆工艺对土钉的抗拔力影响显著,采用改进式压密注浆工艺和直接压密注浆工艺的土钉抗拔力远远超出传统注浆工艺,且初期的拉拔硬化现象更明显。采用改进式压密注浆工艺的土钉抗拔力发挥速率最快,直接压密注浆工艺次之,传统注浆工艺最小。从总体趋势上看,新型多节泡土钉抗拔力发挥速率在降低,传统土钉抗拔力发挥速率在升高。采用改进式压密注浆工艺虽然不能提升土钉弹性拉拔位移的占比,却能显著提高极限抗拔力;节泡间距对多节泡土钉抗拔力和抗拔力发挥速率影响较小,主要受到土钉周围土体强度的影响;埋深影响多节泡土钉的极限抗拔力,埋深越大,极限抗拔力和初始抗拔力发挥速率越大,同时抗拔力发挥速率随拉拔位移递减的趋势也更加明显。研究成果对提高新型多节泡土钉加固性能和优化工程应用提供指导。

Propagation Characteristics of Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Grouted Rockbolt Systems with Bond Defects under Different Confining Conditions

A rockbolt acting in the rock mass is subjected to the combined action of the pull-out load and confining pressure, and the bond quality of the rockbolt directly affects the stability of the roadway and cavern. Therefore, in this study, confining pressure and pull-out load are applied to grouted rockbolt systems with bond defects by a numerical simulation method, and the rockbolt is detected by ultrasonic guided waves to study the propagation law of ultrasonic guided waves in defective rockbolt systems and the bond quality of rockbolts under the combined action of pull-out load and confining pressure. The numerical simulation results show that the length and location of bond defects can be detected by ultrasonic guided waves under the combined action of pull-out load and confining pressure. Under no pull-out load, with increasing confining pressure, the low-frequency part of the guided wave frequency in the rockbolt increases, the high-frequency part decreases, the weakening effect of the confining pressure on the guided wave propagation law increases, and the bond quality of the rockbolt increases. The existence of defects cannot change the strengthening effect of the confining pressure on the guided wave propagation law under the same pull-out load or the weakening effect of the pull-out load on the guided wave propagation law under the same confining pressure.

BFRP筋回收轮胎钢纤维混凝土黏结性能分析

对玄武岩纤维增强复合材料(BFRP)筋在回收轮胎钢纤维(RTSF)混凝土中的黏结性能进行了试验和分析研究.对不同RTSF体积掺量、BFRP筋直径和嵌入长度的试件进行了拉拔试验,研究其对黏结破坏模式、黏结滑移响应和黏结强度的影响,并提出了BFRP筋RTSF混凝土的黏结滑移理论模型.结果表明:BFRP筋RTSF混凝土黏结破坏类型包括拔出破坏、劈裂破坏以及拔出且劈裂破坏;BFRP筋直径对黏结破坏模式无显著影响,而RTSF体积掺量、BFRP筋直径和嵌入长度均对黏结强度有较大影响,且RTSF体积掺量与极限黏结强度呈正相关,BFRP筋直径和嵌入长度对其影响与之相反;当RTSF体积掺量从0增大至1.5%时,其极限黏结强度最大可提高约23.87%.与已有模型相比,所提出的黏结滑移理论模型对BFRP筋RTSF混凝土的黏结滑移曲线具有更高的拟合精度.

玄武岩微筋对磷酸镁修补砂浆弯曲性能的增强增韧效应研究

为了探究玄武岩微筋(Basalt minibar)对磷酸镁修补砂浆(MPCRM)的增强增韧改性效果,通过四点弯曲试验分析纤维类型、纤维掺量、基体水胶比及养护条件对MPCRM弯拉强度和弯曲韧性的影响规律。试验结果表明:玄武岩微筋对MPCRM的弯曲增强增韧性能优越,且其增韧效果优于玄武岩单丝纤维;当玄武岩微筋掺量不低于1.0%(体积分数)时,MPCRM弯拉强度和弯曲韧性均随着玄武岩微筋掺量增加而提高;随着水胶比提高,玄武岩微筋增强MPCRM的弯曲韧性降低,弯拉强度先增加后减小,水胶比为0.18和体积掺量为1.5%的玄武岩微筋增强MPCRM的弯拉强度最大;掺入玄武岩微筋能够部分弥补低温养护MPCRM的受冻损伤。

HRB635级高强钢筋与C70高强混凝土黏结锚固性能试验研究

目的 研究HRB635级高强钢筋与C70高强混凝土之间黏结锚固性能,为工程应用提供参考。方法 设计制作了5组45个直锚试件进行拉拔试验,分析了锚固长度、配箍率、混凝土保护层厚度等因素对锚固性能的影响。结果 试件极限承载力随配箍率和锚固长度的增加而增加,但当箍筋率ρsv大于1.26%,锚固长度la大于15d后,配箍率和锚固长度的增加不再对试件极限承载力产生明显的影响;对于未配置箍筋的试件,当试件保护层厚度从2d增加到3d时,试件极限承载力随着保护层厚度的增加而增加,但当保护层厚度大于3d后,保护层厚度的增加对试件极限承载力基本没有影响。结论 在进行HRB635级高强钢筋和C70高强混凝土试件设计时,锚固长度可按《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010-2010)中相关公式进行计算,且具有足够的安全储备。

胀锁型锚索双向加固窄煤柱试验研究与工程应用

针对沿空掘巷窄煤柱非对称变形问题,提出了对穿锚索双向加固窄煤柱技术,设计了伸长型和胀锁型两种对穿锚索结构及工艺,开展了对穿锚索拉拔试验,试验表明两种锚索结构均满足抗拉要求,从锚索破坏形态、施工便捷性和材料经济性等方面对比分析,确定胀锁型对穿锚索为窄煤柱双向加固的首选。进一步通过相似模型试验与数值模拟研究了不同加固方式下煤柱承载变形规律和对穿锚索受力特征。结果表明:双排紧密型对穿锚索加固试件较未加固试件峰值荷载提高了96.04%,且随着锚索排数及数量的增加,窄煤柱双向加固稳定性越来越高,胀锁型对穿锚索提高了煤柱破坏前的能量储存量和临界破坏点。最后,在济宁三号煤矿123_(下)04工作面运输巷开展胀锁式对穿锚索加固窄煤柱工程试验,监测显示对穿锚索锚固力超过220 kN,锚索加固区煤柱帮鼓量降低70%,窄煤柱整体稳定性好,窄煤柱双向加固技术可行,为沿空掘巷工程提供了新技术途径。

沙漠砂混凝土与钢筋黏结性能试验研究

在我国西部沙漠砂资源丰富的背景下,探究沙漠砂对钢筋与混凝土黏结性能的影响,制作中心拉拔试验,通过对不同沙漠砂取代率和不同粉煤灰掺量下的钢筋与混凝土的黏结强度进行试验研究。根据黏结滑移曲线,分析沙漠砂取代率和粉煤灰掺量对钢筋和混凝土黏结强度、极限位移、破坏模式的影响。研究结果表明:直径16 mm钢筋混凝土试件在锚固长度较短导致脆性劈裂破坏的情况下,钢筋与混凝土的黏结强度随沙漠砂取代率的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势;粉煤灰掺量为20%时,对两者的黏结强度提升最大。

BFRP筋与再生骨料混凝土粘结性能试验研究

为探究玄武岩纤维筋(BFRP筋)与再生骨料混凝土的粘结性能,对其进行中心拔出试验。基于试验结果,探究了其破坏形态以及粘结机理,研究再生混凝土强度等级、筋材直径和再生骨料替代率对BFRP筋和再生骨料混凝土粘结性能影响。结果表明,BFRP筋与再生骨料混凝土粘结有拔出破坏和劈裂破坏两种破坏形态;BFRP筋与再生骨料混凝土粘结滑移曲线可分为微滑移段、滑移段、下降段和残余应力段;提高再生混凝土的强度等级可以延缓混凝土内部裂缝的产生与演化,进一步提高BFRP筋表面肋与混凝土之间的机械咬合作用,增大BFRP筋与再生混凝土的粘结强度;因剪力滞后效应,BFRP筋与再生骨料混凝土的粘结强度随着BFRP筋直径的增加而降低;再生骨料替代率的增加会对BFRP筋和再生骨料混凝土的粘结应力产生不利影响。

竹集成材握钉性能试验研究

为研究单调加载下的竹集成材(LBL)握钉性能,对260个LBL钉节点试件进行拔出试验,以钉种类、钉直径、有效锚固长度以及作用力方向与LBL顺纹方向的夹角为参数,研究其破坏模式和握钉性能。结果表明:破坏模式与钉种有关,与钉直径、锚固长度和角度无关,光圆钉试件无可见破坏,而螺钉和麻花钉试件的破坏模式主要表现为钉杆环向的竹纤维发生剪切破坏,LBL内部竹纤维被环向肋纹切断并拉出试件表面。极限抗拔承载力随钉直径和有效锚固长度的增大而增加,顺纹向的承载力略低于横纹向。对于相同直径的钉而言,顺纹向螺钉和麻花钉的极限承载力分别为光圆钉的2.6倍和1.3倍,而横纹向的螺钉和麻花钉的抗拔承载力分别为光圆钉的2.3倍和1.2倍。LBL握钉力理论计算值和试验值吻合良好,误差不超过13%。

串联式锚定板抗拔承载特性及影响因素分析

为提高锚定板抗拔承载能力,设计串联式锚定板锚固系统。借鉴侧向受荷桩的“M”法,通过锚固系统受力平衡条件及位移连续性条件,提出串联式矩形锚定板锚固系统抗拔力-位移关系的理论分析方法。基于FLAC3D有限差分软件,建立锚定板锚固系统与土相互作用的数值模拟模型,进行埋设于黏性土中不同尺寸的方形锚定板抗拔承载力室内模型试验。结合室内模型试验及数值模拟结果,通过拟合分析,获得串联式矩形锚定板锚固系统抗拔力-位移关系的近似解析解,将3个工程案例中不同尺寸及埋深的锚定板抗拔力-位移的现场试验结果与理论分析及数值模拟结果对比,验证理论分析方法及数值模拟结果的正确性。探讨串联式方形锚定板锚固系统埋深及相邻锚定板间距对锚固系统抗拔承载力的影响。研究结果表明:当锚定板锚固系统埋深H<5b(b为锚定板边长)时,其破坏模式呈现浅埋锚定板的破坏特征;当埋设深度H≥5b时,其破坏模式呈现深埋锚定板破坏特征。对于串联式锚定板锚固系统,为避免相邻锚定板相互影响而降低锚固系统的抗拔承载能力,相邻锚定板间距应满足L≥3b。

新型CFRP网格-重组竹复合板力学试验研究

为提高重组竹的力学性能并减轻其各向异性缺陷,设计了一种新型CFRP网格-重组竹复合板(CBCP).分别对8组CBCP拉伸试样和18组CBCP拉拔试样进行单轴拉伸试验和拉拔试验,以分析其力学行为并评估复合方法的影响.选择3个相似的构成模型对拉拔试样的黏结应力-滑移曲线进行拟合,根据试验结果确定CFRP网格和重组竹的临界锚固长度及计算方法,并分析讨论了CFRP层数、横向CFRP束特性和锚固长度对CFRP网格与重组竹黏结性能的影响.结果表明,复合CFRP网格可使重组竹的顺纹和横纹抗拉强度分别提高35.77%和135.20%,从而改善了重组竹的各向异性缺陷.增加网格层数和间距可提高CBCP的拉伸性能.随着锚固长度的增加,平均界面黏结强度呈幂函数递减,而峰值载荷滑移则线性递减.