The action mechanism of the work done by the electric field force on moving charges to stimulate the emergence of carrier generation/recombination in a PN junction

It is discovered that the product of the current and the electric field in a PN junction should be regarded as the rate of work(power)done by the electric field force on moving charges(hole current and electron current),which was previously misinterpreted as solely a Joule heating effect.We clarify that it is exactly the work done by the electric field force on the moving charges to stimulate the emergence of non-equilibrium carriers,which triggers the novel physical phenomena.As regards to Joule heat,we point out that it should be calculated from Ohm’s law,rather than simply from the product of the current and the electric field.Based on this understanding,we conduct thorough discussion on the role of the electric field force in the process of carrier recombination and carrier generation.The thermal effects of carrier recombination and carrier generation followed are incorporated into the thermal equation of energy.The present study shows that the exothermic effect of carrier recombination leads to a temperature rise at the PN interface,while the endothermic effect of carrier generation causes a temperature reduction at the interface.These two opposite effects cause opposite heat flow directions in the PN junction under forward and backward bias voltages,highlighting the significance of managing device heating phenomena in design considerations.Therefore,this study possesses referential significance for the design and tuning on the performance of piezotronic devices.

Analysis on the resistive force in penetration of a rigid projectile

According to the dimensionless formulae of DOP(depth of penetration) of a rigid projectile into different targets,the resistive force which a target exerts on the projectile during the penetration of rigid projectile is theoretically analyzed.In particular,the threshold V_C of impact velocity applicable for the assumption of constant resistive force is formulated through impulse analysis.The various values of V_C corresponding to different pairs of projectile-target are calculated,and the consistency of the relative test data and numerical results is observed.

Resistive Switching in Stabilized Zirconia Films Studied by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy

We have applied Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (CAFM) to study the microscopic mechanism of resistive switching in the ultrathin (3 - 5 nm) yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films. Using CAFM, we were able to trace the growth of the individual conductive filaments, which are considered now to be responsible for the resistive switching effect in the transition metal oxides. The growth of the filaments has been proven to be initiated by the defects in the film material including the ones, which are the concentrators of the electric field, in particular, by the roughness (hillocks) of the film/substrate interface. The electron transport via individual filaments has been studied. Besides the butterfly-type hysteresis in the current-voltage (I-V) curves of the probe- to-sample contact typical for the bipolar resistive switching, we have observed the I-V curves with resonant peaks attributed to the resonant electron tunneling via the localized electron states in the filaments.

Normal Force and Sag Resistance of Pipe Conveyor

Pipe belt conveyor is a new type of environmentally friendly and efficient bulk conveying equipment.In the design of the roller,the belt and the driving motor of pipe belt conveyor,the sag resistance is a key parameter.Meanwhile,the normal force between the conveyor belt and the roller group is the other important factor need be considered and has a great influence on the sag resistance.This paper analyzes a pipe belt conveyor with a diameter of 150 mm to study the calculation method of normal force.And the relationship between the normal force and the sag resistance is explored.Firstly,the normal force is decomposed into three components related to the forming force of belt,material gravity and belt gravity.So it can be expressed as a linear combination of these three quantities,and the coefficients of each component are obtained based on the dynamic analysis of belt-roller.The results show that the coefficient is mainly affected by the material filling rate,and is almost not affected by the distance between the rollers and the density of the material.The calculation method of the normal force is eventually obtained.Secondly,the normal force in the case of different material filling rates is tested by experiments,and the calculation method of the normal force is verified.Thirdly,the variation law of the sag resistance in the case of different roller group spacing and material filling rate is studied by the dynamic model.It is found that the roller group spacing and material filling rate affects the sag resistance by changing the normal force.There is a power function relationship between the sag resistance and the normal force.In the case of different roller group spacing and material filling rate,the relationship among the sag resistance and the normal force remains unchanged.This study results are of great significance to the design of pipe belt conveyor.

Study on distribution rule of sliding pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force acting on anti-sliding pile

Anti-slide pile is one of the important methods to administer landslide geological disaster because of its advantages.It plays important role in administering landslide.It is a premise of reasonable economy and technological advance to know the distribution rule and feature of the force between anti-sliding pile and surrounding rock.To determine the sliding force and remnant resistant sliding force,according to need of study,this paper sets up the geological model and mechanics model in term of a typical landslide,and analyzes the effect rule of sliding body distortion,strength and gravity to the pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force by use of the numerical model.The distribution rule of pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force of the type of landslide is given.

Acceleration of DNA Replication of Klenow Fragment by Small Resisting Force

DNA polymerases are an essential class of enzymes or molecular motors that catalyze processive DNA syntheses during DNA replications. A critical issue for DNA polymerases is their molecular mechanism of processive DNA replication. We have proposed a model for chemomechanical coupling of DNA polymerases before, based on which the predicted results have been provided about the dependence of DNA replication velocity upon the external force on Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I. Here, we performed single molecule measurements of the replication velocity of Klenow fragment under the external force by using magnetic tweezers. The single molecule data verified quantitatively the previous theoretical predictions, which is critical to the chemomechanical coupling mechanism of DNA polymerases. A prominent characteristic for the Klenow fragment is that the replication velocity is independent of the assisting force whereas the velocity increases largely with the increase of the resisting force,attains the maximum velocity at about 3.8 pN and then decreases with the further increase of the resisting force.

Biomechanical forces in atherosclerosis-susceptible and -resistant regions of human vasculature differentially regulate endothelial vaso-protective phenotypes

Introduction Atherosclerosis is a potentially life-threatening disease of large arteries that is strongly associated with systemic risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia,hypertension,smoking,and diabetes. However,atherosclerosis develops as a

Driving Force Model for Non-pneumatic Elastic Wheel

In order to obtain good driving performance,a driving force model is presented for non-pneumatic elastic wheel.Brush model of pneumatic tyres is introduced and the deformations of elastic supports and tread are also taken into account.The longitudinal slip rate is redefined.The grounding pressure distribution of elastic wheels is analyzed and corrected according to speed,temperature and stiffness.Then rolling resistance equation is developed.Finally,simulation is conducted by software CarSim,and the results show that the estimated values are consistent with simulation values,especially at low longitudinal slip rate.The research can help to optimize design of non-pneumatic elastic wheel.

Analysis of the resistive switching behaviors of vanadium oxide thin film

We demonstrate the polarization of resistive switching for a Cu/VOx/Cu memory cell.The switching behaviors of Cu/VOx/Cu cell are tested by using a semiconductor device analyzer（Agilent B1500A）,and the relative micro-analysis of I-V characteristics of VOx/Cu is characterized by using a conductive atomic force microscope（CAFM）.The I-V test results indicate that both the forming and the reversible resistive switching between low resistance state（LRS） and high resistance state（HRS） can be observed under either positive or negative sweep.The CAFM images for LRS and HRS directly exhibit evidence for the formation and rupture of filaments based on positive or negative voltage.The Cu/VOx/Cu sandwiched structure exhibits reversible resistive switching behavior and shows potential applications in the next generation of nonvolatile memory.

Efficient Preparation of Nanoparticle-Reinforced Nickel-based Composite Coating with Highly Preferred(220)Orientation

Nanoparticle-reinforced metal matrix composite coatings have significant potential in mechanical part surface strengthening owing their excellent mechanical properties.This paper reports a phenomenon in which the grain orientation gradually evolves to(220)as the deposition current density increases when preparing nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composite coatings through jet electrodeposition(JED).During the preparation of the Ni-SiC composite coatings,the deposition current density increased from 180 A/dm2 to 220 A/dm2,and TC(220)gradually increase from 41.4%to 97.7%.With an increase of TC(220),the self-corrosion potential increases from−0.575 to−0.477 V,the corrosion current density decreases from 9.52μA/cm^2 to 2.76μA/cm^2,the diameter of the corrosion pits that after 10 days of immersion in a 3.5 wt%NaCl solution decreases from 278–944 nm to 153–260 nm,and the adhesion of the coating increases from 24.9 N to 61.6 N.Compared a conventional electrodeposition(CED),the Ni-SiC composite coating using JED has the advantages of a smooth surface morphology,high corrosion resistance,and strong adhesion,which are more obvious with an increase in TC(220).

Study on Geological Genesis and Sedimentary Model of Complex Low Resistivity Reservoir in Offshore Oilfield — A Case of NgIII Formation of X Oilfield in Bohai Sea

In order to study the micro genetic mechanism and main geological controlling factors of low resistivity reservoir in NgIII formation of X oilfield in Bohai sea in China, the clay mineral composition, irreducible water saturation, salinity and conductive minerals of low resistivity reservoir were studied by using the data of core, cast thin section and analysis, and compared with normal resistivity reservoir. At the same time, the control effect of sedimentary environment on low resistivity reservoir was discussed. The results show that the additional conductivity of high bound water content and high montmorillonite content in the reservoir together leads to the significant reduction of reservoir resistivity, which is the main microscopic cause of the formation of low resistance, and is mainly controlled by the sedimentary background such as paleoclimate and sedimentary cycle. During the deposition period of NgIII formation, the paleoclimate was dry and cold, and it was at the end of the water advance of the medium-term sedimentary cycle. The hydrodynamic force of the river channel was weak, the carrying capacity of the riverbed was weak, and the river channel swayed frequently, resulting in fine lithologic particle size, high shale content and complex pore structure of the reservoir, resulting in significant reduction of reservoir resistance. The research conclusion would have strong guiding significance for the development of low resistivity reservoirs in this area.

竹集成材握钉性能试验研究

为研究单调加载下的竹集成材(LBL)握钉性能,对260个LBL钉节点试件进行拔出试验,以钉种类、钉直径、有效锚固长度以及作用力方向与LBL顺纹方向的夹角为参数,研究其破坏模式和握钉性能。结果表明:破坏模式与钉种有关,与钉直径、锚固长度和角度无关,光圆钉试件无可见破坏,而螺钉和麻花钉试件的破坏模式主要表现为钉杆环向的竹纤维发生剪切破坏,LBL内部竹纤维被环向肋纹切断并拉出试件表面。极限抗拔承载力随钉直径和有效锚固长度的增大而增加,顺纹向的承载力略低于横纹向。对于相同直径的钉而言,顺纹向螺钉和麻花钉的极限承载力分别为光圆钉的2.6倍和1.3倍,而横纹向的螺钉和麻花钉的抗拔承载力分别为光圆钉的2.3倍和1.2倍。LBL握钉力理论计算值和试验值吻合良好,误差不超过13%。

电磁吸盘-摩擦摆复合隔震支座理论分析与试验研究

为解决摩擦摆支座在外部荷载激励下不具备抗拔性的缺点,基于电磁原理和半主动控制思想,提出了一种以电磁力为基础,结合传统摩擦摆的电磁吸盘-摩擦摆复合隔震支座(Electromagnetic Chuck-Friction Pendulum System,ECFPS)。介绍了该复合隔震支座的构造特点和耗能机制,并基于电磁原理推导出电磁吸盘吸力以及ECFPS的等效刚度、周期和等效阻尼比等理论公式,建立了ECFPS计算模型。设计并制作了一个缩尺比为1∶3的ECFPS试件,对不同输入电流、竖向荷载和不同位移幅值下的滞回性能进行了试验研究,探究了不同输入电流对抗拔性能的影响。试验结果表明:理论值与试验值吻合度较高,验证了理论公式推导的正确性;等效刚度和单位循环耗能变化明显,两者最大变化幅度分别为19.81%和28.16%;随着电磁吸盘输入电流的增大,ECFPS支座的抗拔性能提高,实现了支座竖向抗拔的功能。

适用于共晶焊的肖特基二极管背面金属化工艺优化

[目的]为了降低成本,减少污染,提高工艺效率,对肖特基二极管背面金属化工艺进行研究,探索锡锑合金替代金系合金的最佳不持温镀膜金属化工艺.[方法]通过持温镀膜与不持温镀膜对比实验,分析电子束蒸发镀膜基片温度对阴极金属层间黏附性和导电性,以及薄膜厚度对空洞率的影响,得到适用于批量共晶焊的肖特基二极管背面金属化最优工艺参数.[结果]当基片温度为180℃时,不持温镀膜的剪切力为64.53 N,高于持温镀膜的剪切力;当金属化锡锑合金膜厚为3μm时,共晶焊的空洞率低于5%,符合共晶焊要求;电子束蒸发镀膜背面金属层方块电阻随基片温度升高先减小后增大,温度在180~240℃之间,方块电阻随基片温度的变化不大.[结论]用于共晶焊的肖特基二极管背面金属化的最优工艺为基底温度升到180℃后在自然降温的同时进行多层金属镀膜,锡锑合金镀膜厚度为3μm.

柔性层状石墨烯感应元件制备及其力敏特性

为了弥补现有传感器在混凝土非连续变形监测上的不足,采用特殊构型法,以还原氧化石墨烯-纳米纤维素(RGO-CNF)为传感层、聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为基层,设计和制备了PDMS/RGO-CNF/PDMS层状感应元件,对其力学、电学和力敏性能进行测试和分析.结果表明,CNF能够有效地协助RGO在异丙醇中均匀分散,经化学溶胀和孔隙填充构建的传感层与基底层紧密结合,能够承受超过100%的拉伸应变.感应元件经过约10次循环拉伸后,应变电阻响应达到稳定状态,表现出良好的可回复性和可重复性.在0~10%应变下,感应元件的电阻变化率近似呈线性变化,灵敏系数可达15,随应变继续增大,电阻变化率呈指数型增长.应变电阻响应强度随应变速率的增大而提高,利用建立的考虑应变率效应的应变电阻响应模型,能够较好地预测感应元件的力敏行为.

连接器接触件机械磨损失效机理的实验研究

连接器接触件的机械磨损是其电接触性能劣化的主要原因。通过开展连接器机械插拔模拟实验,测试连接器机械插拔过程中接触电阻和插入力的瞬时波形,并分析反复插拔条件下接触电阻的稳定值和插入力的退化趋势,获得失效后插针表面的微观形貌特征和元素成分,从而提出机械磨损失效机理。所得结论可为连接器的高可靠长寿命设计提供参考。

基于压裂力筛选油菜抗裂角优异种质资源

油菜成熟后角果易开裂,导致收获损失率高,限制了产业的高质量发展。筛选抗裂角优异种质资源,对于培育抗裂角宜机收的油菜新品种具有重要意义。为了提高油菜抗裂角资源的筛选效率,本研究基于200份变异丰富的甘蓝型油菜种质资源,系统比较压裂法与随机碰撞法的鉴定结果,提出了一种基于压裂力的抗裂角高效鉴定方法。研究发现,基于随机碰撞法的抗裂角指数与基于压裂法的裂角力之间显著正相关,且压裂法比随机碰撞法重复性更好、效率更高、稳定性更强。基于抗裂角指数和裂角力之间的相关关系,制定了基于压裂力的抗性分级标准,最终基于压裂力筛选出5份高抗裂角的甘蓝型油菜优异种质资源。相关结果为进一步培育优质的油菜抗裂种质资源提供了高效的鉴定方法和重要的基因资源。

有轨制导车堆垛的动态稳定性研究

有轨制导车(RGV)堆垛是智能仓储的关键一环,运动时倒塌不仅会降低工作效率,还可能带来货物损坏、轨道变形等安全隐患。为提高智能仓储系统的工作效率,从箱子位置和刚体受力的角度,提出一种RGV堆垛的可承载加速度(即不使任何箱子倒塌的最大加速度值)计算方法。首先,根据加速度方向和箱子的位置,将堆垛中箱子划分为多个刚体,每个刚体包含会一起倒塌的多个箱子;然后,根据堆垛中刚体的位置构建刚体树,分析刚体之间的通过树传递的阻倒力;最后根据阻倒力计算RGV堆垛的可承载加速度。提出的可承载加速度不仅可用于限制RGV运动加速度,还可用于定量评估堆垛的动态稳定性。实验结果表明,可承载加速度计算结果与Unity仿真堆垛的动态稳定性之间,呈现皮尔逊相关系数>0.8的极强线性相关性,优于现有的堆垛动态稳定性评估方法。

结构钢电沉积Co-W/CeO_(2)复合镀层及其性能研究

选择CeO_(2)颗粒作为复合相,利用电沉积技术在普通结构钢表面制备出Co-W/CeO_(2)复合镀层,并研究镀液中CeO_(2)颗粒浓度对复合镀层的微观形貌、化学成分、结合力、硬度、耐磨性能以及高温抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:Co-W/CeO_(2)复合镀层与基体结合牢固,表面分布着类似胞状的晶粒团聚体,其化学成分为Co、W、Ce和O元素。随着镀液中CeO_(2)颗粒浓度从2 g/L升高到15 g/L,复合镀层的晶粒团聚体尺寸差异先减小后增大,吸附在晶粒团聚体表面及边界处的CeO_(2)颗粒量先增多后减少,导致复合镀层的硬度、耐磨性能和高温抗氧化性能都呈先增强后下降的趋势。当镀液中CeO_(2)颗粒浓度为8g/L时,Co-W/CeO_(2)复合镀层的晶粒团聚体大小较为均匀,具有良好的致密性,其表面粗糙度仅为0.39μm。该复合镀层的硬度较Co-W合金镀层增大约76 HV,表现出良好的耐磨性能和高温抗氧化性能,摩擦系数和氧化增重量仅为0.43和0.74mg/cm^(2)。

长沙暮坪湘江特大桥主桥抗撞性能研究与防撞设计

为保证长沙暮坪湘江特大桥主桥船-桥碰撞安全性,对该桥进行了抗撞性能研究与防撞设计。采用LS-DYNA软件开展船-桥碰撞分析,确定设防船撞力;结合冲击谱近似方法确定设防船撞动力作用,计算桥墩动力需求与抗撞能力,评估结构安全性;针对主墩拱脚防护及过渡墩抗弯能力不足等问题,提出由UHPC面板、内置X型耗能钢板、EPS泡沫及D型防撞护舷等构成的钢-UHPC组合防撞设计方案,并开展防撞效果有限元分析。结果表明:除撞击力峰值外,最高水位工况下结构响应均大于最低水位工况;未设置防撞装置时主墩具有较好的抗撞能力,且有一定的安全富余,而过渡墩无法满足抗弯需求;主墩设置防撞装置能在1.5 s内将船舶侧撞速度降为0,有效地阻止了船舶侧向侵入,过渡墩防撞装置钢板厚10 mm时,撞击力峰值降低了35%,主要响应峰值降幅达40%~50%。