Enhancing the Decomposition of Paper Cups Using Galleria Mellonella and Eisenia Fetida

The composition of paper cups creates a challenge for the recycling industry,as the paperboard–plastic film composite is hard to separate.Therefore,paper cups are sent to landfills or waste incinerators.This study explores the combined use of red worms(Eisenia fetida)and Greater wax moth(Galleria mellonella)in the biodegradation of paper cups.The study investigates the conditions and combinations that promote using Eisenia fetida and Galleria mellonella for degrading paper cups.The study considered the influence of environmental temperature,the presence of food waste,varying the number of Eisenia fetida worms,and the presence of a Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agent on the degradation process.To achieve the study objectives,the study followed a quantitative approach.The study monitored the degradation of paper cup cuts that were placed in jars containing different combinations of Eisenia fetida worms,Galleria mellonella larvae,food waste,bedding material,and Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agents.The study found that the best operating temperature is 30oC.The study found that using food waste improves the performance of Eisenia fetida worms and Galleria mellonella larvae significantly.The study found that adding a Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agent slightly enhances the degradation of the paper cup.Finally,a numerical model was obtained to simulate the paper cup degradation efficiency.

Self-assembly of differentiated dental pulp stem cells facilitates spheroid human dental organoid formation and prevascularization

BACKGROUND The self-assembly of solid organs from stem cells has the potential to greatly expand the applicability of regenerative medicine.Stem cells can self-organise into microsized organ units,partially modelling tissue function and regeneration.Dental pulp organoids have been used to recapitulate the processes of tooth development and related diseases.However,the lack of vasculature limits the utility of dental pulp organoids.AIM To improve survival and aid in recovery after stem cell transplantation,we demonstrated the three-dimensional(3D)self-assembly of adult stem cell-human dental pulp stem cells(hDPSCs)and endothelial cells(ECs)into a novel type of spheroid-shaped dental pulp organoid in vitro under hypoxia and conditioned medium(CM).METHODS During culture,primary hDPSCs were induced to differentiate into ECs by exposing them to a hypoxic environment and CM.The hypoxic pretreated hDPSCs were then mixed with ECs at specific ratios and conditioned in a 3D environment to produce prevascularized dental pulp organoids.The biological characteristics of the organoids were analysed,and the regulatory pathways associated with angiogenesis were studied.RESULTS The combination of these two agents resulted in prevascularized human dental pulp organoids(Vorganoids)that more closely resembled dental pulp tissue in terms of morphology and function.Single-cell RNA sequencing of dental pulp tissue and RNA sequencing of Vorganoids were integrated to analyse key regulatory pathways associated with angiogenesis.The biomarkers forkhead box protein O1 and fibroblast growth factor 2 were identified to be involved in the regulation of Vorganoids.CONCLUSION In this innovative study,we effectively established an in vitro model of Vorganoids and used it to elucidate new mechanisms of angiogenesis during regeneration,facilitating the development of clinical treatment strategies.

International Journal of Plant Engineering and Management Call for Papers

Journal Introduction″International Journal of Plant Engineering and Management″is in the charge of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People′s Republic of China,and organized by Northwestern Polytechnical University.It is a kind of English academic quarterly publication publicly issued at home and abroad.Plant engineering and management is a comprehensive interdisciplinary sub⁃ject mainly reporting academic research on the application technology of e⁃quipment and industry management.It is of the characteristics of reporting both engineering and management while giving more priority to engineering as well as mechanics and electrics while giving priority to mechanics.Its contents involves technology,economy,management etc.

High Performance of Paper Strength and Energy Savings in OCC Pulp Papermaking via MFC Addition

Fiber screen fractionation of recycled old corrugated container(OCC)pulp and subsequent targeted processing of each fraction can lead to higher fiber quality,more uniform pulp,and increased handsheet strength and surface smoothness.This pilot-scale study evaluates the benefits of fiber fractionation using a pressure screen prior to low consistency(LC)refining.A 0.81-mm smooth holed screen cylinder is utilized,and two refiner plate patterns are adopted(wide 0.99 km/rev BEL and interim 2.01 km/rev BEL).Here,LC-refined reject fractions are mixed with the created microfibrillated cellulose(MFC),and the mixed pulp and paper qualities are compared with no-MFC OCC pulps.The results indicate that the highest tensile strength of the handsheet is obtained by the addition of MFC to the fractionated refined OCC pulp compared to the unfractionated refined OCC and primary OCC pulps at a given specific energy.Furthermore,the experimental approach adopted in this study can be used to optimize recycled OCC pulping systems.Overall,the results indicate that fractionated LC refining plus MFC addition provides higher pulp and paper qualities and the potential for saving energy to reach the desired tensile strength of the OCC pulp.

Solvent-free fabrication of broadband WS2 photodetectors on paper

Paper-based devices have attracted extensive attention due to the growing demand for disposable flexible electronics.Herein,we integrate semiconducting devices on cellulose paper substrate through a simple abrasion technique that yields high-performance photodetectors.A solvent-free WS_(2) film deposited on paper favors an effective electron-hole separation and hampers recombination.The as-prepared paper-based WS2 photodetectors exhibit a sensitive photoresponse over a wide spectral range spanning from ultraviolet(365 nm)to near-infrared(940 nm).Their responsivity value reaches up to~270 mA W^(−1) at 35 V under a power density of 35 mW cm^(−2).A high performance photodetector was achieved by controlling the environmental exposure as the ambient oxygen molecules were found to decrease the photoresponse and stability of the WS_(2) photodetector.Furthermore,we have built a spectrometer using such a paperbased WS_(2) device as the photodetecting component to illustrate its potential application.The present work could promote the development of cost-effective disposable photodetection devices.

Raw Materials of Chinese Traditional Handmade paper

Chinese traditional handmade papers,due to their numerous names,have been misunderstood by the public about raw materials for a long time.This manuscript aims to introduce the raw materials of traditional Chinese handmade paper in a botanical aspect in chronological order.Chinese handmade paper’s raw materials are divided into two groups,bast fiber and grass fiber.Bast fiber paper includes ramie-made rag paper,mulberry and paper mulberry paper,Thymelaeaceae paper,and vine paper.Stalk and grass fiber paper includes bamboo paper,grass paper,and stalk paper.

Co-Production of High-Grade Dissolving Pulp,Furfural,and Lignin from Eucalyptus via Extremely Low Acid Pretreatment and Pulping Technologies and Catalysis

Hemicellulose and lignin are not reasonably utilized during the dissolved pulp preparation process.This work aimed to propose a process for the co-production of dissolving pulp,furfural,and lignin from eucalyptus.High-grade dissolving pulp was prepared from eucalyptus using a combination of extremely low acid(ELA)pretreatment,Kraft cooking,and elementary chlorine-free(ECF)bleaching.The obtained pre-hydrolysate was catalytic conversion into furfural in a biphasic system,and lignin during Kraft cooking and ECF was recovered.The process condition was discussed as well as the mass flow direction.The results showed that ELA pretreatment could effectively remove 80.1%hemicellulose.Compared with traditional hydrothermal pretreatment,the ELA pretreatment significantly increased the xylose yield from 5.05 to 14.18 g/L at 170℃ for 2 h,which had practical significance for furfural production.The 82.7%furfural yield and 82.9%furfural selectivity were obtained from xylose-rich pre-hydrolysate using NaCl as a phase modifier in a biphasic system with 4-methyl-2-pentanone(MIBK)as an organic phase by ion exchange resin catalysts at 190℃ for 2 h.Subsequently,the pretreated eucalyptus was subjected to Kraft cooking,and the optimal alkali amount was 14%.Then,the Kraft pulp was bleached using the O-D1-EP-D_(2) sequence,and dissolving pulp was obtained with an ISO brightness of 86.0%,viscosity of 463 mL/g,andα-cellulose content of 95.4%.The Kraft lignin which has a potential application was investigated by 2D-HSQC NMR and 31P NMR.The results showed that the S/G ratio of Kraft lignin was 1.93,and the content of phenolic hydroxyl groups was 2.53 mmol/g.Moreover,based on the above proposed process,30.5 g dissolving pulp,5.5 g furfural,and 21.2 g lignin per 100 g eucalyptus chips(oven dry)were produced.This research will provide new catalysis and pulping technical routes for dissolving pulp,furfural,and Kraft lignin products,which are in great demand in the chemical industry.

A field experimental study of lignin sand stabilizing material(LSSM) extracted from spent-liquor of straw pulping paper mills

A new technique was introduced for sand stabilization and re-vegetation by use of lignin sand stabilizing material(LSSM). LSSM is a reconstructed organic compound with lignin as the most dominant component from the extracts of black-liquor issued by straw pulp paper mills. Unlike the polyvinyl acetate or foamed asphalt commonly used for dune stabilization, the new material is plant-friendly and can be used with virescence actions simultaneously. The field experimental study was conducted since 2001 in China's Northwest Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and has been proved that LSSM is effective in stabilizing the fugitive dunes, making the arenaceous plants survive and the bare dune vegetative. The advisable solution concentration is 2% and the optimal field spraying quantity is 2 5 L/m^2 The soil nutrients of the stabilized and greened dune, such as organic matter, available phosphorous and total nitrogen are all increased compared with the control treatment, which is certainly helpful to the growth of arenaceous plants. The technique is worthwhile to be popularized because it is provided not only a new method for desertification control but also an outlet for cleaning contaminants issued from the straw paper mills.

Treatment of bleaching wastewater from pulp paper plants in China using enzymes and coagulants

The treatment of wastewater from pulp-paper plants in China by horseradish peroxidase was investigated in this study. The effects of horseradish peroxidase and coagulants were discussed in detail. The results indicated that enzymes might improve the removal of AOX, TOC and colour for pulp\|paper wastewater and modified chitosan is far more effective than Al\-2(SO\-4)\-3 to remove AOX, TOC and colour.

Handicraft Technique for Making Liansi Paper

Liansi paper is a kind of traditional handmade bamboo paper produced in Yanshan County,Jiangxi Province,whose handicraft technique is listed as a national intangible cultural heritage protection project.This study conducted a field survey in Shangrao,and the main survey areas included Guangxin District and the Hekou,Goose Lake,Gexian Mountain,Tianzhu Mountain,Chenfang,and Shitang townships.Field investigators communicated with a group of intangible cultural heritage inheritors,and with their assistance,clarified the steps and processes involved in the production of Liansi paper.The handicraft technique of Liansi paper consists of five steps:chopping bamboo to make bamboo filaments,steaming bamboo filaments to make bamboo pulp,interweaving fibers into wet paper,drying wet paper,and package processing.A total of 13 processes are involved:chopping bamboo,fermentation,making bamboo filaments,soaking bamboo filaments,steaming bamboo filaments,natural bleaching,pounding bamboo filaments to make bamboo pulp,stirring pulp,adding plant mucilage,interweaving bamboo fibers into wet paper,pressing paper,drying wet paper,and package processing.

Pulp and Paper from Sugarcane:Properties of Rind and Core Fractions

Two distinct lignocellulosic fractions(rind and core)can be obtained through a physical separation of sugarcane stalks.Although presenting differences in morphology,both fractions can be employed to produce pulps and papers.The pulps and paper sheets produced from the core and rind fractions were characterized by their chemical composition,physical properties and mechanical properties.The pulps obtained from the core presented a higher amount of fines,lower drainage ability and rendered denser and stiffer sheets.The pulps from the rind,which have a higher content of fibers and higher degree of polymerization,produced sheets with higher air permeability and water absorption.Both paper sheets presented mechanical and physical properties comparable to commercial papers and papers from different cellulosic sources.The different properties exhibited by the papers produced from each fraction allow their use for distinct purposes,and expands the opportunities in the context of sugarcane biorefinery.

Research on Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technological Pathways in the Chinese Papermaking Industry

Against the backdrop of the dual carbon goals,the papermaking industry in China faces significant pressure to reduce emissions and lower carbon intensity.Based on historical data of energy consumption in the pulp and paper industry in China from 2000 to 2020,this study analyzed the current status of paper production and energy consumption in China.Two methods were employed to predict the growth trend of paper production in China,and three carbon dioxide emission accounting methods were compared.The study used an accounting method based on the industry’s overall energy consumption and predicted the carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions of the Chinese papermaking industry from 2021 to 2060 under three scenarios.The study identified the timing for achieving carbon peak and proposed the measures for carbon neutrality.The results indicated that:(1)the CO_(2)emissions of the Chinese papermaking industry in 2020 were 111.98 million tons.(2)Under low-demand,high-demand,and baseline scenarios,the papermaking industry is expected to achieve carbon peak during the“14th Five-Year Plan”period.(3)In 2060,under the three scenarios,CO_(2)emissions from the papermaking industry will decrease by 11%-31%compared to the baseline year.However,there will still be emissions of 72-93 million tons,requiring reductions in fossil energy consumption at the source,increasing forestry carbon sequestration and utilization of Carbon Capture,Utilization and Storage(CCUS)technology,and taking measures such as carbon trading to achieve carbon neutrality.

Hydraulic and carbonizing actions of sulfuric acid to straw pulp and paper black liquor

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Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluent Using Electrocoagulation Process

Electrocoagulation of pulp and paper industry effluent with SS-304 electrode has been carried out under varying process variable such as pH, current density, time and dose of electrolyte to find out the optimum conditions. Maximum reduction efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 82% and color more than 99% from pulp and paper industry wastewater at the following conditions pH = 7, current density = 24.80 mA/cm2 time = 40 min and dose of electrolytes = 1.0 g/L. Moreover, effects of electrolytes dosage on electricity consumption were observed and found to be that NaCl is better in comparison of Na2SO4 in respect of lower down the electricity consumption. But application of NaCl causes the formation of hazardous compounds as secondary pollutants within treated water. Therefore, Na2SO4 could be a potent replacement of NaCl to enhance the conductivity of paper industry effluent treated by EC process. The treated water has been compared with standard of Central Pollution control board (CPCB) and World Health organization, and found to be suitable for the reuse in irrigation.

Ecofriendly Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Its Application in Agriculture

In the present study pulp and paper industry effluent was treated with the help of aluminum electrode using electrocoagulation (EC) process with feasible sludge management. The influences of pH, time, current density and electrolytes dose were investigated and optimum conditions were established to reduce the maximum amount of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and color. At optimum conditions 70% of COD and 98% of color were removed. Additionally, the behavior of electrolytes (NaCl and Na2SO4) was determined;it has shown that Na2SO4 results in the generation of less secondary pollutants than that NaCl and thereby could be used as better replacement in paper industries for electrocoagulation mediated treatment of wastewater. The residual amount of operational parameters in EC treated water was compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India. It was found to be safe for utilization in irrigation. Furthermore, sludge produced during the EC process has been analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. To understand the physical and elemental phases of sludge, the analytical technique such as field emission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy has been used to find out the possible management alternative.

Comparative Study on the Physical Properties of Edgeworthia and Wikstroemia Handmade Paper

Both Edgeworthia and Wikstroemia have been used traditionally in hand papermaking in China.As plants from the Thymelaeaceae family,these species have been mentioned periodically and have been mixed or substituted with each other.This study reviewed their papermaking background and status,and selected one of the Edgeworthia and three of the Wikstroemia raw materials that are still in use.Pulp was cooked under the same conditions in the laboratory,and handsheets of pure and mixed materials were obtained using a Rapid-Köthen sheet former.A series of physical properties,such as color,structure,and mechanical properties were tested,followed by a comparison and discussion of the raw material properties.The results show that Wikstroemia fibers are generally thinner and shorter,but there are variations between the different genera of raw materials.Thus,compared with Edgeworthia,Wikstroemia has some advantages in tensile strength,although it shows some disadvantages when it comes to tearing strength.The performance of a mixed-ingredient paper sheet falls between the performance of two pure-component papers.For cost and performance reasons,adding a small amount of Wikstroemia(e.g.,<20%)to Edgeworthia is preferable.

Manufacturing and Product Analysis of Non-Woven and Paper Based Epoxy Composites

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are used in a wide variety of applications due to their many advantages, such as relatively low production costs, ease of fabrication, and superior strength compared to pure polymer resins. Polymer reinforcement can be either synthetic or natural. Synthetic fibers such as carbon have high specific strength, but their application fields are limited due to their high manufacturing cost. Recently, interest in recycled fiber-based composites has increased due to their many advantages. In this context, research has been carried out to better utilize non-woven and paper-based materials to make value-added products. The aim of the current research work is to compare the mechanical performance of non-woven and paper-based reinforced epoxy composites manufactured by the VARTM process. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength (using three-point bending), impact strength, hardness strength, and water absorption were measured. A multi-criteria decision approach called TOPSIS (The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) was used to select the best alternative from the investigated materials.

Potential of dental pulp stem cells and their products in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration and their future applications

Peripheral nerve injury(PNI)seriously affects people’s quality of life.Stem cell therapy is considered a promising new option for the clinical treatment of PNI.Dental stem cells,particularly dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs),are adult pluripotent stem cells derived from the neuroectoderm.DPSCs have significant potential in the field of neural tissue engineering due to their numerous advantages,such as easy isolation,multidifferentiation potential,low immunogenicity,and low transplant rejection rate.DPSCs are extensively used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine,including for the treatment of sciatic nerve injury,facial nerve injury,spinal cord injury,and other neurodegenerative diseases.This article reviews research related to DPSCs and their advantages in treating PNI,aiming to summarize the therapeutic potential of DPSCs for PNI and the underlying mechanisms and providing valuable guidance and a foundation for future research.

Physical Condition of Five Historical Land Deeds and Implications for Land Deed Paper Conservation

This work presents five land deeds(S1-S5)collected by the Deng family,the land deed papers were produced by the Deng family,and the content was about the transaction of the Deng family paper production site.Density,whiteness,pH value,and fiber morphology of the deed papers were measured and analyzed,and the physical condition of the deeds was determined.The results showed S1 and S3 were severely damaged,S2 and S4 were moderately damaged,and S5 was mildly damaged.The abovementioned deeds are physical witnesses to the history of Deng papermaking,and have high value as cultural relics and historical documents.It is hopefully this study could be used to inform scientific restoration plans,and provide a reference for the collection and protection of land deeds.

Evaluating the effectiveness of using ClO_2 bleaching as substitution of traditional Cl_2 on PCDD/F reduction in a non-wood pulp and paper mill using reeds as raw materials

The effectiveness of ClO_2 bleaching as a replacement for conventional Cl_2 bleaching,which is intensively practiced in developing countries,to reduce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)in non-wood pulp and paper mills has not been field tested.The first field study was performed to investigate PCDD/F variations when ClO_2 bleaching was used as a substitute for conventional Cl_2 bleaching in a non-wood pulp and paper mill.It was found that the PCDD/F toxic equivalents(TEQs)in solid and effluent samples were approximately 1.3–14.9 times lower when ClO_2 bleaching was used instead of the conventional Cl_2 bleaching.2,3,7,8-Substituted tetrachlorinated dibenzofurans(2,3,7,8-TCDF)were the dominant contributors to total PCDD/F TEQs in samples from the investigated mill when using conventional Cl_2 bleaching.The formation amounts of 2,3,7,8-TCDF were reduced from 1.56–2.76 pg TEQ/g to 0.02–0.32 pg TEQ/g in solid samples when ClO_2 bleaching was used instead of the conventional Cl_2 bleaching.The replacement of Cl_2 with ClO_2 might decrease the chlorination reactions of dibenzofuran as potential precursors,and thus reduce the formation amounts of 2,3,7,8-TCDF.The results could provide important knowledge for suggesting the best available technique for PCDD/F reduction for non-wood pulp and paper mills in developing countries.