TRULY BALANCED PULSE GENERATOR USING MICROWAVE TRANSISTOR AND SRD

A novel efficient circuit for Ultra-WideBand(UWB) balanced sub-nanosecond monocycle pulse generation is presented.The pulse generator employs wideband bipolar transistor,step recovery diodes,Schottky diodes,and simple charging and discharging circuitry.Simple transient analysis and design of the circuit are presented along with their operating principle.The pulse generator produces truly balanced monocycle pulse with 500 ps pulse-width and 800 mV peak voltage.The generated monocycle pulse also has very symmetrical positive and negative portions and low ringing level.The presented pulse generator can be used as both a transmitter feeding UWB balanced antennas without broadband baluns and a balanced switching pulse generator that used in UWB receiver.

CONTROL STRATEGY FOR ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC POSITION SERVO SYSTEM WITH GENERALIZED PULSE CODE MODULATION

A hybrid control strategy has been designed and developed for the electro-hydraulic posi-tion servo control system with generalized Pulse code modulation （GPCM）, which is suitable for the area where the work condition is poor and a large flow rate is required. It is difficult to control the GPCM system because the system is discrete. With consideration of the stability and speediness of the GPCM position servo control system, a control strategy is developed through the theoretical and ex-perimental analyses. The control strategy integrates the merits of Bang-Bang control, PID control and fuzzy control. With this hybrid control strategy, the electro hydraulic control system has good per-formances, and the servo control is carried out with GPCM through on-off valves.

Sub-ns Jitter, 1ns Risetime and 10 kV Rectangular Pulse Trigger Generator

A new rectangular pulse trigger generator has been developed which can generate two 10 kV pulses with a risetime less than 1 ns, a jitter of 0.2 ns and a width of about 10 ns and 40 ns, respectively. This generator uses two polymer-foil switches and 25 ohm Blumlein transmission lines composed of two-parallel standard coaxial cables discharging into two 50 ohm output cables. The pulse width and the delay between two pulses can be adjusted by changing the length of the cables.

Computer Controlled High Precise, High Voltage Pules Generator

High precise, high voltage pulse generator made up of high-power IGBT and pulse transformers controlled by a computer are described. A simple main circuit topology employed in this pulse generator can reduce the cost meanwhile it still meets special requirements for pulsed electric fields (PEFs) in food process. The pulse generator utilizes a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) to generate trigger signals. Pulse-frequency, pulse-width and pulse-number are controlled via RS232 bus by a computer. The high voltage pulse generator well suits to the application for fluid food non-thermal effect in pulsed electric fields, for it can increase and decrease by the step length 1.

Nonlinear polarization rotation-induced pulse shaping in a stretched-pulse ytterbium-doped fiber laser

We report on controllable pulse shaping in a Yb-doped stretched-pulse fiber laser followed by a high-power chirped pulse amplifier. We demonstrate that the pulses after an extra-cavity grating pair change their intensity profile from Lorentz to Gaussian and then to sech2 shapes by adjusting the intra-cavity polarization through a quarter-wave plate inside the fiber laser cavity. The laser pulses with different pulse shapes exhibit pulse-to-pulse amplitude fluctuation of -- 1.02%, while the sech2-shaped pulse train is provided with a more stable free-running repetition rate as a result of the stronger self-phase modulation in the fiber laser cavity than Lorentz- and Gaussian-shaped pulse trains.

The Influence of Electrode Surface Mercury Film Deformation on the Breakdown Voltage of a Sub-Nanosecond Pulse Discharge Tube

A sub-nanosecond pulse discharge tube is a gas discharge tube which can generate a rapid high-voltage pulse of kilo-volts in amplitude and sub-nanoseconds in width. In this paper, the sub-nanosecond pulse discharge tube and its working principles are described. Because of the phenomenon that the deformation process of the mercury film on the electrode surface lags behind the charging process, the mercury film deformation process affects the dynamic breakdown voltage of the tube directly. The deformation of the mercury film is observed microscopically, and the dynamic breakdown voltage of the tube is messured using an oscillograph. The results show that all the parameters in the charging process, such as charging resistance, charging capacitance and DC power supply, affect the dynamic breakdown voltage of the tube. Based on these studies, the output pulse amplitude can be controlled continuously and individually by adjusting the power supply voltage. When the DC power supply is adjusted from 7 kV to 10 kV, the dynamic breakdown voltage ranges from 6.5 kV to 10 kV. According to our research, a kind of sub-nanosecond pulse generator is made, with a pulse width ranging from 0.5 ns to 2.5 ns, a rise time from 0.32 ns to 0.58 ns, and a pulse amplitude that is adjustable from 1.5 kV to 5 kV.

Pulse Generation and Compression Techniques for Microwave Electronics and Ultrafast Systems

Ultrabroadband systems and ultrafast electronics require the generation,transmission,and processing of high-quality ultrashort pulses rang-ing from nanoseconds(ns)to picoseconds(ps),which include well-established and emerging applications of time-domain reflectometry,arbitrary wave-form generation,sampling oscilloscopes,frequency synthesis,through-wall radar imaging,indoor communication,radar surveillance,and medical radar detection.Impulse radar advancements in industrial,scientific,and medical(ISM)domains are,for example,driven by ns-scale-defined ultrawideband(UWB)technologies.Nevertheless,the generation of ultrashort ps-scale pulses is highly desired to achieve unprecedented performances in all these ap-plications and future systems.However,due to the variety and applicability of different pulse generation and compression techniques,the selection of optimum or appropriate pulse generators and compressors is difficult for practitioners and users.To this end,this article aims to provide a comprehen-sive overview of ultrashort ns and ps pulse generation and compression techniques.The proposed and developed pulse generators available in the litera-ture and on the market,which are characterized by their corresponding pros and cons,are also explored.The theoretical analysis of pulse generation us-ing a nonlinear transmission line(NLTL)presented in the literature is briefly explained as well.Additionally,a holistic overview of these pulse genera-tors from the perspective of applications is given to describe their utilization in practical systems.All of these techniques are well summarized and com-pared in terms of fundamental pulse parameters,and research gaps in specified areas are highlighted.A thorough discussion of previous research work on various topologies and techniques is presented,and potential future directions for technical advancement are examined.

Design and Test of Inductive Adder Pulse Generator for KickerMagnet

The cell circuit design and test of inductive adder pulse generator for kicker magnet are presented in the paper.The 3.3kV IGBT,a large dimension nanocrystalline core and a 2.5kV 50uF energy storage capacitor are used. The multi-channel trigger IGBT driver board is designed.IGBT failures under short circuit condition and protection scheme are explored.The multi-cell prototype is designed.The waveforms of experiments are presented.It turns out that the rise and fall time of the output pulse is fast and the pulse width is adjustable.The maximum current of pulse reaches 2kA.It satisfies the higher requirement of beam injection technology.

Preliminary Study of the All-Solid,High-Power,Long-Pulse Pulse Generator Based on Magnetic Switch

The common characteristics of most capacitive energy storage systems are the use of gas switch,while the limitation of the recovery of gas switch and ablation of electrode lead to low repetition rates and short life.The widely researched technology of magnetic pulse compression has great perspective in long life,high average power and high repetition rates in the pulsed power system.Through the theoretical analysis and simulation of the parameters of the BOOST circuit,the LC circuit and magnetic compression circuit,the pulse generator circuit based on the BOOST circuit,the LC circuit,the pulsed transformer and the magnetic switch is designed,simulated and optimized by Pspice. The output pulse has 55kV voltage and 500ns pulse-width.

Impact of automatic threshold capture on pulse generator longevity

Background The automatic, threshold tracking, pacing algorithm developed by St.Jude Medical, verifies ventricular capture beat by beat by recognizing the evoked response following each pacemaker stimulus. This function was assumed to be not only energy saving but safe. This study estimated the extension in longevity obtained by AutoCapture （AC） compared with pacemakers programmed to manually optimized, nominal output. Methods Thirty-four patients who received the St. Jude Affinity series pacemaker were included in the study. The following measurements were taken： stimulation and sensing threshold, impedance of leads, evoked response and polarization signals by 3501 programmer during followup, battery current and battery impedance under different conditions. For longevity comparison, ventricular output was programmed under three different conditions： （1） AC on; （2） AC off with nominal output, and （3） AC off with pacing output set at twice the pacing threshold with a minimum of 2.0 V. Patients were divided into two groups： chronic threshold is higher or lower than 1 V. The efficacy of AC was evaluated. Results Current drain in the AC on group, AC off with optimized programming or nominal output was （14.33±2.84） mA, （16.74±2.75） mA and （18.4±2.44） mA, respectively （AC on or AC off with optimized programming vs. nominal output, P〈0.01）. Estimated longevity was significantly extended by AC on when compared with nominal setting [（103±27） months, （80±24） months, P〈0.01）. Furthermore, compared with the optimized programming, AC extends the longevity when the pacing threshold is higher than 1 V. Conclusion AC could significantly prolong pacemaker longevity; especially in the patient with high pacing threshold.

ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION ON THE MECHANISM OF A NOVEL DUAL-WAVE SHOCK TEST MACHINE

For qualifying the anti-shock performance of shipboard equipments and simulating actual underwater explosion environments, a novel dual-wave shock test machine is proposed to increase testing capability of shock test machines as well as to meet certain shock testing specification. The machine can generate a double-pulse acceleration shock for test articles according to specification defined in BV043/85. On the basis of the impact theory, a nonlinear dynamic model of the hydraulically-actuated test machine is established with thorough analysis on its mechanism which involves conversion of gas potential energy and dissipation of kinetic energy. Simulation results have demonstrated that the machine can produce a double-pulse acceleration shock in the time domain or a desired shock response spectrum in the frequency domain, which sets a theoretical base for the construction of the proposed machine.

THEORY AND EXPERIMENT ON THE VISCOUS HEATING OF FLUID DAMPER UNDER SHOCK ENVIRONMENT

A specially designed fluid damper used as negative shock pulse generator in the shock resistance test system to dissipate the shock input energy in transient time duration is presented. The theoretical modeling based on the three-dimensional equation of heat transfer through a fluid element is created to predict the viscous heating in the fluid damper under shock conditions. A comprehensive experimental program that investigates the problem of viscous heating in the fluid damper under different shock conditions is conducted on the shock test machine to validate the analytical expression. Temperature histories for the fluid within the damper at two locations, the annular-oriflce and the-end-of stroke of the damper, are recorded. The experimental results show that the theoretical model can offer a very dependable prediction for the temperature histories in the damper for increasing input velocity. The theoretical model and experimental data both clearly indicate that the viscous heating in the damper is directly related to the maximum shock velocity input and the pressure between the two sides of the piston head.

Repetition rate tunable ultra-short optical pulse generation based on electrical pattern generator

An actively mode-locked laser with tunable repetition rate is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on a programmable electrical pattern generator. By changing the repetition rate of the electrical patterns applied on the in-cavity modulator, the repetition rate of the output optical pulse sequences changes accordingly while the pulse width of the optical pulse train remains almost constant. In other words, the output ultra-short pulse train has a tunable duty cycle. In a proof-of-principle experiment, optical pulses with repetition rates of 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 GHz are obtained by adjusting the electrical pattern applied on the in-cavity modulator while their pulse widths remain almost unchanged.

Millijoule pulse energy picosecond fiber chirped-pulse amplification system

The efficient generation of a 1.17-mJ laser pulse with 360 ps duration using an ytterbium （Yb）-doped fiber amplifier chain seeded by a homemade mode-locked fiber laser is demonstrated experimentally. A specially designed figure-of-eight fiber laser acts as the seed source of a chirped-pulse amplification （CPA） system and generates mode-locked pulses with hundreds of picosecond widths. Two kinds of large-mode-area （LMA） double-clad Yb-doped fibers are employed to construct the pre-amplifier and main amplifier. All of the adopted instruments help avoid severe nonlinearity in fibers to raise sub-nanosecond pulse energy with acceptable signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）. The output spectrum of this fiber-based CPA system shows that amplified spontaneous emission （ASE） is suppressed to better than 30 dB, and the onset of stimulated Raman scattering is excluded.

Model and Simulation of a New Ultra-Narrow Trigger Frequency Alterable Pulse Generator

Two new kinds of ultra-narrow trigger frequency alterable picosecond pulse generator are presented.One can produce positive pulses and the other can produce negative pulses.The two pulse generators are subdivided into three parts:signal driving circuit,differentiator network and pulse shaping circuit.The pulse shaping circuit is made of step recovery diode(SRD) and short-circuit microstrip line.A positive pulse with width of 54 ps(50%-50%),rising time of 30 ps(10%-90%) and falling time of 32 ps(90%-10%),and a negative pulse with width of 54 ps(50%-50%),rising time of 30 ps(90%-10%) and falling time of 30 ps(10%-90%) are achieved in simulation.All of the components are ready-made and inexpensive.They can be applied in ultra-wideband(UWB) communication system,such as transmitters and receivers.

Clinical outcomes of sacral neuromodulation in non-neurogenic,non-obstructive dysuria:A 5-year retrospective,multicentre study in China

BACKGROUND Management of non-neurogenic,non-obstructive dysuria represents one of the most challenging dilemmas in urological practice.The main clinical symptom is the increase in residual urine.Voiding dysfunction is the main cause of dysuria or urinary retention,mainly due to the decrease in bladder contraction(the decrease in contraction amplitude or duration)or the increase in outflow tract resistance.Sacral neuromodulation(SNM)has been used for>10 years to treat many kinds of lower urinary tract dysfunction.It has become increasingly popular in China in recent years.Consequently,studies focusing on nonneurogenic,non-obstructive dysuria patients treated by SNM are highly desirable.AIM To assess the outcome of two-stage SNM in non-neurogenic,non-obstructive dysuria.METHODS Clinical data of 54 patients(26 men,28 women)with non-neurogenic,nonobstructive dysuria treated by SNM from January 2012 to December 2016 in ten medical centers in China were retrospectively analyzed.All patients received two or more conservative treatments.The voiding diary,urgency score,and quality of life score before operation,after implantation of tined lead in stage I(test period),and during short-term follow-up(latest follow-up)after implantation of the implanted pulse generator in stage II were compared to observe symptom improvements.RESULTS Among the 54 study patients,eight refused to implant an implanted pulse generator because of the unsatisfactory effect,and 46 chose to embed the implanted pulse generator at the end of stage I.The conversion rate of stage I to stage II was 85.2%.The average follow-up time was 18.6 mo.There were significant differences between baseline(before stage I)and the test period(after stage I)in residual urine,voiding frequency,average voiding amount,maximum voiding amount,nocturia,urgency score,and quality of life score.The residual urine and urgency score between the test period and the latest follow-up time(after stage II)were also significantly different.No significant differences were observed for other parameters.No wound infection,electrode breakage,or other irreversible adverse events occurred.CONCLUSION SNM is effective for patients with non-neurogenic,non-obstructive dysuria showing a poor response to traditional treatment.The duration of continuous stimulation may be positively correlated with the improvement of residual urine.

A CMOS fifth-derivative Gaussian pulse generator for UWB applications

A CMOS fifth-derivative Gaussian pulse generator is presented for ultra-wideband （UWB） applications. The design exhibits low power consumption, low circuit complexity, and a precise pulse shape to inherently comply with the FCC spectrum mask for indoor UWB applications without the need for a filter. The pulse generator is implemented with a 1.8-V, 0.18-μm CMOS process. The small core chip size of the pulse generator is only 217 ×121 #m2 because of its all digital circuit design. The measured fifth-derivative Gaussian pulse has a peak-to-peak amplitude of 158 mV and a pulse width of 800 ps. The average power dissipation is 0.6 mW with a pulse repetition frequency of 50 MHz.

Modeling and Simulation of a Gas-Liquid Coupling Excitation-Induced Cavitation Bubble

A gas-liquid coupling excitation mode is proposed and the gas-liquid excitation experimental system is developed. Air from pulse generator is mixed with liquid,through which the generated cavitation bubbles can strip contaminants adhered to the pipe inner wall rapidly. The kinematics equation of the bubble inside the hydraulic oil is established and the numerical simulations are carried out. The influential factors such as gas pressure, excitation frequency,initial bubble radius and fluid viscosity are analyzed.The results show that the cavitation will evolve from steady state to transient state with the increasing gas pressure and initial bubble radius. The pulse generator frequency has a slightly effect on the growth of the bubble radius,and the breakup time of the bubble is shortened with the rising frequency. Similarly, the increasing viscosity of liquid has minimal impact on cavitation effect,which can weaken the growth and the collapse of the bubble. Moreover,the temperature inside the cavitation bubble is investigated,indicating that the instantaneous temperature inside the bubble increases with the rising gas pressure. Once the gas pressure is raised to a certain value greater than the fluid static pressure, the instantaneous temperature inside the bubble will rise sharply. So, it can be concluded that the gas-liquid coupling excitation-induced cavitation process is controllable, and some theoretical basis of the new excitation mode is presented,which is expected to be applied in the online cleaning of the complex hydraulic system.

Three-dimension micro magnetic detector based on GMI effect

The giant magneto-impedance（GMI）effect of amorphous wire was analyzed theoretically.The amorphous wire had strong GMI effect in the stimulation of sharp pulse of 680kHz and18 mV.A pulse generator was designed to provide high frequency pulse to a magnetic impedance（MI）element.The induced voltage on the pickup coil wound on the amorphous wire was sampled and held with a detect circuit using analog switch.A stable magnetic sensor was constructed.A three-dimension micro magnetic field detector was designed with a central controller MSP430F449.High stability and sensitivity were obtained in the MI sensor with the detect circuit.Experiment results showed that the resolution of the detector was 1nT in the full scale of±2 Oe and the detector worked stably from the room temperature to about 80℃.A small ferromagnetic target was detected by the three-dimension detector in laboratory environment without magnetic shielding.The target moving direction was ascertained with the wave shape of axis parallel in that direction.

Study on Stability and Efficiency of High-Power Ultrawideband Radiation Source

Investigations are directed to the development of high-power sources ofUWB （ultrawideband） radiation based on excitation of anterma arrays with bipolar voltage pulses. In the previously designed high-power UWB sources only one bipolar pulse former and different feeder systems for pulse distribution through the array elements were used. By means of this approach, a number of UWB sources were created with the bipolar voltage pulse length ranging from 0.2 to 2 ns and effective potential of radiation ranging from 0.4 to 3 MV. The approach has got a restriction related to the electrical breakdown in a bipolar voltage pulse former. A new approach to the creation of high-power UWB sources based on a multicharmel bipolar pulse former is suggested： the number of bipolar pulse formers is equal to the number of antennas in the array. The main problem in realization of this approach is a stable operation of bipolar pulse formers in order to ensure a coherent summation of radiated pulses in the far-field zone. The result of this work is the instability of-150 ps at the pulse length of 3 ns obtained in a one-channel bipolar pulse former indicating that the suggested approach is realizable.