Pulse-Width Pulse-Frequency Based Optimal Controller Design for Kinetic Kill Vehicle Attitude Tracking Control

The attitude control problem of the kinetic kill vehicle is studied in this work. A new mathematical model of the kinetic kill vehicle is proposed, the linear quadratic regulator technique is used to design the optimal attitude controller, and the pulse-width pulse-frequency modulator is used to shape the continuous control command to pulse or on-off signals to meet the requirements of the reaction thrusters. The methods to select the appropriate parameters of pulse-width pulse-frequency are presented in detail. Numerical simulations show that the performance of the LQR/PWPF approach can achieve good control performance such as pseudo-linear operation, high accuracy, and fast enough tracking speed.

Spray drift characteristics of pulse-width modulation sprays in wind tunnel

Pulse-width modulation(PWM)sprays can improve flow accuracy by adjusting duty cycle and frequency signal which accurately controls the relative proportion of opening time of solenoid valve.The objective of this research was to determine the impacts of PWM duty cycle and frequency on spray drift characteristic.Spray tests were conducted in a wind tunnel with a PWM variable-rate spraying system.The airborne drift and sediment drift were determined with tracer method,and the drift potential reduction(DPR)compared with reference condition of 100%duty cycle at vertical profile and horizontal planes were calculated,respectively.The results show that,at a given frequency,droplet size decreases with the increase of duty cycle,the main reason is that the liquid does not reach full pattern development at lower duty cycle.Duty cycle has a greater impact than the frequency on spray drift,the influence weights of duty cycle on airborne drift and sediment drift were 88.32%and 77.89%,respectively.At a lower PWM frequency,in addition to the droplet size,the spray drift may be affected by the pulsed spray pattern.From the perspective of reducing spray drift,it is recommended that the PWM duty cycle should be set in the range of 20%-70%to reduce the potential drift in PWM sprays.This research provides a pesticide drift reduction scheme for variable spraying technology,which can serve as a theoretical basis for PWM parameter selection.

基于STM32 PWM的正弦信号发生器设计

文章阐述了基于STM32应用PWM方式产生幅度频率可调的模拟正弦波的一种方法。原理是在产生某一频率信号时,让采样脉冲的周期保持不变,在每个采样周期内改变1次占空比,改变的规律按正弦表变化,这样输出的信号经过滤波电路滤掉高次谐波以后就变换成相应的正弦波。设计经可编程芯片实现功能,实验结果表明设计系统的输出信号具有以下特点:稳定性和平滑性都很好,且相应的参数调节方便;这种信号产生方式与传统的信号相比具有较高的频率分辨率,且易于实现频率相位幅度的数控调制。相比于DDS技术,PWM方式的主要优点是从处理器到被控系统信号都是数字形式的,无需进行数模转换,能进一步提高信号的抗干扰能力,可广泛应用在测量、通信及功率控制与变换等领域中。

抑制BLDCM换相转矩脉动的超前换相控制策略

为了抑制无刷直流电机的换相转矩脉动,该论文从引起换相转矩脉动的主要原因——电流滞后入手,提出了一种新颖的超前换相的电机控制策略。该策略是通过让电机提前一段时间进入换相状态并且在换相过程对三相电压同时进行PWM调制来实现的。根据所提出的换相策略详细分析了换相过程中的不同阶段的电流流向,理论上推导了电机提前换相时间的解析式。通过实验给出了在不同转速和负载下运用所提方法进行换相的电流波形,将其与传统的换相方法比较,分析两者电流在换相期间的波动值。实验结果表明传统换相方法的电流波动值远远高于该论文提出的方法的电流波动值,验证了这种方法在抑制换相转矩脉动上的有效性。

A Comparison of Control Methods for Z-Source Inverter

In recent years, Z-source inverters (ZSI) have been proposed as an replacement power conversion concept which it has both voltage buck and boost abilities. In addition, ZSI doesn’t require dead-time to protection short circuit at two switches any of the same phase leg in the inverter bridge and to achieve optimal harmonic of current, voltage. This paper presents two different control methods (CM) for ZSI. The aim of this study to compare between two modulation methods, there are modi?ed space vector pulse width modulation method (MSVM) and the simple boost control (SBC) about the unique harmonic performance features, the total average and peak switching device power of the inverter system. In addition, this paper also analyzes about the ability exceed modulation index in linear region of two CM using MATLAB/Simulink.

Experiment Research on Fine Regulation of Wheel Cylinder Pressure Using PWM Technology

A test bench of ABS/ASR integrated hydraulic system is developed by using pulse-width modulation （PWM） technology. The effective duty ratio range of ABS outlet valve has been tested in PWM control. With 50 Hz carrier wave frequency, the tests are performed to determine the correspondence between duty ratio and the wheel cylinder pressure variation. The duty ratio range of ABS outlet valve in PWM control is determined and an experimental model of pressure reduction velocity （PRV） of wheel cylinder using PWM control is established. By comparison and test of the experimental model and realization of controlling the duty ratio of ABS outlet valves, the fine regulation of wheel cylinder PRV is realized in the working of ABS/ASR braking regulation, which is important and valuable to the improvement of the ABS/ASR controlling effect.

基于TCP/IP&DMX512协议的LED装饰照明系统

本文介绍品能光电技术(上海)有限公司近两年来运用TCP/IP&DMX512协议的LED装饰照明控制系统。本系统可轻松将文字、FLASH动画、视频、图像等媒体信息方式表现于基于LED装饰照明的建筑等景观中,表现出丰富多样的变化效果。广泛应用于工程建筑景观、舞台灯光、大型活动、节庆场所等场合的灯光装饰。用户可在世界各地用IE或Nescap等现有的Web浏览器,对LED装饰照明系统进行控制。

Design of low-power high-frequency digital controlled DC-DC switching power converter

This paper models a low-power high-frequency digitally controlled synchronous rectifier （SR） OUCK converter. The converter is a hybrid system with three operation modes. Digital PID controler is used. Key problems such as quantization resolution of digital pulse-width modulation （DPWM） and steady-state limit cycles of digital control switching model power supply （SMPS） are discussed, with corresponding solutions presented. Simulation of a digital control synchronous buck is performed with a fixed-point algorithm. The results show that the described approach enables high-speed dynamic performance.

Application of Internet of Things Micropower Smart Switch in Temperature Monitoring

This study uses the smart phone with the Android system to construct a cloud-side smart switch system in the client-server architecture with the Android open platform system, using microprocessors(MCU 16F690) as the thermostat controller and combined with Raspberry Pi. The computing technology extends the control of the constant temperature from the local to the cloud, allowing the user to view the temperature status recorded by the cloud server using the smart phone application(App) or web browser. It can even remotely control the heating power of the smart switch for the heating device in the Internet control environment and use the proportional-integral-derivative(PID) control and the pulse-width modulation(PWM) technology to achieve intelligent constant temperature control.The proposed control system uses the expert PID control as the core to calculate the duty cycle of the PWM signal to control the power output of the smart switch for the constant temperature water tank. The experiment results verify the effectiveness of the proposed system.

A type of inverter power supply based on harmonic elimination PWM control

In order to output sine wave with small degree of distortion and improve stability,a type of inverter power supply is designed based on harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation(PWM)control.The rectifier and filter are added to input circuit of the inverter.Single-phrase full-bridge inverter performs the function of converting direct current into alternating current(DC/AC).In the control circuit,single chip micyoco(SCM)AT89C2051 is used for main control chip to accomplish the hardware design of the control system.A given value of output frequency of the inverter is input in the way of coding.According to the output frequency code which is read,SCM AT89C2051 defined harmonic elimination PWM control data which will be selected.Through internal timing control,the switches are switched under this provision of PWM control data.Then the driving signals of the switches in the inverter are output from I/O of SCM AT89C2051 to realize harmonic elimination PWM control.The results show that adding Newton homotopic algorithm of harmonic elimination PWM control to corresponding software of the control system can make the quality of output voltage of the inverter higher and it will have broad application prospects.

Wind Energy Conversion System from Electrical Perspective—A Survey

This paper focuses on the wind energy conversion system (WECS) with the three main electrical aspects: 1) wind turbine generators (WTGs), 2) power electronics converters (PECs) and 3) grid-connection issues. The current state of wind turbine generators are discussed and compared in some criteria along with the trends in the current WECS market, which are ‘Variable Speed’, ‘Multi-MW’ and ‘Offshore’. In addition, the other crucial component in the WECS, PECs will be discussed with its topologies available in the current WECS market along with their modulation strategies. Moreover, three main issues of the WECS associating with the grid-connection, fault-ride through (FRT) capability, harmonics/interharmonics emission and flicker, which are the power quality issues, will be discussed due to the increasing responsibility of WECS as utility power station. Some key findings from the review such as the attractiveness of BDFRG are presented in the conclusion of this paper.

A Dual-Mode Step-up DC/DC Converter IC with Current-Limiting and EMI Reduction Techniques

This paper presents a novel dual-mode step-up （boost） DC/DC converter. Pulse-frequency modulation （PFM） is used to improve the efficiency at light load. This converter can operate between pulse-width modulation （PWM） and pulse-frequency modulation. The converter will operate in PFM mode at light load and in PWM mode at heavy load. The maximum conversion efficiency of this converter is 96%. The conversion efficiency is greatly improved when load current is below 100 mA. Additionally, a soft-start circuit and a variable-sawtooth frequency circuit are proposed in this paper. The former is used to avoid the large switching current at the start up of the converter and the latter is utilized to reduce the EMI of the converter.

Fuel cell stack design and modelling with a double-stage boost converter coupled to a single-phase inverter

A comprehensive proton-exchange membrane fuel cell stack model was developed and integrated with a two-stage DC/DC boost converter.It was directly coupled to a single-phase(two levels-four pulses)inverter without a transformer.The pulse-width modu-lation signal was used to independently regulate every converter phase.The converter was modelled using a MATLAB®/Simulink®environment and an appropriate voltage control method.The analysis features of the suggested circuit were created and,through established experiments,the simulation results were verified.A single-phase(two levels-four pulses)inverter control circuit was tested and it produced a pure sinusoidal waveform with voltage control.It matches the voltage of the network in terms of amplitude and frequency.A sinusoidal pulse-width modulation approach was performed using a single-phase(two levels-four pulses)pulse-width modulation inverter.The results demonstrated an enhancement in the standard of the output wave and tuned the dead time with a reduction of 63μs compared with 180μs in conventional techniques.

Fast SHEPWM Solution Method for Wind Power Converter Based on State Equations

Selective harmonic elimination pulse width modula-tion(SHEPWM)is a modulation strategy widely used for three-level wind power grid-connected converters.Its purpose is to eliminate specified sub-low frequency harmonics by controlling switching angle.Furthermore,it can reduce fluctuation of the microgrid system and improve system stability.Intelligent al-gorithms have been applied to the SHEPWM solution process to mitigate calculation complexity associated with the algebraic method,as well as the need to set the initial value.However,disorder of the optimization result causes difficulty in satisfying incremental constraint of the three-level NPC switching angles,and affects the success rate of the algorithm.To overcome this limitation,this paper proposes a fast SHEPWM strategy to optimize the result obtained by the intelligent algorithm.The SHEPWM can be realized by solving switching angles through a state equations-based mathematical model,which is constructed by using the initial variables randomly generated by the intelligent algorithm as the disturbance.This mathematical model improves the success rate of calculation by simplifying constraint representation of switching angles and solving the disorder problem of the optimization result.At the same time,a method based on the circle equation and the trigonometric function is applied to the initial variable assignment of the state equation,which further improves the speed and accuracy of the solution,realizes a more thorough filtering effect,and further reduces the impact of sub-low frequency harmonics on a wind power integrated system.Finally,simulation and experiment results have been used to prove the effectiveness of the proposed SHEPWM strategy when combined with intelligent algorithms.Index Terms-Wind power converter,adaptive genetic algorithm,selective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation(SHEPWM),state equation,success rate.

A Precise and Robust Control Strategy for Rigid Spacecraft Eigenaxis Rotation

Eigenaxis rotation is generally regarded as a near-minimum time strategy for rapid attitude maneuver due to its constitution of the shortest angular path between two orientations. In this paper, the robust control problem of rigid spacecraft eigenaxis rotation is investigated via time-varying sliding mode control （TVSMC） technique. Both external disturbance and parameter variation are taken into account. Major features of this robust eigenaxis rotation strategy are first demonstrated by a TVSMC algorithm. Global sliding phase is proved as well as the closed-loop system stability. Additionally, the necessary condition for eigenaxis rotation is provided. Subsequently, to suppress the global chattering and improve the control accuracy, a disturbance observer-based time-varying sliding mode control （DOTVSMC） algorithm is presented, where the boundary layer approach is used to soften the chattering and a disturbance observer is designed to attenuate undesired effect. The spacecraft attitude is represented by modified Rodrigues parameter （MRP） for the non-redundancy. Finally, a numerical simulation is employed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, where the pulse-width pulse-frequency （PWPF） technique is utilized to modulate the on-off thrusters.

On the Well-posedness of the PWM Control System

One of the basic issues in the study of hybrid systems is the well-posedness(existence and uniqueness of solutions)problem of discontinuous dynamical systems.This paper addresses this problem for a class of piecewise affine discontinuous systems with affine inequalities such as systems with pulse-width modulator under the definition of Carathéodory solutions in terms of an analysis based on lexicographic inequalities and the smooth continuation property of solutions.Furthermore,it is clear that when carrier signal h(t)=0,closed-loop pulse-width modulation(PWM)DC–DC converters are not well posed,and when some condition is satisfied,the closed-loop PWM DC–DC converters with a P controller are well posed.

Model based current mode control design and experimental validation for a 3φ rectifier under unbalanced grid voltage conditions

This paper addresses the control design and the experimental validation of a current mode control for a three phase voltage source rectifier. The proposed control law is able to fulfill the voltage regulation and the current tracking control objectives despite of unbalanced and distorted grid voltages. The proposed control law consists of two loops, which are referred as inner tracking loop and the outer voltage regulation loop. The inner loop is designed to provide damping to the system, which also includes and adaptive mechanism. The construction of the current reference is based on the positive component detection of thegrid voltage. Therefore, the current produced by the power rectifier is proportional to the fundamental component of the grid voltage, despite of the presence of unbalanced grid voltages. The voltage regulation loop is designed as a proportional-integral controller, which is aimed to regulate the DC output voltage to a desired level. Finally, experimental results are obtained in an experimental prototype of2 kW to evaluate the performance of the proposed controller.