A Pulse Width Modulation Scheme With Zero-sequence Voltage Injection for Single Phase Three-level NPC Rectifiers

直流侧中点电位电压偏移是多电平中性点钳位型变流器的主要缺点。以单相三电平NPC整流器为研究对象，以实现直流侧中点电位无漂移为控制目标，以传统的单相三电平单极性载波脉宽调制方法为基础，首先提出一种基于零序电压分量注入的载波脉宽调制算法；然后在此基础上给出基于零序电压分量极限值注入的载波脉宽调制算法；并给出这2种方法的零序电压分量的设计方案；最后，对这2种方法进行了详细的理论分析、计算机仿真和1kW样机实验对比验证。研究结果表明：所提出的2种算法都能有效实现直流侧中点电位平衡控制，其中基于零序电压分量极限值注入的载波调制算法的中点电位控制具有更快动态响应速度，且其网侧电流的高次谐波主要分布在开关频率附近；而基于零序电压分量注入的载波调制算法的网侧电流高次谐波主要分布在2倍开关频率附近。但是在一个调制信号周期内，基于零序电压分量极限值注入的载波调制算法的开关切换次数比基于零序电压分量注入的载波调制算法低25％左右。

Control of period-one oscillation for all-optical clock division and clock recovery by optical pulse injection driven semiconductor laser

The period-one oscillation produced by an external optical pulse injection driven semiconductor laser is applied to clock recovery and frequency division. By adjusting the repetition rate or injection power of the external injection optical pulses to lock the different harmonic frequencies of the period-one state, the clock recovery and the frequency division （the second and third frequency divisions） are achieved experimentally. In addition, in frequency locking ranges of 2 GHz and 1.9 GHz, the second and third frequency divisions are obtained with the phase noise lower than 100 dBc/Hz, respectively. Our experimental results are consistent well with the numerical simulations.

Mathematical Model for Diabetes Mellitus with Impulsive Injections of Glucose-insulin

Impulsive injections of glucose and insulin analogues are very important strategies for the control of diabetes mellitus. We mainly imitate diabetes patients take insulin before eating, and eating approximately as a pulse blood glucose injection, as a result, a new mathematical model with impulsive injections of both glucose and insulin at different fixed times is formulated in this paper. Using the discrete dynamical system determined by the stroboscopic map, we show that the existence and uniqueness of a positive globally asymptotically stable periodic solution for type I diabetes. By impulsive comparison theorem, we obtain the glucose concentration level of the system is uniformly bounded above and below for type Ⅱ diabetes. Numerical analysis verifies our theoretical results.

Semi-Quantitative Histological Analysis of the Effect of Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) and Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Intradermic Injection on Fibroblast and Collagen Proliferation in the Skin of Wistar Rats

Background: In recent years, so-called “non-ablative rejuvenation” has been carried out with the use of lasers or intense pulsed light (IPL) to stimulate collagen production by dermal fibroblasts. Intradermal infusion of CO2 stimulates fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen and elastin, contributing to the retraction of the skin and tissue rejuvenation. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of IPL and the intradermal infusion of CO2 on fibroblast proliferation and collagen in the skin of female rats. Methods: Sixteen adult female Wistar rats were divided into two groups of eight animals. Group 1 underwent IPL and group 2 underwent intradermal CO2 infusion. There was a total of 8 weeks of treatment. We conducted a punch in each animal before any procedure (T0), another punch in the middle of treatment at 4 weeks post-procedure (T1) and a punch at the end of treatment at 8 weeks post-procedure (T2). The cells involved in inflammation, fibrosis and vascularization of the injured tissue by histopathology were analyzed. Results: There was statistically significant fibroblast proliferation and collagen proliferation noted when analyzing all 16 animals together and also when considering the two study groups separately. In both groups, the greatest proliferation of fibroblasts coincided with periods of increased collagen production. Conclusion: Both IPL and intradermal CO2 infusion stimulated fibroblast and collagen proliferation in the skin of the rats studied.

Measurement Techniques for Distribution Line Impedance by Minimum Pulse Injection

With a live wire, line impedance could be measured by means of only passive elements such as inductors or resistors, whose techniques are well known. However, as the voltage and current used for the measurement are increased, the size of the inductor or resistor being used also needs to be increased, so it would be virtually impossible to make an accurate measurement. Because of this, the authors have developed a novel measurement method for line impedance using LC resonance, which the authors describe first place. In the second place, the authors propose another line impedance. The novel method is that the rectangular wave with minimum voltage is injected into the distribution line system. By means of this method, the line capacitance and the line inductance can be measured. These proposals are confirmed by the simulation or experiment. Finally, the frequency response analysis method is to be examined, whose mechanism and results are to be presented and discussed.

Inactivation of Bacteria in Oil Field Injected Water by a Pulsed Plasma Discharge Process

Pulsed plasma discharge was employed to inactivate bacteria in the injection water for an oil field. The effects of water conductivity and initial concentration of bacteria on elimination efficiency were investigated in the batch and continuous flow modes. It was demonstrated that Fe2＋ contained in injection water could enhance the elimination efficiency greatly. The addition of reducing agent glutathione （GSH） indicated that active radicals generated by pulsed plasma discharges played an important role in the inactivation of bacteria. Moreover, it was found that the microbial inactivation process for both batch and continuous flow mode well fitted the model based on the Weibull＇s survival function.

Equation of Energy Injection to a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor

The electric energy injection from a pulsed power supply to a planar type of dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） reactor at atmospheric pressure was studied. Relations of the energy injection with barrier materials, barrier thickness, peak voltage, gap distance, electrode area,and operation temperature were experimentally investigated. The energy injection is a function of relative permittivity, barrier thickness, peak voltage, gap distance, and electrode area. The influence of operation temperature on energy injection is slight in the range of 27-300℃ but becomes obvious in the range of 300-500℃. A model was established using which the energy injection can be easily predicted.

Estimation of Ion Beam Trajectories for a Slot Aperture Accelerator of Long-Pulse Ion Source in Neutral Beam Injector

A neutral beam injection (NBI) system has been developed and is being tested for an Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) device. The NBI system needs to be employed for an auxiliary heating and current drive of EAST plasmas. The first long pulse ion source (LPIS-1) has been installed in the neutral beam test bed (NBTB) system, and the performance is being tested in the NBTB. The LPIS-1 consists of a magnetic bucket plasma generator with multipole cusp-fields and a set of tetrode accelerators with slit-type apertures (a transparency of 60%). The ion beam trajectories of the accelerator column are estimated for the LPIS-1, including an original structure, with the change of slit aperture distance, plasma grid shape, grid gap distance, and voltage ratio between a plasma grid and a gradient grid using the IGUN code. This kind of calculation for the ion beam trajectory may be useful for the estimation of beam extraction characteristics and the direction of accelerator upgrade or modification, prior to the experiments of ion beam extraction.

Modeling, analysis, and screening of cyclic pressure pulsing with nitrogen in hydraulically fractured wells

Cyclic pressure pulsing with nitrogen is studied for hydraulically fractured wells in depleted reservoirs.A compositional simulation model is constructed to represent the hydraulic fractures through local-grid refinement.The process is analyzed from both operational and reservoir/hydraulic-fracture perspectives.Key sensitivity parameters for the operational component are chosen as the injection rate,lengths of injection and soaking periods and the economic rate limit to shut-in the well.For the reservoir/hydraulic fracturing components,reservoir permeability,hydraulic fracture permeability,effective thickness and half-length are used.These parameters are varied at five levels.A full-factorial experimental design is utilized to run 1250 cases.The study shows that within the ranges studied,the gas-injection process is applied successfully for a 20-year project period with net present values based on the incremental recoveries greater than zero.It is observed that the cycle rate limit,injection and soaking periods must be optimized to maximize the efficiency.The simulation results are used to develop a neural network based proxy model that can be used as a screening tool for the process.The proxy model is validated with blind-cases with a correlation coefficient of 0.96.

环钻手术、药物注射联合PDL治疗瘢痕疙瘩疗效评价

目的:探讨环钻手术、药物注射联合脉冲染料激光(PDL)治疗瘢痕疙瘩的临床疗效。方法:选取2022年1月至2023年6月我院皮肤科治疗的瘢痕疙瘩10例,采用环钻手术、药物注射(曲安奈德5 mL、5-氟尿嘧啶0.6 mL、2%利多卡因1 mL)联合脉冲染料激光治疗。结果:所有患者均完成临床治疗与随访,术后随访12个月,术区瘢痕平软,肤色与周边正常皮肤接近,疼痛、瘙痒等症状明显缓解或消失;治愈率80%,有效率90%,90%患者对治疗效果满意。结论:环钻手术配合药物注射加脉冲染料激光进行联合治疗是治疗瘢痕疙瘩安全有效的方法,患者满意度较高。

Study of the expansion characteristics of a pulsed plasma jet in air

In the background of electrothermal-chemical （ETC） emission,an investigation has been conducted on the characteristics of a freely expanding pulsed plasma jet in air.The evolutionary process of the plasma jet is experimentally investigated using a piezoelectric pressure sensor and a digital high-speed video system.The variation relation in the extended volume,axial displacement and radial displacement of the pulsed plasma jet in atmosphere with time under different discharge voltages and jet breaking pressures is obtained.Based on experiments,a two-dimensional axisymmetric unsteady model is established to analyze the characteristics of the two-phase interface and the variation of flow-field parameters resulting from a pulsed plasma jet into air at a pressure of 1.5-3.5 MPa under three nozzle diameters （3 mm,4 mm and 5 ram,respectively）.The images of the plasma jet reveal a changing shape process,from a quasiellipsoid to a conical head and an elongated cylindrical tail.The axial displacement of the jet is always larger than that along the radial direction.The extended volume reveals a single peak distribution with time.Compared to the experiment,the numerical simulation agrees well with the experimental data.The parameters of the jet field mutate at the nozzle exit with a decrease in the parameter pulse near the nozzle,and become more and more gradual and close to environmental parameters.Increasing the injection pressure and nozzle diameter can increase the parameters of the flow field such as the expansion volume of the pulsed plasma jet,the size of the Mach disk and the pressure.In addition,the turbulent mixing in the expansion process is also enhanced.

Experimental Observation of the Pulsed High Pressure Gas Puffing on HL-2A Tokamak

The pulse propagations of both the electron temperature and the electron density have been observed during pulse-modulated molecular beam injection experiments on HL-2A. The propagation depth of the cold pulse in the low field side is much longer than that in the high field side. The cold pulses cannot propagate to the plasma center from either the low field side or the high field side. The electron temperature in the plasma center does not change during MBI, but the electron density pulse perturbations can be observed in the plasma center.

Experimental study on the accumulative effect of multiple pulses on acceleration sensor

Intentional electromagnetic interference is a serious threat to the safety of electronic devices. Multiple electromagnetic pulses will be coupled and transmitted to electronic devices through the cables.Accumulative effects are generated, which make it easier for damage to occur in the electronic devices. In this article, the working principle of micro-silicon acceleration sensors is introduced. The accumulative effects of multiple pulses on acceleration sensors is studied by a large number of injection experiments.The accumulation trends of multiple pulses with different pulse numbers and intervals are analyzed. The damaged structures inside abnormal sensor amplifiers were observed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that the accumulative effect is strengthened with increased pulse number or decreased pulse interval, and the threshold voltage for multiple pulses on the acceleration sensor decreases. The threshold voltage for a single pulse is 321.57 V. When the pulse interval is 1 μs and the pulse number is 5, the threshold voltage for multiple pulses is 163.42 V,which is reduced by 49.12% compared with a single pulse. These results provide a reference for the damage design of electromagnetic pulse weapons.

高速比较器与时钟驱动器电源模块电磁敏感性研究

高空电磁脉冲(HEMP)能够对电子器件或系统产生不可忽视的电磁脉冲效应。选取高速比较器与时钟驱动器,采用脉冲电流注入(PCI)的实验方法研究这两种器件电源模块的电磁敏感性。试验结果表明:双指数脉冲电流的上升沿是引起高速比较器与时钟驱动器输出扰动的主要原因,且扰动幅度都受到注入脉冲电流幅值的影响;高速比较器工作在不同电平时电源模块的电磁敏感性不同;高速比较器与时钟驱动器在不同工作频率下会表现出不同的电磁敏感性。研究结果对电子器件或系统的电磁敏感性分析与加固具有一定的指导意义。

高频脉振注入在永磁同步电机无感控制中的应用

随着电机转速增加,反电动势也随之增大.在低速运行阶段,传统的无位置传感器控制技术在永磁同步电机(PMSM)中,由于信噪比较低,会导致对电机转子位置和速度的检测精度下降.为了不依赖位置传感器获取转子位置信息,永磁同步电机采用了基于高频脉冲电压注入的方法.通过注入高频电压至q轴,捕获转子误差信息.利用q轴高频电流响应实时追踪转子位置,理论、仿真与实验结果验证,该策略能提升低速下的转子位置估算精度,表现优异的鲁棒性.

永磁同步电机全转速范围无位置传感器控制

为解决IF控制启动速度偏慢、启动转矩能力薄弱等问题,采用高频脉振电压注入法完成电动机零低速启动,并结合中高速区有效磁链法形成全转速范围无位置传感器复合控制策略。为了实现两种控制方法的平滑切换,提出一种基于转速过渡区与状态机结合的滞环切换策略,所提策略将全转速范围划分为零低速区、过渡区以及中高速区,电动机由中高速区进入过渡区时提前开启高频脉振电压注入法,使其位置估计过程达到稳定,为切换做好准备。为了减小注入高频电压对有效磁链法位置估计过程的冲击,在转速过渡区采用软开启的方式实现高频脉振电压注入法的投入与退出。针对转速过渡区两种位置估计方法同时工作时的耦合问题,设置了双同步旋转坐标系,实现了转子位置估计的解耦控制。在一台三相永磁同步电机上对所提方法的有效性进行了验证。

高空电磁脉冲晚期环境下电力系统效应研究进展

高空电磁脉冲作为一种广域电磁攻击手段,能对电力设备造成较大冲击,甚至造成电力基础设施瘫痪,严重威胁新型电力系统安全。主要聚焦国内外高空电磁脉冲晚期环境下电力系统效应研究进展。首先,分析了高空电磁脉冲晚期环境下地磁扰动产生机理及感应地电场计算方法,建立了极端地磁感应电流的计算模型。其次,归纳了极端地磁感应电流注入情况下电力变压器、互感器、断路器等典型易损设备效应特征与机理。进一步地,分析了高空电磁脉冲晚期环境极下端地磁感应电流模拟注入装置和效应试验方法,总结了美国国防威胁降低局、美国电力研究院项目等相关试验和电力系统效应仿真与评估研究。最后,从高空电磁脉冲晚期环境效应机理、典型设备效应特征、模拟效应试验和系统级效应评估等层面总结了现有研究结论,梳理了下一步发展方向。

DPL联合注射用透明质酸钠复合溶液在面部年轻化治疗中的应用

目的:探究精准脉冲光(Delicate pulse light,DPL)联合注射用透明质酸钠复合溶液改善面部年轻化的应用效果。方法:纳入2022年7月-2023年1月在北京积水潭医院皮肤科门诊就诊的女性就医者60例,随机分为对照组(予以DPL治疗,n=30)和观察组(予以DPL联合透明质酸钠复合溶液注射治疗,n=30)。连续治疗3个月,比较两组治疗前后面部肤质、皮肤屏障功能改善情况以及治疗中不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,两组就医者表面色素、红区、皱纹、毛孔、紫外线色斑、卟啉、棕色斑数据均下降,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组皮肤含水量、油脂含量均上升,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05),两组表皮水分丢失量(Trans epidermal water loss,TEWL)均下降,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组总有效率为100.00%,高于对照组的86.67%(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应总发生率为23.33%,高于对照组的13.33%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:DPL联合透明质酸钠复合溶液注射治疗用于面部年轻化治疗中可改善面部肤质情况,增强皮肤屏障功能,具有较高的疗效,且安全性较高。

利用参考电压注入的Buck变换器电感电容估计

电路的元件参数,尤其是电感和电容值,严重影响着Buck变换器的控制性能。提出了一种参考电压脉冲注入法用于电感和电容的在线估计。为了提高Buck变换器中电感和电容值的估计精度,利用原稳态和新稳态构建满秩状态方程,在线推导算法所需寄生参数和负载电阻。研究基于电感伏秒特性和电容电荷平衡特性的精确离散时间变换器模型,为元件参数估计奠定了基础。通过给参考电压注入短脉冲信号,并使用PID控制器对电路中的电感电流和输出电压进行调节,建立了用于参数估计的瞬态和新稳态。利用瞬态中采样的电压和电感电流估计电感和电容值,避免了稳态时的收敛问题。基于提出的平均电感电流估计算法,电流采样频率降低至开关频率。最后,在Matlab/Simulink平台上进行了仿真验证,结果表明:即使在考虑实际噪声的情况下,电感和电容值的最大估计误差分别小于2%和4.2%;相较于其他参数估计算法,参考电压脉冲注入方法的引入有效提高了参数辨识的估计精度,有助于Buck变换器系统控制性能的提升。

基于混合谐波注入的潜水感应电机电磁噪声削弱

针对感应电机在变频供电时会在绕组中产生时间谐波而导致电机的电磁振动和噪声增大的问题,提出了一种采用混合谐波注入的改进型正弦脉宽调制控制策略。以一台1120 kW的潜水感应电机为研究对象,通过对电机进行3、9次混合谐波注入,削弱了电压的调制波和载波谐波及其边带谐波分量,从而降低了电机的振动和噪声。对3、9次混合谐波注入方法中的谐波占比系数进行优化,进一步强化了对边带谐波的削弱效果,整体降低了电机噪声。最后通过对采用混合谐波注入方法的电机与优化前的常规电机进行铁耗、铜耗等方面的性能对比,验证了所提策略在不影响电机的基本性能的前提下,有效削弱了电机的电磁噪声。