Experimental Study of Churning Losses in Swash Plate Axial Piston Pump

The problem of the churning loss in swash plate axial piston machines is investigated through experimental measurement and theoretical analysis. Several works surrounding churning loss in hydraulic components have been proposed in the past, but few have conducted experimental studies and accounted for both dry and wet housing conditions. In this study,a specialized experimental setup is established, which includes a transparent test pump diligently designed for performing various functions of tests. The test pump can work as a real pump without losing any actual features of pump operation. The torque loss in both the dry housing pump and wet housing pump is measured in terms of the shaft speed and its predictive model is also developed analytically. The comparisons between measured and calculated torque loss are presented, showing how speed influences torque loss in both conditions. The advantage/disadvantages of the two cases are summarized. The significance of the test setup is highlighted by verifying the proposed model, which can advance the understanding of energy losses of high speed pumps in future.

Cross influence of discharge and circulation on head loss of conduit of pump system with low head

The relationship between the head loss and the discharge and circulation of the conduit of a pump system with low head is an important problem with an obvious influence on the improvement of its hydraulic performance. The velocity circulation from the pump guide vane makes the relationship more complicated, which has to be understood comprehensively. The results indicate that, under the condition of zero circulation, the head loss of the inlet and outlet conduits is in proportion to the square of discharge. Under the condition that the Reynolds number is satisfied with the resistant square area, the conduit loss is in proportion to the square of discharge for the similar working points with different speeds in a certain rotational speed range, indicating that the pump system efficiency is constant. The outlet conduit loss of design discharge for a pump system with low head depends on the velocity circulation from the guide vane exit, and the relationship between the loss and the circulation is an open curve with an upward direction, meaning that there is an optimal circulation for the loss. Under the condition of various working points for a pump system with low head, the head loss of the outlet conduit is under the cross influence of both the discharge and the circulation. As a result, the relationship between the head loss and the discharge is almost linear, and the mechanism needs to be further studied.

A Value Engineering Analysis of Head Loss in Pumping Mains

With net zero carbon emissions targets approaching over the next 20 to 30 years, the water industry must act now to develop energy efficient techniques and designs to reduce emissions and reduce the carbon footprint of water utility providers. There is also the potential for significant energy and therefore financial savings to be realised from the adoption of more energy efficient designs approaches. Water utility providers account for a significant proportion of national electricity consumption. The purpose of this research is to determine if, over the long term, opting for a larger diameter pipe at design stage can lead to significant financial and emissions savings for water utility providers when considering pumping mains. Pumping mains are widely used throughout the water and wastewater industry where a gravity solution is not possible. 72 hypothetical water main design scenarios were analysed and the long term financial and environmental impact of each hypothetical water main was assessed. It was found across all design scenarios that larger diameter water mains were capable of delivering the same rate of flow of smaller diameter pipes at a much reduced velocity and requiring reduced pumping power. It was concluded that pumped mains of larger diameters can ultimately be more energy efficient and cost effective over the long term when selected in favour of smaller diameter pumped mains in otherwise identical design scenarios.

Performance Study Based on Inner Flow Field Numerical Simulation of Magnetic Drive Pumps with Different Rotate Speeds

Magnetic drive pump has gotten great achievement and has been widely used in some special fields. Currently, the researches on magnetic drive pump have focused on hydraulic design, bearing, axial force in China, and a new magnetic drive pump with low flow and high head have been developed overseas. However, low efficiency and large size are the common disadvantages for the magnetic drive pump. In order to study the performance of high-speed magnetic drive pump, FLUENT was used to simulate the inner flow field of magnetic drive pumps with different rotate speeds, and get velocity and pressure distributions of inner flow field. According to analysis the changes of velocity and pressure to ensure the stable operation of pump and avoid cavitation. Based on the analysis of velocity and pressure, this paper presents the pump efficiency of magnetic drive pumps with different rotated speeds by calculating the power loss in impeller and volute, hydraulic loss, volumetric loss, mechanical loss and discussing the different reasons of power loss between the magnetic drive pumps with different rotated speeds. In addition, the magnetic drive pumps were tested in a closed testing system. Pressure sensors were set in inlet and outlet of magnetic drive pumps to get the pressure and the head, while the pump efficiency could be got by calculating the power loss between the input power and the outlet power. The results of simulation and test were similar, which shows that the method of simulation is feasible. The proposed research provides the instruction to design high-speed magnetic drive pump.

Entropy Production Analysis for Hump Characteristics of a Pump Turbine Model

The hump characteristic is one of the main problems for the stable operation of pump turbines in pump mode.However,traditional methods cannot reflect directly the energy dissipation in the hump region.In this paper,3D simulations are carried out using the SST k-ω turbulence model in pump mode under different guide vane openings.The numerical results agree with the experimental data.The entropy production theory is introduced to determine the flow losses in the whole passage,based on the numerical simulation.The variation of entropy production under different guide vane openings is presented.The results show that entropy production appears to be a wave,with peaks under different guide vane openings,which correspond to wave troughs in the external characteristic curves.Entropy production mainly happens in the runner,guide vanes and stay vanes for a pump turbine in pump mode.Finally,entropy production rate distribution in the runner,guide vanes and stay vanes is analyzed for four points under the 18 mm guide vane opening in the hump region.The analysis indicates that the losses of the runner and guide vanes lead to hump characteristics.In addition,the losses mainly occur in the runner inlet near the band and on the suction surface of the blades.In the guide vanes and stay vanes,the losses come from pressure surface of the guide vanes and the wake effects of the vanes.A new insight-entropy production analysis is carried out in this paper in order to find the causes of hump characteristics in a pump turbine,and it could provide some basic theoretical guidance for the loss analysis of hydraulic machinery.

Nozzle Optimization for Water Jet Propulsion with A Positive Displacement Pump

In the water jet propulsion system with a positive displacement （PD） pump, the nozzle, which converts pressure energy into kinetic energy, is one of the key parts exerting great influence on the reactive thrust and the efficiency of the system due to its high working pressure and easily occurring cavitation characteristics. Based on the previous studies of the energy loss and the pressure distribution of different nozzles, a model of water jet reactive thrust, which fully takes the energy loss and the nozzle parameters into consideration, is developed to optimize the nozzle design. Experiments and simulations are carried out to investigate the reactive thrust and the conversion efficiency of cylindrical nozzles, conical nozzles and optimized nozzles. The results show that the optimized nozzles have the largest reactive thrust and the highest energy conversion efficiency under the same inlet conditions. The related methods and conclusions are extended to the study of other applications of the water jet, such as water jet cutting, water mist fire suppression, water injection molding.

基于熵产理论的管道泵流动损失特性分析

为了揭示管道泵运行过程中的流动损失特性,基于熵产理论,采用数值计算方法对管道泵吸水室和叶轮内的总熵产以及局部熵产率进行了研究,并结合压力脉动及涡核分布对其产生流动损失的原因进行了分析。研究结果表明,叶轮总熵产和吸水室总熵产保持高度一致性,吸水室内部流动影响了叶轮内部流动。随着流量的增大,叶轮和吸水室总熵产先减小,随后增大,这与其内部监测点的压力脉动主频幅值变化规律基本一致。叶轮总熵产显著大于吸水室总熵产,偏工况下更为明显,前者至少是后者的4倍。湍流耗散熵产占据吸水室和叶轮总熵产的90%以上,构成了流动损失的主要部分。吸水室高熵产率区主要分布在第二弯道及出口处,小流量工况下的熵产率是其余工况下的数百倍,该位置的大尺度带核涡以及附壁涡是导致熵产率增加的主要原因。叶轮高熵产率区主要集中在叶轮进口和出口,在大部分区域,小流量下的熵产率是其余工况的6倍以上,小流量工况下叶轮进口预旋和出口失速涡以及大流量工况下叶轮中上游的分离涡是导致熵产率较高的主要原因。该研究可为管道泵局部流动损失识别以及开展针对性优化提供参考。

空间导叶式多级离心泵级间能量损失机理

为探究空间导叶式多级离心泵级间能量损失的原因,以1个单级和1个3级潜水泵为研究对象,通过试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,分析其级间能量损失的机理.对单级和3级潜水泵分别进行全流场外特性试验.基于ANSYS软件对3级潜水泵不同流量点进行数值模拟和内流场分析,着重对各级叶轮进口流态、内部旋涡结构和叶片载荷分析比较.结果表明:小流量工况下,3级潜水泵各级扬程接近且与单级扬程相差不大;额定流量工况和大流量工况下,3级潜水泵第1级扬程与单级扬程仍相差不大,但后2级扬程相比于第1级降低了6%~10%.随着流量的增大,首级叶轮来流稳定性不受影响,其后各级叶轮进流流态变差.后2级叶轮进口液体介质冲角变化使其对叶片进口边的冲击增大.后2级叶轮进口处的涡在流量较大时发展为流向涡,从而引起叶片载荷突变,削弱了叶轮做功能力,导致后2级能量损失.研究结果可为多级离心泵的设计提供理论依据.

径向剖分双吸式工业液力透平的内部流动损失特性分析

针对双吸式离心泵反转作液力透平运行区间狭窄、效率低等问题,对实际工程应用中的一台径向剖分双吸式离心泵反转作工业液力透平的内部流动损失特性进行了研究。首先,采用了数值模拟方法预测了液力透平在泵和透平典型工况下的水力性能,对比了透平在泵工况下的实验结果,验证了数值模拟的准确性和可靠性;然后,结合熵产理论,定量分析了透平工况下各过流部件对于总能量损失的权重以及熵产成分比重的分布情况;最后,结合局部流动特征进一步揭示了主要过流部件内流动损失的发生位置和产生原因。研究结果表明:壁面熵产是导致径向剖分双吸式工业液力透平内部流动损失的主要原因,在0.8Q_(b)、Q_(b)、1.2Q_(b)工况下,壁面熵产分别占总熵产的55.3%、69%、67.4%;导出室是透平内熵产占比最大的水力部件,局部回流、流动冲击等不良流动特征是导致湍流熵产增加的主要原因。该研究结果对离心泵反转作工业液力透平的优化设计、运行调控和推广应用有一定的借鉴意义。

一种用于微能量收集的升压电荷泵设计

开关电容直流-直流(Direct Current-Direct Current,DC-DC)变换器是电源管理系统中极其重要的一部分,升压电荷泵是其中的一个分支。在微能量收集的应用场景中,升压电荷泵的研究热点是实现低的泄漏电流和低的阈值电压损耗。多数升压电荷泵设计为了减少阈值电压损耗和电荷共享等非理想效应,使泄漏电流增大,或结构变得复杂,导致面积增大,不适用于微能量收集场景。Dickson电荷泵是早期的电荷泵结构,其结构简单实用,但较大的阈值电压损耗是其最大的缺点。为此,本文基于Dickson电荷泵进行分析,采用TSMC 250 nm工艺,使用中等阈值电压(Medium Threshold Voltage,MVT)型金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor,MOS)代替二极管,降低阈值电压损耗,再利用体源二极管偏置技术,进一步降低阈值电压损耗。本文利用Positive MOS(PMOS)管与Negative MOS(NMOS)管级联的形式,减少泄漏电流,且NMOS管采用深N阱工艺,避免加入辅助电路。仿真结果表明,本文的升压电荷泵结构设计具有较好的性能表现,达到了设计要求。

小型压水堆屏蔽泵的屏蔽套涡损计算方法及应用

屏蔽泵是小型压水堆一回路的核心设备,对整个反应堆的安全性与经济性有重要影响。屏蔽泵解决了轴封泵的泄漏问题,但屏蔽套使屏蔽泵的电涡流损耗更大,且热量难以带出,因此计算屏蔽套的电涡流损耗对屏蔽泵的设计和分析十分重要。常用屏蔽泵屏蔽套涡流损耗计算经验公式是基于两极千瓦级屏蔽泵提出和修正的,对于百千瓦级小型压水堆屏蔽泵计算偏差较大,有必要对其开展研究。文章首先针对常用屏蔽泵电机屏蔽套的电涡流损耗开展有限元计算,与实验结果对比,验证了有限元计算方法的精确性;其次,在考虑小型压水堆屏蔽泵特殊设计结构对屏蔽套电涡流损耗影响的基础上,修正了经验公式,使其适用于百千瓦级小型压水堆屏蔽泵;最后,基于修正后的经验公式提出了半有限元-经验公式结合算法的初步设计算法,应用于某小型压水堆屏蔽泵的结构设计。该方法使屏蔽电机的初步设计更加便捷。

大型变速抽水蓄能发电电动机不同转速下三维端部电磁场和损耗研究

大型变速抽水蓄能发电电动机端部区域漏磁和构件损耗较高,为了研究不同转速时大型变速抽水蓄能发电电动机三维端部电磁场和端部构件损耗的变化规律,本文建立326 MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机三维端部瞬态电磁场的数学模型,研究变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下不同转速时定转子端部构件磁密的变化规律,确定变速抽水蓄能电机端部构件涡流密度的分布情况,探究变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下不同转速时定子压圈、定子环板、转子护环以及转子齿压板等端部构件损耗的变化规律。采用相同的计算方法对小容量10 MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机进行研究,通过试验测试和计算结果的对比验证了本文计算方法的可行性。

不同流量下泵前微压网式过滤器内部流场的数值模拟

泵前微压网式过滤器作为一种新型的灌溉过滤装置,具有结构简单、适配性高以及能耗低等优点。为了探究泵前微压网式过滤器内部流场的运行状态,采用了物理模型试验、数值计算及理论分析的方法,从微观角度对清水条件下泵前微压网式过滤器在不同流量(5、8、11、14、17 m^(3)/h)的水力性能和水流运动状态进行分析。结果表明:标准k-ε模型可作为模拟泵前微压网式过滤器清水流场的湍流模型;滤网内部流速分布不均匀,随流量呈现不同形态的“火烛”形态,出水口对过滤器内部影响范围随流量增加而增大;过滤器内部同时出现高压区和负压区,滤网底部为水头损失主要发生位置。研究成果可为泵前过滤设备的浑水数值模拟和结构优化提供理论和技术支撑。

面向电动燃油泵的电磁热耦合数值模拟

针对电动燃油泵的生热问题,提出一种周期性平均损耗的分布式热源模型。建立永磁同步电机的电磁-热双向耦合模型,并数值模拟电机各部件的损耗特性和其在不同转速时的稳态温度分布。结果表明:电动燃油泵在转速为6 000 r/min、供油压力为8 MPa时,其内部电机的最高温度可达407.8 K,位于定子铁芯的齿部,且温度沿径向向外逐渐降低至393.9 K;在高温环境中工作时,电动燃油泵的寿命与可靠性会随永磁体磁性的减弱而逐渐降低。

泵送陶粒混凝土的性能及应用研究

陶粒混凝土具有轻质、保温、耐久性好等优点。文章结合某工程训练中心大楼屋面建设需求,研究陶粒预处理、黏度改性剂用量、调凝剂用量等因素对泵送陶粒混凝土工作性能及力学性能的影响,得出满足工程需求的配合比,并成功应用于屋面工程。试验结果为建筑屋面泵送陶粒混凝土的设计与工程应用提供了试验数据和参考。

基于熵产理论的100MW级光热电站多级熔盐泵内部能量损失特性分布

为了研究多级熔盐泵的能量特性,由于传统压降法无法确定能量损失来源及类型,为此,采用了一种新的分析方法,将数值模拟与熵产理论相结合来研究熔盐泵的内部流动情况及熵产分布。建立了多级熔盐泵三维全流道流体域模型;利用CFD方法对熔盐泵内不同工况下的流动进行了模拟;根据热力学第二定律,基于熵产理论对不同流量下泵内过流部件的能量损失及损失类型进行了定量分析并对各级叶轮和导叶的湍流熵产损失进行了详细讨论。研究结果显示:湍流熵产和壁面熵产是主要的损失类型,两者占能量总损失的99%以上。不同流量工况下,导叶和叶轮是产生能量损失的主要部件,期间产生的损失占总熵产损失的81%以上。各级导叶的湍流熵产随流量增大呈现先下降后上升的趋势,最小熵产出现在1.0Q_(opt)~1.4Q_(opt),且随着级数增加,导叶最小熵产出现的工况更加靠近设计工况。叶轮中的湍流熵产存在明显的级间差异,首级叶轮的湍流熵产随流量增加不断减小,在1.6Q_(opt)工况下达到最小值570.874W,随后略有上升。

变速抽水蓄能电机在发电工况不同转速下磁场和损耗研究

本文对变速抽水蓄能发电电动机的电压方程、磁链方程、电磁转矩方程和运动方程进行了推导,并建立了10MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机二维电磁场的数学方程和物理模型,对变速抽水蓄能发电电动机的电磁场数学方程进行了计算,得到了变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下超同步速时定子电压和定子电流的波形,分析了变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下不同转速时磁密的分布规律,研究了不同转速下定子铁芯损耗和转子铁芯损耗占总铁芯损耗比例的变化规律。搭建了10MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机样机试验测试平台,通过试验测试得到的结果与计算结果较为接近。

聚合物注入站注聚单耗影响因素分析及节能措施研究

聚合物驱油技术已经成为大庆油田持续稳产的主力技术,其中注聚系统能耗是注入过程中最主要的能耗点,而注聚单耗是衡量耗电量的重要指标。通过分析注聚泵容积效率、不同压力损失、回流比等对注聚单耗的影响,采取注聚泵结构优化、加装变频器等技术措施,并通过加强注聚泵日常维护、控制采暖温度等管理措施,实现了注入体系平稳、连续注入,进一步保证了开发效果,优化注聚泵结构后聚合物注入站注聚单耗由原来的2.36 kWh/m3降为1.44 kWh/m3。达到了降低注聚单耗的目的。

基于卷积神经网络的抽油机故障诊断

抽油机故障诊断对于保障油气田的稳定运行至关重要.针对已有基于深度学习的故障诊断模型参数量大导致应用范围受限的问题提出一种基于空洞卷积和惩罚机制的卷积神经网络模型.该模型在浅层神经网络部署不同空洞卷积率的空洞残差模块高效获取示功图轮廓特征的同时降低了模型参数量.其次将惩罚机制融入Softmax损失函数增强模型诊断气体影响等难分样本的故障准确率.采用抽油机实况数据集进行实验验证结果表明该模型参数量为0.94 M浮点型计算量为165.24 M.与MobileNetV3相比改进后的算法模型在准确率同为96.6%的前提下参数量减少了3.30 M浮点型计算量减少了52.22 M更易部署在资源受限的故障诊断平台.

蜗壳断面形状对大型双吸泵性能影响的数值模拟

为研究蜗壳不同断面形状对大型双吸离心泵性能的影响,在确保其他因素不变的条件下,设计3种不同的蜗壳方案进行瞬态数值模拟。结果表明:3种蜗壳断面方案在设计工况下,圆形蜗壳的效率最高为90.7%,其次是梨形蜗壳,效率为90.2%,矩形蜗壳的效率最低为88.9%,且圆形蜗壳的高效区有所扩大;在各流量工况下圆形蜗壳能量损失率均为最少,在设计工况时圆形蜗壳的能量损失率为0.3%,矩形蜗壳的能力损失率为1.1%;在大流量和设计流量下,圆形蜗壳的叶轮所受径向力均最小,梨形蜗壳次之,矩形蜗壳最大;在设计工况下,3种蜗壳方案对蜗壳上的压力脉动均呈现周期性变化,圆形蜗壳在各检测点处压力脉动的振幅幅度均为最小。