Purification of copper foils driven by single crystallization

High-purity copper(Cu) with excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, is crucial in modern technological applications, including heat exchangers, integrated circuits, and superconducting magnets. The current purification process is mainly based on the zone/electrolytic refining or anion exchange, however, which excessively relies on specific integrated equipment with ultra-high vacuum or chemical solution environment, and is also bothered by external contaminants and energy consumption. Here we report a simple approach to purify the Cu foils from 99.9%(3N) to 99.99%(4N) by a temperature-gradient thermal annealing technique, accompanied by the kinetic evolution of single crystallization of Cu.The success of purification mainly relies on(i) the segregation of elements with low effective distribution coefficient driven by grain-boundary movements and(ii) the high-temperature evaporation of elements with high saturated vapor pressure.The purified Cu foils display higher flexibility(elongation of 70%) and electrical conductivity(104% IACS) than that of the original commercial rolled Cu foils(elongation of 10%, electrical conductivity of ~ 100% IACS). Our results provide an effective strategy to optimize the as-produced metal medium, and therefore will facilitate the potential applications of Cu foils in precision electronic products and high-frequency printed circuit boards.

Research Progress on Purification Process, Content Determination and Pharmacological Action of Atractylodin

Atractylodis Rhizoma comes from the dry rhizome of Atractylis lancea or Atractylodes chinensis in the Compositae family,and it is suitable for preventing and treating diseases such as cold,edema,night blindness and rheumatic arthralgia.Atractylodin is the main active component extracted and isolated from Atractylodis Rhizoma.A large number of studies have found that atractylodin has excellent drug activity in improving gastrointestinal emptying,anti-inflammation,inhibiting malignant tumor and reducing blood lipid.In this paper,the purification process and pharmacological activity of Atractylodin were summarized to provide a theoretical basis for basic research,clinical application and further development and utilization of atractylodin.

An Affordable and Easily Accessible Approach for Acrylonitrile Monomer Purification through a Simple Column Technique

This manuscript presents a dataset detailing a method for purifying monomers. Purification plays a crucial role in every chemical process, as it leads to an improvement in product quality through the removal of impurities. The primary method for monomer purification, like acrylonitrile (AN), is the distillation technique. However, this technique is unsafe and hard to set up or handle. A straightforward, risk-free, low-cost method like the column technique resolves these issues. A simple column technique demonstrated the successful execution of purifying AN. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses confirmed that AN was successfully purified, with purity reaching 99.8%. FTIR spectra revealed changes in the position and intensity of the stretching vibration peaks after purification. Also, the functional groups of the inhibitor monomethyl ether of hydroquinone (MeHQ) were undetected after purification. Furthermore, after purification, NMR spectra revealed the absence of aromatic protons and carbons associated with MeHQ. In conclusion, the column technique is a successful and inexpensive way to purify AN monomers. This makes it useful for a wide range of applications, especially in polymerization reactions where MeHQ needs to be removed to prevent self-polymerization during the initiation process.

Superwetting Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) anchored mesh with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities for efficient water purification

Superwetting materials have drawn unprecedented attention in the treatment of oily wastewater due to their preferable anti-fouling property and selective oil/water separation.However,it is still a challenge to fabricate multifunctional and environmentally friendly materials,which can be stably applied to purify the actual complicated wastewater.Here,a Ag/Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) heterostructure anchored copper mesh was intentionally synthesized using a facile two-step hydrothermal method.The resultant mesh with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity was capable of separating various oil/water mixtures with superior separation efficiency and high permeationflux driven by gravity.Benefiting from the joint effects of the smaller band gap of Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) heterojunction,inherent antibacterial capacity of Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) and Ag nanoparticles,favorable conductive substrate,as well as the hierarchical structure with superwettability,such mesh presented remarkably enhanced degradation capability toward organic dyes under visible light irradiation and antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)compared with the pure Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) coated mesh.Impressively,the mesh exhibited bifunctional water purification performance,in which organic dyes were eliminated simultaneously from water during oil/water separation in onefiltration process.More importantly,this mesh behaved exceptional chemical resistance,mechanical stability and long-term reusability.Therefore,this material with multifunctional integration may hold promising potential for steady water purification in practice.

HPLC同时测定甜高粱中10种黄酮类化合物含量及抗氧化活性对比研究

试验旨在建立同时测定甜高粱不同部位中10种黄酮类化合物含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测方法,并对总黄酮提取物抗氧化能力进行评价。试验以甜高粱陇甜粱2号成熟期籽粒、茎秆及全株为研究对象制备总黄酮提取物,利用HPLC同时测定不同部位总黄酮提取物中的儿茶素、氯化芹菜定、花旗松素、芦丁、槲皮素、木犀草素、柚皮素、高北美圣草素、芹菜素及麦黄酮含量。结果显示,10种黄酮类化合物分别在各自线性范围内与色谱峰峰面积线性关系良好,R^(2)为0.9984~0.9999,平均加样回收率为95.0%~105.8%,RSD为1.03%~2.86%。抗氧化性测定结果表明,甜高粱不同部位总黄酮提取物对羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS^(+))自由基均具有一定的清除能力,不同浓度下清除率均表现为籽粒>全株>茎秆;籽粒总黄酮提取物浓度为1.00 g/L时,籽粒总黄酮提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率高于VC和2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)。相关性分析结果表明,不同部位总黄酮提取物含量与不同自由基清除率及总还原能力(FRAP)均呈正相关。研究表明,该试验方法简便,结果准确性较高,可用于甜高粱中黄酮类化合物含量的测定;甜高粱不同部位总黄酮提取物具有抗氧化活性。

HPLC测定吗替麦考酚酯口服混悬剂(骁悉)中尼泊金甲酯含量

建立了一种测定吗替麦考酚酯口服混悬剂中尼泊金甲酯含量的方法。采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:YMC-Pack Pro C18(150 mm×4.6 nm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-1%乙酸水(60∶40);检测波长:254 nm;流速:0.7 mL·min^(-1);柱温:30℃;进样量:10μL。采用该法测定,专属性强,精密度好(RSD=1.16%,n=12),准确度高(平均加样回收率为99.35%,回收率RSD<2%),操作简单,适用吗替麦考酚酯混悬剂生产中尼泊金甲酯含量检测。该法测得的吗替麦考酚酯混悬液中尼泊金甲酯含量为3.18 mg·mL^(-1),占混悬剂质量的0.50%。

HPLC法同时测定驻春胶囊中4个成分的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定驻春胶囊中异补骨脂素、补骨脂素、淫羊藿苷、蛇床子素含量的方法。方法:采用HPLC法,以异补骨脂素、补骨脂素、淫羊藿苷和蛇床子素作为指标成分,采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水,梯度洗脱,体积流量为1.0 m·min^(-1);柱温为30℃,检测波长为254 nm,进样量为5μL。结果:异补骨脂素、补骨脂素、淫羊藿苷和蛇床子素质量浓度分别在0.0059~0.1770 mg/mL、0.0049~0.1470 mg/mL、0.0031~0.093 mg/mL和0.0048~0.1440 mg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,其相关系数分别为0.9996、0.9995、0.9997和0.9995,平均加样回收率分别为101.45%、100.95%、100.46%和101.17%;RSD分别为2.19%、1.83%、1.71%和2.01%。结论:该分析方法适用于驻春胶囊中异补骨脂素、补骨脂素、淫羊藿苷和蛇床子素的含量测定。

HPLC法同时测定益肾泄浊合剂中5种成分的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定益肾泄浊合剂中没食子酸、莫诺苷、马钱苷、毛蕊异黄酮苷、大黄酸的含量。方法分析采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相0.1%磷酸-乙腈,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0 mL/min;柱温30℃;检测波长254 nm。结果5种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.9996),平均加样回收率97.28%~101.93%,RSD 2.56%~2.84%。结论该方法准确可靠,可用于益肾泄浊合剂的质量控制。

HPLC及LC-MS测定榛子中氯吡苯脲和多菌灵残留

本文采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS)对干果榛子中氯吡苯脲和多菌灵残留量进行含量测定.HPLC和LC-MS均使用C18色谱柱,含量测定采取等度洗脱,流动相:甲醇-水(55∶45,体积比);体积流量:1.0 mL·min-1;测定波长:260 nm;柱温:30℃.LC-MS采取电喷雾离子源,梯度洗脱,体积流量:0.6 mL·min-1,柱温:30℃.结果表明,榛子中氯吡苯脲与多菌灵存在残留,氯吡苯脲质量浓度在1.00~10.00μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,加样回收率在95.58%~100.58%;多菌灵质量浓度在1.005~15.075μg·mL-1范围内具有良好的线性关系,加样回收率在95.61%~104.39%.实验证明,HPLC与LC-MS相结合的方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、检出限低等优点,能有效地检测到榛子样品中膨大剂氯吡苯脲及杀菌剂多菌灵的残留,并确定其残留量,线性关系和回收率结果均令人满意.根据被检测的8批样品中氯吡苯脲和多菌灵两项农药残留量推断,作为一般干果食用榛子是安全的.

HPLC法同时测定舒肝利胆丸中5种成分的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定舒肝利胆丸中甘草苷、橙皮苷、迷迭香酸、槲皮素、柴胡皂苷a的含量。方法分析采用Waters Symmetry Shield C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈-0.1%磷酸,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0 mL/min;柱温20℃;检测波长210、237、283、330、368 nm。结果甘草苷、橙皮苷、迷迭香酸、槲皮素、柴胡皂苷a在各自范围内线性关系良好(r>0.9995),平均加样回收率98.41%~102.42%,RSD 1.78~2.81%。结论该方法准确、稳定、快速,可用于舒肝利胆丸的质量控制。

不同产地巴戟天HPLC指纹图谱及化学模式识别研究

目的:利用HPLC指纹图谱及化学模式识别对巴戟天药材进行评价。方法:采用Shodex Asahipak NH2P-504E色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,使用蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD)。利用相似度评价、聚类分析和主成分分析等化学模式识别方法,对不同产地的巴戟天药材进行分析。结果:所建立的HPLC指纹图谱共识别了18个共有峰,经与对照品图谱比较,鉴定其中的4个共有峰分别为果糖、蔗糖、蔗果三糖和耐斯糖。6个产地巴戟天的相似度在0.861~0.995;经聚类分析和主成分分析,6个产地巴戟天共聚为3类。结论:本研究采用的巴戟天HPLC指纹图谱及化学模式识别技术可反映出不同产地的巴戟天样品的差异,可为巴戟天的质量控制提供参考。

HPLC-ELSD同时测定腺梗豨莶草中6个二萜成分的含量

为了研究腺梗豨莶草中6个二萜成分(对映海松烯型二萜:奇任醇、Hythiemoside B和豨莶精醇;对映贝壳杉烷型二萜:对映-17,18-二羟基-贝壳杉烷-19-羧酸、对映-16β,17-二羟基-贝壳杉烷-19-羧酸和对映-16α氢-贝壳杉烷-17,19-二羧酸)的含量,本试验建立了高效液相色谱法-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)同时测定二萜类化合物含量。样品粉碎过筛加甲醇和乙酸乙酯回流提取,蒸发减压除去溶剂,甲醇溶解,0.45μm滤膜滤过,取续滤液进行测定。色谱条件:色谱柱为Waters Symmetry Shield^(TM)RP18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.3%甲酸水溶液-乙腈(v/v),梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min。蒸发光散射检测器漂移管温度为103℃,雾化气流速为3.0 L/min。应用该方法测定腺梗豨莶草样品不同部位中6个二萜类化合物的含量,同时比较叶、枝、茎中对映海松烯型二萜、对映贝壳杉型二萜和总二萜含量的差异。结果显示,6个二萜成分在其线性范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.9992);日内和日间精密度相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于3.5%;回收率介于96.5%~101.5%,RSD均小于2.3%;腺梗豨莶草不同部位(叶、枝、茎)的二萜类化合物含量差异较大。结果表明,本试验所建立的HPLC-ELSD方法简便、准确、重复性好,为腺梗豨莶草药材全面的质量评价和临床应用中最佳药用部位的选择提供了参考。

HPLC法测定陕产青牛胆中药根碱、盐酸巴马汀和古伦宾的含量及质量评价

本研究通过建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定陕产青牛胆中药根碱、盐酸巴马汀和古伦宾的含量,并对陕产青牛胆样品进行初步质量评价。结果表明:所收集的5批青牛胆样品(QND1~QND5)药根碱含量分别为0.33、0.12、0.14、0.53和0.08 mg/g;盐酸巴马汀含量分别为0.81、0.54、0.36、0.62和0.29 mg/g;古伦宾含量分别为10.98、7.39、5.29、4.55和0.69 mg/g。本研究建立的HPLC法可为市售青牛胆中生物碱、二萜类物质的含量检测及陕产青牛胆的质量评价提供参考依据。

HPLC法测定肾康灵胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的 建立肾康灵胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的HPLC含量测定方法,为质量控制提供依据。方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱:Sapphire-C_(18)柱(4.6×250 mm, 5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱);流动相流速:1.0 mL·min^(-1);检测波长:265 nm;柱温:30℃,进样量:10μL。结果 盐酸小檗碱含量在0.0584~0.5840μg范围内与峰面积值呈良好线性关系(R^(2)=0.9981),精密度和重复性试验的RSD均<2.0%(n=6),稳定性试验(18 h内)的RSD为1.11%,平均加样回收率为98.24%,RSD=1.43%(n=6)。结论 该方法快速简便、稳定性好,专属性强,重复性良好,可为肾康灵胶囊的质量控制提供依据。

HPLC法同时测定五味消渴颗粒中5种成分研究

目的建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)以同时测定五味消渴颗粒中的芦丁、甘草苷、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、甘草酸铵的成分。方法五味消渴颗粒的甲醇提取液采用Waters SunFire TM C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5µm);以乙腈-0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为260 nm、370 nm;流速1.0 mL/min;柱温30℃。结果5种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.9996),平均加样回收率为100.44%~103.50%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.92%~3.99%。结论建立的测定方法简便可靠、重现性好,可为五味消渴颗粒的质量评价提供参考。

HPLC法测定十三味逐瘀合剂中游离大黄酚含量

目的建立十三味逐瘀合剂中大黄酚高效液相含量测定的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)对十三味逐瘀合剂中游离大黄酚含量进行测定,从提取溶剂、取样量、提取时间等影响因素中选出最优条件,建立完整的含量测定方法。结果用thermos C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以甲醇-0.1%磷酸(75∶25,V/V)为流动相,采用等度洗脱法,254 nm波长的色谱条件;以甲醇为浸膏提取溶剂,超声30 min的提取方法;大黄酚质量浓度在1.63~16.32μg/mL(R^(2)=0.9995)范围内具有良好的线性关系;平均回收率为104.17%;测得十三味逐瘀合剂中游离大黄酚平均含量为15.32μg/mL。结论本实验所建立的方法操作简单,专属性强,重现性好,可用于十三味逐瘀合剂中游离大黄酚的含量测定。

Polysulfide nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide composite aerogel for efficient solar-driven water purification

Along with the environmental pollution, the scarcity of clean water seriously threatens the sustainable development of human society.Recently, the rapid development of solar evaporators has injected new vitality into the field of water purification. However, the industry faces a considerable challenge of achieving comprehensive purification of ions, especially the efficient removal of mercury ions. In this work, we introduce an ideal mercury-removal platform based on facilely and cost-effectively synthesized polysulfide nanoparticles(PSNs). Further development of PSN-functionalized reduced graphene oxide(PSN-rGO) aerogel evaporator results in achieving a high evaporation rate of 1.55 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)with energy efficiency of 90.8% under 1 sun. With the merits of interconnected porous structure and adsorption ability, the photothermal aerogel presents overall purification of heavy metal ions from wastewater. During solar desalination, salt ions can be rejected with long-term stability. Compared with traditional water purification technologies, this highly efficient solar evaporator provides a new practical method to utilize clean energy for clean water production.

HPLC-ELSD法测定龙泽熊胆胶囊中牛磺熊去氧胆酸和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸的含量

目的:以牛磺熊去氧胆酸和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸为指标,建立龙泽熊胆胶囊中熊胆粉的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱串联蒸发光检测器,色谱柱为ChromCore AQ C 18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),乙腈(A)-5 mmol•L^(-1)醋酸铵溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(0~40 min,25%A;40~50 min,25%A→29%A;50~80 min,29%A;80~100 min,29%A→40%A),流速1.0 mL•min^(-1),柱温30℃,ELSD漂移管温度110℃,氮流量2.5L•min^(-1)。结果:牛磺熊去氧胆酸进样量在1.069~9.57μg内、牛磺鹅去氧胆酸进样量在0.74046~7.40464μg内,进样量的对数与峰面积的对数呈良好的线性关系;仪器精密度、重复性、稳定性试验的RSD<2.0%;经低、中、高3个浓度的准确度试验考察,牛磺熊去氧胆酸的回收率为95.2%~97.7%,牛磺鹅去氧胆酸的回收率为91.9%~95.9%。测定样品42批次,牛磺熊去氧胆酸和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸的含量分别为0.18~0.43、0.10~0.44 mg•粒^(-1)。结论:本法适用于龙泽熊胆胶囊中熊胆粉的质量控制,可为完善龙泽熊胆胶囊的质量标准提供科学的依据。

HPLC法同时测定补肾活血散结胶囊中12种成分的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定补肾活血散结胶囊中没食子酸、原儿茶酸、莫诺苷、马钱苷、獐牙菜苷、芍药苷、金丝桃苷、紫云英苷、丹酚酸B、丹酚酸A、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷的含量。方法分析采用Agilent 5 TC-C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈-0.1%磷酸,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0 mL/min;柱温30℃;检测波长240 nm。结果12种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.9998),平均加样回收率97.11%~101.14%,RSD 0.60%~2.65%。结论该方法简便准确,重复性好,可用于补肾活血散结胶囊的质量控制。

巴芪柔肝方基准样品HPLC特征图谱建立及其量值传递规律研究

目的建立巴芪柔肝方基准样品HPLC特征图谱,并考察其量值传递规律。方法测定毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、橙皮苷、迷迭香酸、莪术烯醇、耐斯糖含量,计算饮片-水煎液-基准样品转移率,记录出膏率、pH值。结果15批基准样品HPLC特征图谱中有16个特征峰,相似度均大于0.90,鉴定出9个。饮片-基准样品中耐斯糖、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷平均转移率分别为(83.14±6.25)%、(77.81±8.31)%,水煎液-基准样品中迷迭香酸、莪术烯醇平均转移率分别为(81.71±6.27)%、(72.16±5.91)%,平均出膏率为(38.91±1.46)%,pH值为5.13±0.08。结论该方法稳定可行,可为巴芪柔肝方制剂工艺选择、关键化学属性评价提供参考。