The Role of God in the Eyes of Early Puritans

In Christianity,God is always a significant role no matter in the physical or mental world.As for early Puritans,who proclaimed to purify God’s doctrine and lead an economical life,had an even stronger belief in God.When they began to set a colony in New England,they faced extremely tough challenges both from the native Indians and natural environment.During such a procedure,their reliance on God was clearly witnessed.Mary Rowlandson is an early colonist of New England,who was captured by native Indians and was finally redeemed.Basing on a close discussion of the narrative of her captivity and restoration,the paper would explore the importance of God in the eyes of early Puritans.

美国诗人安妮“孩子出生以前”一诗的平易风格(英文)

The poem "Before the Birth of One of Her Children" by American Puritan Poet Anne Bradstreet is a perfect illustration of the plain style.Plainness in both the content and language makes this poem enduring verse.

Martyrdom and Sainthood in Tudor England

This research is derived from my doctoral thesis undertaken at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, which provided the first in-depth comparison of printed representations of Catholic and Protestant martyrdom in Tudor England since the work of McGrath and Dickens during the 1960s. In this article, a martyr is defined as one who bore witness to persecution during the Tudor Reformation （c. 1530-1600）, and who ultimately died for his or her beliefs rather than abjure. The main themes discussed were issues of continuity and change： To what extent did Protestant depictions of martyrs draw upon pre-Reformation ideas？ Were they a radical break from the past; or did they represent gradual evolution and transition in which some older beliefs were perpetuated, some were reinterpreted allegorically, and others were abandoned and replaced with new representations？ Novel contributions to the historiography include the representation of non-martyrs （individuals who failed to gain full recognition in Catholic or Protestant martyrologies）, Puritan efforts to supplant pre-Reformation rituals derived from what Duffy termed the cult of saints with abstract Old Testament inspired sermons, and the depiction of persecutors＇ untimely deaths as evidence of divine providence and the illegitimacy of rival churches. Although firmly grounded in history, my methodology also incorporated elements from other disciplines, especially gender studies, death studies, religion, philosophy, and some aspects of art history. In particular, I have examined the language of inversion, where exceptionally courageous female martyrs were portrayed with the masculine virtues of courage, analytical rationality or self-control, and allegedly negative feminine traits such as cowardice, deceit, treachery, or sexual misconduct were used to shame and discredit clergymen from rival religious groups or sects. This article will focus upon Catholic and Protestant efforts to identify 16th century martyrs with the saints of the early church, either literally or allegorically, with the aim of gaining reassurance from familiar historical patterns, and challenging the legitimacy of rival churches.

On the Elements of Tragedy in The Scarlet Letter

As the masterpiece of Nathaniel Hawthorn's writing, The Scarlet Letter not only brings him fame forever, but also gives us more about people's life in Puritan society in 17th. Since this novel is so important and excellent, the thesis mainly focuses on probing into the theme of elements of tragedy in The Scarlet Letter. According to the whole story, the love tragedy is attributed to four factors: the Puritan beliefs of original sin, the attitude of public on love outside marriage, the personalities of the main characters, and the differences between dream and reality.

The Triangle Figures in The Scarlet Letter

Puritanism is a new breed of Christianity with a notoriously renowned propaganda for a frugal and reclusive lifestyle and a comparatively democratic membership in the religious creed. All the characters appearing in this novel belonged to this breed, living in the never-never land of a new continent devoid of the conventional forces' intervention. More specifically, Calvinism was the domineering religion whose core principles are the sacred pre-determinism and the omnipotence of God, requiring every earthly individual should obey this providence and be self-denied. The Scarlet Letter, a masterpiece of American prestigious writer Nathaniel Hawthorne, was delicately set in such a benighted epoch and manifested a gorgeous portrait of personality constituted by both discreetly religious conformity and spiritual liberty. In the twentieth century, Hawthorne and The Scarlet Letter have continued to grow in esteem as literary criticism moved into university English departments and through waves of Freudians, semiologists, deconstructionists, and postmodernists (Bruce Daniels, 2004). The eccentrically intertwined relationship among the three protagonists has been highly appreciated as an imperishable paragon, which was always been imitated but seldom surpassed. This passage aims to deconstruct the protagonists'personalities from a general perspective

The Influence of Puritan Thoughts on Americans

The word "Puritan" originated in the 1560s.As the word itself hints,Puritans wanted to purify their religious belief and practice.Puritan thoughts dominated American life with its influence in two aspects:the positive and the negative.For the positive side,it should be kept on.For the negative side,it should be taken away.

Hester Prynne,a Rebel Against Puritanism

《红字》是十九世纪美国小说家那撒尼尔·霍桑的代表作。书中女主人公海斯特·白兰不顾清教主义的束缚,与牧师丁梅斯代尔相爱,被视为“通奸”。本文从海斯特·白兰的心理和行动分析她作为一个清教主义叛逆者的形象。

A Pietist, or A Sceptic——On Hawthorne' s The Scarlet Letter and Puritanism Thought

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a classical novel in American literature in the 19th century.Hawthorne is deeply influenced by Puritanism.His representative work, The Scarlet Letter, reflects the Calvinistic thought of "Original Sin".His novel also expresses his pious attitude with skepticism for ethics and morality of Puritanism.On one hand,Hawthorne strongly criticizes Calvinism for constraining human nature, and on the other hand, regards some social problems as the sake of evil human nature.He advocates the believers to clear themselves of guilt and to purify their hearts by penitence and kindness.

National Values in American Exceptionalism

Featured by its uniqueness and historic significance, American exceptionalism plays an indispensable role in shaping the American political,especially the foreign policies, as well as social lives. To understand the origins of American exceptionalism, people must look into its national values-Puritanism, individualism and political system.

Researches Made on The Scarlet Letter

Being the first American native novel, a great number of researches have been made on The Scarlet Letter. This paper collects some popular researches that have been made on this novel and classifies them into five perspectives --- romance, symbolism, Puritanism,feminism and psychoanalysis.

On Anne Bradstreet's Inconsistency with Puritanism

Anne Bradstreet,the first American poet,is popular among the puritan community.Yet a close examination of her poetry reveals her belying inconsistency with the Puritan values.While Puritan community devoted itself to the religious,disliked virtually every kind of recreation including literature and prejudiced against the female,Anne Bradstreet passionately expresses the secular pains and joys and firmly asserts the role of the poetry and the female.Her popularity among the Puritans both proves a success of her strategy and indicates Puritan society’s certain flexibility and tolerance.

Ephraim Cabot’s Puritanism as the Root of His Family Tragedy

On the surface,Desire Under the Elms is a tragedy of the Cabot family which borrows its plot from the ancient Greek tragedy and legend Hippolytus and Medea by Euripides and the Greek myth Oedipus by Sophocles,about lust,incest,Oedipus complex and infanticide,etc.enriched and elevated,however the root of all the tragedies in the family lies in Ephraim Cabot’s Puritanism.

A Tale of Two Tempests

The Tempest （1623） provides an acknowledged major context for Milton＇s Masque （1634）. Though few has seen The Tempest as significant to Paradise Regained （1671）, Milton＇s brief epic extensively shares in this intertextuality Arguing this, the author will focus on how the poem engages with his reformist masque＇s interrogation of Prospero＇s cultural authority, especially as an author figure. Where Paradise Regained does not parallel this critique, it extends it. This, the author will conclude, indicates Milton＇s strong sense that many of his hopes for the function of literature had been realized rather than disrupted during the Restoration. If his poem does not explicitly comment on Restoration politics, it is because Milton＇s primary political-cultural argument has been achieved. Milton＇s emphatically contemporary public voice enacts the argument of his poem, advancing God＇s renovation of the human race, a renovation that predetermines a nation＇s politics. Instead of suffering from the cultural alienation that is often assigned to the Restoration, Milton, the poet, was more unsettled by the dangers of his art being subverted by those who, as Satan attempts with Jesus＇ work in the brief epic, participate and even sponsor, its success

A multifaceted female image： An analysis of the heroine in The Scarlet Letter

This paper deals with the main characteristics of the heroine in Tke Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne. She was firm and kind-hearted. She was punished severely for adultery. However, she endured all miseries and insults bravely, and fostered her daughter alone. Meanwhile, she helped others without any resentment or desire for repayment. Being isolated and outlawed, she got more acute than the others, and became contemplative gradually, speculating on some serious and complex problems. The particular circumstances mainly created her from a common woman to be an important one who had multi-tudinous characteristics. In fact, the sin she had committed was not unforgivable. She was punished severely just because she had defied the Puritan, whose society was filled with cruelty and deceit. Furthermore, Hester＇s unsatisfaction with the life, Dimmesdale＇s weakness and hypocrisy, and the isolation by the society were all the reasons of creating those characteristics. Finally, Hester dominated over her own identity, and thus, became an example for others.

The Influences of Puritanism on the Shaping of American Values

Puritanism is the soul of American culture. Starting from a study of Puritanism, the paper tentatively explores the functions of Puritanism in conceiving American culture as a whole, and American values especially, and then concludes that the values characterized by individual freedom and self-reliance, material wealth and hard work, sense of democracy, respect for education and pioneering spirit are mostly credited to Puritanism.

The Puritan Culture and Entrepreneurial Education Idea in American Universities

The USA is one of the very developed countries with entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities.After more than half a century of development,it has reached a mature stage,and the formation of the concept of entrepreneurial education has advanced.In this paper, through the analysis of entrepreneurship education thought by Jeffrey Timmons as the representative of the America University entrepreneurship education idea, it finds out the Puritan culture factors,in order to better understand the basis and provides the reference of college enterprise education in China.

Hawthorne's Pursuit of an Ideal Harmony——A Case Study of the Image of Forest in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter

As a masterpiece of Hawthorne's works, The Scarlet Letter sets up on New England in the seventieth century and successfully depicts the cruelty of Puritan society and the kill to human nature. However, it seems that this is not the only purpose for the author to criticize the Puritanism. Hawthorne also endeavors to pursuit an ideal harmony through the image of the forest,which is omitted by most of the scholars who research Hawthorne's works, especially for The Scarlet Letter. In this thesis, it aims to illustrate the ideal harmony from two perspectives: first, the image of the forest stands for the harmony of the primitive life; second, the image of the forest represents the harmony of the development both in body and mind.

The Impact of Puritanism on the American Spirit

America remains a very religious country nowadays,an indication of deep influence from the early forefathers of America-the Puritans,a group of extremely pious people,who has left a rich legacy on the American culture.It is the most materially prosperous country in the world.Puritanism was the dominant religious force in the early colonial America and is held as the root of American culture.Individualism,enterprising spirit,desire for material wealth through hard work are all spirits that make America a special country and their roots can all be traced back to the early Puritanism.Puritanism in shaping the spirit of America is a most important factor we cannot afford to overlook.