Looking up Prescriptions to Treat Infectious Disease:Anti-epidemic Books of Medical Formularies and Epidemic Prevention and Control in the Qing Dynasty

Copying,compiling,publishing,disseminating,and referencing anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were common activities during the outbreak of epidemics in the Qing dynasty.Its emergence,motivated by epidemic disease again and again,was important component parts of epidemic prevention and control.They played a unique role as media on affairs such as treating patients suffering from infectious diseases,mobilizing peoples to make contributions to anti-epidemic activities,integrating and popularizing knowledge of epidemic prevention.Anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were important to link peoples,things,and substances related with epidemic prevention and control,and were a kind of motivation to actively deal with the infectious disease,control the epidemic,and maintain health.Compared to other common measures,anti-epidemic books of medical formularies participated in many prevention and control practices deeply,which actually built a low cost,spontaneous,dispersed and non-institutional system to respond to epidemic,and the system had characteristics of stronger conductibility,bigger coverage area,and better external benefits.

Functions of Karez to Xinjiang Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Historical Documents

Desertification is increasingly serious in Xinjiang,and the construction of water conservancy is a precondition for the development of agriculture.The main project for the development of agriculture and water conservancy in Xinjiang is to build Karez,which played a vital role in the development of Xinjiang agriculture in the Qing Dynasty.It has been recorded many times in historical documents of the Qing Dynasty,such as Lin Zexu s Diary,Tao Baolian s Diary,Xinjiang Atlas and Zuo Zongtang s Memorial to the Emperor,etc.,which recorded the situation and historical origin of Karez.Karez made a significant contribution to the development of agriculture in the Qing Dynasty.It increased the cultivated land in Xinjiang at that time,and increased the types and yields of crops.It is conducive to the stability and development of Xinjiang s economy.Until today,Karez is still an important water source for agricultural irrigation in Xinjiang.

Jiexiu's Cold Food Qingming Customs

QINGMING Festival is one of the most important traditional festivals in China. According to records, it is also related to the Cold Food Festival. Qingming and Cold Food were originally two different festivals-one is a solar term and the other is an allusion.Because of the proximity of the two festivals.

A New Inquiry Into the Contents of the Late Qing Dynasty Pictorial News Publication-The Core of “Entertainment Life” in Dianshizhai Pictorial

After the opening of ports in the late Qing Dynasty,Western culture was introduced into China.The local entertainment life presented the phenomenon of the coexistence of the East and the West.A large number of folk entertainment activities were recorded in the Dianshizhai Pictorial which have the function of cultural choice and value dissemination as well as current affairs.This research attempts to use literary analysis and case study to collate the entertainment life in the Dianshizhai Pictorial,combing the characteristics of the late Qing dynasty,and summarizing the value of entertainment in Dianshizhai Pictorial publishing.

Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Review of Dietary Therapy Development in Ming and Qing Dynasties

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,with the development of politics,economy and culture,the development of health maintenance of traditional Chinese medicine entered a heyday.Food therapy is an important part of the health theory of traditional Chinese medicine.In the 5,000 years of Chinese civilization,you can see the record of food therapy everywhere.It can be said that food therapy of traditional Chinese medicine develops together with traditional Chinese medicine.As a treasure in the treasure-house of Chinese medicine,food therapy has a long history and rich practice.Based on the current research,further research on relevant theories remains to be carried out.Focusing on the historical period of Ming and Qing dynasties,this paper takes the works related to food,nutrition and therapy(including general works and monographs on diet),the health thoughts and practice characteristics of representative health practitioners as the research perspective,and sorts out the above research contents in the past 20 years,analyzes the research overview and trend.It is found that in the study of food nourishing in Ming and Qing dynasties,there are few studies on the contents of diet nourishing in the general works.This suggests that when we study the development of diet nourishing in Ming and Qing Dynasties,we should not only study the monograph of diet nourishing and the thoughts of doctors,but also pay attention to the diet nourishing thought reflected in the general works.The study of diet monographs in Ming Dynasty mainly focused on the textual research of wild plants,and the study of diet monographs in Qing Dynasty mainly focused on the application.The study on the health care thought of doctors in Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly focused on the views of food nourishing and personal health care.These studies are summarized in order to provide reference for further theoretical research and provide reference for contemporary research on food nourishing diet.

稳幅范围、稳幅精度与De-Qing电路的设计

De—Qing电路的设计历来都是从它的稳定工作的必要条件出发,求得网络元件参数。本文从理论分析证明De-Qing工作有一限制的范围,这一范围既决定于所选元件参数,更大程度上取决于设计者所期望的稳幅精度。

远红外FEL微波源调制器De-Qing稳幅电路设计

远红外自由电子激光(FEL)对微波源的幅度稳定度有特殊要求,因此,选用有突出优点的阻容振荡型[(De)22.7(-)]Qing电路作为微波源的脉间稳幅控制线路。电路设计采用新的设计路线,首先引入电压调整深度概念,用归一化设计,分析推导出与稳幅精度有关的各种因素和相互关系,然后以稳幅精度0.2%为条件求出电路各参数的限制范围,最后通过实验确定各元件参数的标称值。最终实现了微波源高压脉冲幅度稳定精度0.15%,满足了远红外自由电子激光实验需求。

管弦乐Qing-Diao(《清调》)研究——贾国平音乐创作的观念、技术与文化

20世纪90年代,十二音创作技术与序列思维依然对中国作曲家的创作产生着影响。他们在借用这种思维与技巧进行创作的同时,亦采用了各种方式来阐释民族文化。贾国平的管弦乐Qing-Diao(《清调》)便是这样一部作品。其中,无论是从作品“标签化”的标题、对传统音乐素材的处理、作品中单声思维的观念,还是整体音乐语言的组织与陈述方式,无不显示出作曲家在传承中国民族文化过程中观念的形成与技术的创新。

关于de-Qing电路失灵保护

一、引言在电子直线加速器领域,基于能量稳定性的考虑,在雷达领域,由于信号稳定度要求,它们的功率脉冲发生器普遍采用脉间稳幅电路。而在电子直线加速器范围内,几乎无例外地采用de-Qing电路作为脉间稳幅手段。实践表明,任何电路都有失误的可能。

Therapeutic efficacy of the Qing Dai in patients with intractable ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that may become intractable when treated with conventional medications such as aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, and azathioprine. The herbal medicine Qing Dai has traditionally been used in Chinese medicine to treat UC patients, but there is a lack of published data on the efficacy of Qing Dai in UC treatment. We report several cases of patients with intractable UC who take Qing Dai in a retrospective observational study. Furthermore, we explore the mechanisms of action of Qing Dai. Nine patients with active UC who received conventional medications but wished to receive Qing Dai as an alternative medication were included in our analysis. The UC severity level was determined based on the clinical activity index (CAI). Additionally, 5 of the 9 patients were endoscopically evaluated according to the Matts grading system. Each patient received 2 g/d of Qing Dai orally and continued taking other medications for UC as prescribed. Electron spin resonance was applied to explore the mechanisms of action of Qing Dai. After 4 mo of treatment with Qing Dai, the CAI score decreased from 8.3 ± 2.4 to 2.4 ± 3.4 (mean ± SD; P < 0.001). Similarly, the endoscopic Matts grade decreased from 3.4 ± 0.5 to 2.2 ± 0.8 (P = 0.02). Six of 7 patients who were on prednisolone upon enrollment in the study were able to discontinue this corticosteroid. Electron spin resonance revealed that Qing Dai possesses strong hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Qing Dai showed significant clinical and endoscopic efficacy in patients who failed to respond to conventional medications. Scavenging of hydroxyl radicals appears to be a potential mechanism through which Qing Dai acts, but the significance of the scavenging ability of Qing Dai with respect to the anti-inflammatory effect in UC patients warrants further investigation.

Effect of Qing'e Formula on Circulating Sclerostin Levels in Patients with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Summary： Serum sclerostin is positively associated with serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Our preliminary studies confirmed that Qing＇e formula （QEF） could effectively increase serum 25 hy- droxyvitamin D concentration in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis （PMOP）, but the effect of supplementation with QEF on serum sclerostin is unknown. This study investigated the effects of sup- plementation of QEF on serum sclerostin levels in patients with PMOP. Totally 120 outpatients and in- patients with PMOP treated in our hospital between January and October 2012 were randomly divided into QEF＋calcium group, alfacalcidol＋calcium group, and placebo＋calcium group （n=40 each）, with a follow-up period of 2 years. The serum levels of sclerostin, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, and bone turnover markers （β-CTX, N-MID and T-PINP） at baseline and at the 6th month, 1st year, 1.5th year, and 2nd year after treatment were measured. The results showed that the levels of circulating sclerostin were in- creased significantly at the 6th month after treatment in QEF＋calcium group and alfacalcidol＋calcium group as compared with placebo＋calcium group （P〈0.05）, but there was no significant difference be- tween the former two groups （P〉0.05）. The levels of β-CTX, N-MID and T-PINP in serum were de- creased in both QEF＋calcium group and alfacalcidol＋calcium group at the 6th month after treatment, without significant difference between the two groups （P〉0.05）. BUt the levels were significantly lower than that in placebo＋calcium group （P〈0.05）. These results suggest that the mechanism by which QEF modulates bone metabolism in patients with PMOP might be related with the effect of QEF in increas- ing sclerostin expression. Our findings provide a scientific rationale for using QEF as an effective drug to prevent bone loss in PMOP.

Effects of Qing’E Formula on the Expression of Bone Metabolic Markers and VDR mRNA in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Patients

Objectives: To study the partial mechanism of treating postmenopausal osteoporosis patients (POPs) using the ancient recipe of Qing’E Formula (QEF) by observing its effects on bone metabolic markers and VDR mRNA expression in primary POPs. Methods: Analysis was performed on 120 outpatient and inpatient POPs treated in our hospital between January and October 2013, where the patients were randomly divided into Qing’E group (QEF + Caltrate), Calcitriol group (Caltrate + Calcitriol soft capsules), and Compare group (Caltrate), each with a follow-up period of 1 year. Statistical analysis was then performed on bone mineral density, blood bone metabolic markers (β-CTX, N-MID, T-PINP) and changes in VDR mRNA expressions in the POPs before and after the treatments. Results: Prior to the treatments, bone mineral density and blood β-CTX, N-MID, T-PINP and VDR mRNA expression in the 3 groups of POPs exhibited no statistically significant differences, and the blood β-CTX, N-MID, T-PINP and VDR mRNA expression in the control group showed no statistically significant differences before and after the treatments. There were no significant differences in bone mineral density in the Qing’E group and the Calcitriol group before and after the treatments whereas the bone mineral density decreased in the control group after the treatments. As for blood β-CTX, N-MID, T-PINP and VDR mRNA expression, the measurements in POPs in the Qing’E group and the Calcitriol group were significantly higher than that of the control group. Conclusion: By adjusting the VDR mRNA expression, the QEF, a kidney-invigorating Chinese herbal formula, is capable of activating bone metabolism to prohibit further losses of bone mass, thereby preventing the deterioration of osteoporosis.

Qingfei Paidu Decoction for COVID-19: A Bibliometric Analysis

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been used for thousands of years in fighting epidemics and has achieved remarkable therapeutic effects[1].The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has been effectively controlled in China under a series of policies.

Effect of <i>Qing’e Pill</i>plus <i>Salvia</i>on Non-Traumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head of Idiopathic Type in Earlier Stage: A Case Report of a Twelve-Month of Period

Background: Compromised circulatory and bone/lipid metabolic dysfunction are two major contributors to non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Qing’e pill plus Salvia has significant anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic action, and it could also regulate bone formation and remodeling by suppressing osteoclasts. Case Report: We describe a case of a 62-year- old man with ONFH of idiopathic type in earlier stage that could not be adequately controlled with oral non-steroidal analgesics and restoring bone loss agents for past 3 years. After six months treatment with Qing’e pill plus Salvia, the plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1), apolipoprotein B (apo B), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and blood viscosity were measured on an empty stomach. The Harris scores were maintained during a six months follow-up after discontinuation of Qing’e pill plus Salvia. Discussion: Our case has shown that plasma levels of inflammatory and atherosclerotic relaxed factors and the Harris scores may be controlled with herbal medication in ONFH of idiopathic type in earlier stage that could not be adequately controlled with oral non-steroidal analgesics and restoring bone loss agents.

Systems pharmacology approach reveals protective mechanisms of Jian-Pi Qing-Chang decoction on ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND Given the complex pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), the conventional therapeutic methods are not fully curative. As a sort of systematic complementary and alternative medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides new options for the standard therapy. Nevertheless, there are still numerous problems with the promotion of TCM attributed to its complexity, and consequently, new research approaches are urgently needed. Thus, we explored the protective effects of Jian-Pi Qing-Chang (JPQC) decoction on UC based on systems pharmacology approach, which might fill the current innovation gap in drug discovery and clinical practice pertaining to TCM. AIM To investigate the protective mechanisms of JPQC decoction on UC based on systems pharmacology approach. METHODS We performed systems pharmacology to predict the active ingredients, the matched targets, and the potential pharmacological mechanism of JPQC on UC. In vivo, we explored the effects of JPQC in a colitis model induced by dextran sulfate sodium. In vitro, we adopted the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) as well as BMDMs co-cultured with Caco2 cells to verify the underlying mechanisms and effects of JPQC on UC under TNF-α stimulation. RESULTS Systems pharmacology revealed 170 targets for the 107 active ingredients of JPQC and 112 candidate targets of UC. Protein-protein interaction networks were established to identify the underlying therapeutic targets of JPQC on UC. Based on enrichment analyses, we proposed our hypothesis that JPQC might have a protective effect on UC via the NF-κB/HIF-1α signalling pathway. Subsequent experimental validation revealed that treatment with TNFα activated the NF-κB/HIF-1α signalling pathway in BMDMs, thereby damaging the epithelial barrier permeability in co-cultured Caco2 cells, while JPQC rescued this situation. The findings were also confirmed in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model. CONCLUSION JPQC could improve the mucosal inflammatory response and intestinal epithelial barrier function via the NF-κB/HIF-1α signalling pathway, which provides new perspectives on the pharmaceutical development and clinical practice of TCM.

Water Bath Extraction Optimization of Polyphenols from Qing Brick Tea and Raw Material Selection for Tea Polyphenol Extraction

In this paper,single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiment were conducted to optimize the water bath extraction of polyphenols from Qing Brick Tea,and the optimal extraction conditions obtained were as follows:solvent of 50%ethanol,solid/liquid ratio of 1∶30,temperature of 80℃,and time of 6 min.Under the optimal water bath extraction conditions,polyphenols in fresh tea leaves,fresh tea petioles,fresh tea blades,finished brick tea,finished tea petioles,finished tea blades,tea dregs after brewing and tea dregs after boiling were extracted,respectively.It was found that the quality fraction of polyphenols extracted from fresh tea leaves was the highest,with the best extraction effect.The extraction effect of leaf blades was better than that of leaf petioles,and the extraction effect of tea dregs after brewing was better than that of tea dregs after boiling.

The prevention and treatment of COVID-19 with Qingfei Paidu decoction in shanxi, China

Background In December 2019,Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19)burst in Wuhan,China,and wreaked havoc over the country.On January 27,2020,the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine urgently launched the special project,“research on screening effective prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for prevention and treatment of COVID-19”.As the first pilot areas,Shanxi Province,Hebei Province,Heilongjiang Province and Shaanxi Province carried out clinical observation of Qingfei Paidu decoction in preventing and treating COVID-19.

THE UPLIFT PROCESS OF QING-ZANG PLATEAU

The uplift of Qing—Zang (Qinghai—Tibet) plateau was the most important event in the late Cenozoic, which deeply influenced the environments of the World, especially those of China. Since the uplift is so important and complex that it has been become the research focus of earth science. Nevertheless, the initial time and evolution process of the uplift is still controversial.1\ The initial time of the uplift\;Qing\|Zang plateau is a union geological\|geomorphic unit, which is composed of several geological\|structural units. Each geological\|structural unit has itself exchange history of sea\|continent (basin\|mountain); the exchange time of the different parts differs. Therefore, the initial time of some part of the plateau is not the uplift time of the whole plateau. The plateau is the highland with high height above sea level, little relief of the top, large area and steep boundary. The plateau plane is the paleo\|peneplain, which was formed by the uplift of the plateau after the peneplanation. Therefore, the initial time of the uplift should be counted from the time that the peneplain had been formed.

SHANGHAI'S FASHION DURING THE LATE QING DYNASTY PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyse Shanghai’s fashion in Late Qing Dynasty (the 1840’s-1911), with an emphasis on the fashionable clothing worn by adult. Three aspects is discussed: the development of as a fashion center, the men’s fashion in Shanghai and the women’s fashion in Shanghai. In these parts, the style, textiles, colour, decoration and combination of clothing are described. Many costumes from museums and private collections as well as some historical writings, paintings and photographs are elucidated to give a description about Shanghai’s fashion looks during that period.Here are some tentative conclusions. Firstly, Shanghai has always been a fashion center in China since 1860’s. Shimao was the most important characteristic of clothing. Secondly, fashion of traditional clothing was described as highly stylized, gorgeous, exquisite, miscellaneous, detailed and multicolored. Thirdly, the influence of Western clothing was upwards. It was more obvious in Shanghai than in