The amino acids differences in epitopes may promote the different allergenicity of ovomucoid derived from hen eggs and quail eggs

Quail egg ovomucoid can inhibit activation of basophils and eosinophils,while hen egg ovomucoid has been shown to be a major allergen,named Gal d 1.At present,the differences in structure and function between two ovomucoid are unclear.We found the homology of ovomucoid in quail eggs and hen eggs reached77%.Compared with hen egg ovomucoid,the distribution of secondary structure was different in AA52-53,AA57-58,AA66-68,AA71-72,AA131-133,AA139-140,AA157-159 and AA184-185.Among 9 epitopes of egg ovomucoid,there were different amino acids from quail egg ovomucoid in 8 epitopes.Recombination quail egg ovomucoid had trypsin inhibition activity and quail egg ovomucoid didn't specifically bind to serum of eggs allergic patients.Quail egg ovomucoid can significantly inhibit RBL-2 H3 cells degranulation and protect cells morphology to a certain extent,indicating quail egg ovomucoid can inhibit cells activation and have potential anti-allergic effects,which is related to trypsin inhibitory activity.The difference in sensitization compare to hen egg ovomucoid may be due to amino acids differences affecting protein structure by changing antigenic epitopes.

基于脂质组学对5种常见禽蛋蛋黄脂质差异的研究

为研究鸭蛋、鹅蛋、鹌鹑蛋、鸽蛋及鸡蛋蛋黄所含脂质的差异,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱对5种禽蛋黄进行脂质组学分析。结果显示,共检测到6类、26个亚类的1303种脂类。鸭与鸽的蛋黄、鸡与鹌鹑的蛋黄脂质成分相近,鹅蛋与其他蛋黄脂质成分差异最大。鸡蛋黄鞘脂含量最丰富,鹌鹑蛋黄的甘油磷脂含量最高,鸽蛋黄甘油酯含量最低,鸭蛋黄及鸽蛋黄的甘油二酯与甘油三酯含量比值最高,鸭蛋黄及鸽蛋黄中ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。与鸡蛋黄相比,其他禽蛋有33个脂质存在极显著差异(P<0.05、VIP≥1并且FC≥10或FC≤0.1)。研究表明,不同禽蛋黄含有的脂质存在显著差异,当对比甘油酯比例及ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量时,鸭蛋黄和鸽蛋黄较鸡蛋黄、鹅蛋黄、鹌鹑蛋黄有优势。

实验用鹌鹑遗传检测方法的初步建立

目的建立封闭群实验用鹌鹑微卫星DNA遗传检测方法。方法通过文献检索,筛选鹌鹑微卫星位点,利用种间转移法,在鹌鹑近缘物种—鸡和鸭筛选适合鹌鹑的微卫星DNA位点。提取鹌鹑肝组织DNA作为模板,并通过PCR扩增以及琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术,对相应的位点进行筛选。最后根据所选微卫星位点扩增情况、等位基因数目和多态性等,筛选出适用于鹌鹑遗传质量检测的微卫星位点组合并建立检测方法。结果初步确定适用于封闭群实验用鹌鹑遗传检测的23个微卫星位点组合。结论初步建立了实验用鹌鹑的遗传质量检测方法。

高尿酸血症状态下低度炎症的病理特点研究

目的:探讨高尿酸血症(HUA)状态下低度炎症的病理特点。方法:根据体质量随机将迪法克鹌鹑分为正常组、模型组,每组10只。以普通饲料:酵母浸膏粉=4∶1制备食饵,并以该食饵喂养模型组鹌鹑,正常组鹌鹑则自由饮食饮水。分别于造模第10、20、30天检测血清尿酸,血清炎症介质白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-33、IL-2、IL-13、IL-8、IL-17、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12/P40、IL-16、IL-21、C反应蛋白(CRP)、粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、趋化因子CC配体2(CCL2)及γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、神经突起生长导向因子2(Netrin-2)、五聚蛋白3(Pentraxin 3),观察各炎症介质强度变化;造模第30天,取鹌鹑肝、回肠、肾各脏器组织,进行HE染色后观察组织病理形态变化;造模第20天,用基因本体(GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析差异炎症介质功能及相关信号通路;用Pearson相关性分析方法分析差异炎症介质与血清尿酸水平的相关性。结果:与正常组比较,模型组鹌鹑血清尿酸水平高(P<0.05),以血清IL-17、IL-6、IL-33等为主的白细胞介素类,以IL-8、CCL2为主的趋化因子类,IFN-γ、TNF-α、CRP及GM-CSF水平均升高(P<0.05),而IL-13、IL-10水平降低(P<0.05)。造模第20天,GO/KEGG富集分析结果显示,HUA状态下的低度炎症可能是尿酸代谢靶点群,通过IL-17、Janus激酶信号转导和转录激活因子(JAK-STAT)等信号通路激活、细胞因子-细胞因子间相互作用,从而诱导IL-6、TNF-α等炎症介质产生。2组组织病理变化结果显示,与正常组相比,模型组回肠组织黏膜下层可见炎性细胞浸润,肝、肾组织未见明显差异。差异炎症介质与血清尿酸水平的相关性分析结果显示,鹌鹑血清中IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、IL-33、IL-17、IL-8、IFN-γ、CCL2、GM-CSF、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6水平均与血清尿酸水平正相关,IL-10、IL-13水平与血清尿酸水平负相关。结论:HUA鹌鹑模型存在低度炎症,该低度炎症可能与尿酸代谢靶点群通过IL-17、JAK-STAT等信号通路的激活以及细胞因子间的相互作用,从而调控IL-6、TNF-α等炎症介质的产生有关。

不同C_(18)固相萃取柱对鹌鹑蛋中6类兽药残留测定的影响研究

使用不同C_(18)固相萃取柱对鹌鹑蛋进行处理,通过对比基质效应、回收率、精密度的结果,评价不同C_(18)固相萃取柱对6类兽药残留测定情况的影响。结果表明,使用不同C_(18)固相萃取柱后,6类目标物质保留时间出峰一致,且目标物质峰形良好,净化效果基本一致。对同一种化合物的基质效应标准偏差均小于10%。3种不同浓度下,6类兽药的平均回收率为71.4%~116.1%,精密度为2.6%~15.5%,均满足使用效果。

Numerical three-dimensional modeling of earthen dam piping failure

A physically-based numerical three-dimensional earthen dam piping failure model is developed for homogeneous and zoned soil dams.This model is an erosion model,coupled with force/moment equilibrium analyses.Orifice flow and two-dimensional(2D)shallow water equations(SWE)are solved to simulate dam break flows at different breaching stages.Erosion rates of different soils with different construction compaction efforts are calculated using corresponding erosion formulae.The dam's real shape,soil properties,and surrounding area are programmed.Large outer 2D-SWE grids are used to control upstream and downstream hydraulic conditions and control the boundary conditions of orifice flow,and inner 2D-SWE flow is used to scour soil and perform force/moment equilibrium analyses.This model is validated using the European Commission IMPACT(Investigation of Extreme Flood Processes and Uncertainty)Test#5 in Norway,Teton Dam failure in Idaho,USA,and Quail Creek Dike failure in Utah,USA.All calculated peak outflows are within 10%errors of observed values.Simulation results show that,for a V-shaped dam like Teton Dam,a piping breach location at the abutment tends to result in a smaller peak breach outflow than the piping breach location at the dam's center;and if Teton Dam had broken from its center for internal erosion,a peak outflow of 117851 m'/s,which is 81%larger than the peak outflow of 65120 m3/s released from its right abutment,would have been released from Teton Dam.A lower piping inlet elevation tends to cause a faster/earlier piping breach than a higher piping inlet elevation.

一株鹌鹑源禽流感病毒A/quail/Jilin/7/2015(H9N2)的遗传进化分析和致病性研究

为探究从死亡鹌鹑肺脏分离鉴定出的1株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)A/quail/Jilin/7/2015(简称QA/JL/7/15)在流感病毒生态分布中的进化关系,本研究对QA/JL/7/15株进行了全基因序列测定,并结合Gen Bank中登录的代表性H9N2亚型流感病毒的基因组序列及其它参考株序列进行了遗传进化分析。结果显示,QA/JL/7/15为一株重组病毒,血凝素基因(HA)来自A/chicken/Jiangsu/1/00类病毒株;神经氨酸酶(NA)来自A/chicken/Guangxi/KMIII/1999类病毒株;PB2基因来自A/duck/Shantou/163/2004类病毒株;PB1、PA、NP和NS基因来自A/chicken/Shanghai/F/98类病毒株;M基因来自A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97类病毒株。HA基因与近年中国湖北分离株A/chicken/Hubei/R386/2012(H9)的核苷酸序列同源性最高(98.5%),HA裂解位点推导氨基酸序列为"-RSSR-",为典型低致病性AIV的特征序列,动物实验也显示该病毒株对鸡和小鼠呈现低致病性。本研究首次证实H9N2重组病毒株在我国鹌鹑中出现,为AI防控提供了实验依据。

不同水平的牛磺酸对蛋用鹌鹑生长、产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响

试验旨在考察牛磺酸对蛋用鹌鹑生长、产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响。将1 800只1日龄鹌鹑分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复200只鹌鹑。各组鹌鹑日粮中分别添加0、100、300 mg/kg的牛磺酸。试验期共46周,分为两个阶段,第一阶段为0~6周,第二阶段为7~46周。结果显示,与对照组相比,日粮中添加300 mg/kg牛磺酸可显著降低生长期鹌鹑的料重比(P<0.05),显著提高产蛋期鹌鹑的产蛋率和哈氏单位(P<0.05),降低产蛋期鹌鹑料蛋比和破软蛋率(P<0.05);日粮中添加100 mg/kg牛磺酸可显著降低破软蛋率(P<0.05),但对平均日采食量、产蛋率、料蛋比等影响不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明,牛磺酸对蛋用鹌鹑生产性能的影响与其添加量有关,添加量为100 mg/kg时作用效果不明显。

Abdominal Fat Accumulation with Hyperuricemia and Hypercholesterolemia Quail Model Induced by High Fat Diet

Objective To establish abdominal fat accumulation with hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia quail model fed with high fat diet. And then to investigate the pathological characteristics of this quail model. Methods Thirty Longcheng quails were randomly divided into two groups: control group and model group (n=15). The control group quails were fed with normal diet and model group quails were fed with high fat diet for 14 days. After a 12-hour overnight fast, liver and abdominal fat at euthanasia as well as serum were collected. The levels of serum uric acid, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride, free fatty acid (FFA), and blood glucose were assayed. The activity changes of adenosine deaminase (ADA), xanthine oxidase (XOD), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL), and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were analyzed. Results Compared with control group, the abdominal fat content (0.74±0.63 vs. 1.36±0.65 g, P<0.05) and abdominal fat index (0.44%±0.30% vs. 0.85%±0.30%, P<0.01) as well as live lipid index (3.61%±0.65% vs. 11.33%±2.14%, P<0.01) in model group significantly increased; the levels of serum uric acid (210.61±94.76 vs. 304.25±141.94 μmol/L, P<0.05), total cholesterol (4.20±0.51 vs. 20.10± 11.25 mmol/L, P<0.01), LDL-C (1.16±0.29 vs. 10.78±6.48 mmol/L, P<0.01), and FFA (0.39±0.14 vs. 0.55±0.15 mmol/L, P<0.01) in model group significantly increased; HDL-C (5.85±0.95 vs. 4.14±2.03 mmol/L, P<0.05) significantly decreased; the levels of triglyceride and blood glucose had no significant changes (P>0.05); the activities of ADA (9.71±3.05 vs. 17.19±5.10 U/ml, P<0.01) and XOD (10.58±6.88 vs. 19.22±9.44 U/L, P<0.01) in model group significantly increased; and FAS, LPL, HL had no significant changes (P>0.05). Conclusions High fat diet can induce abdominal fat accumulation with hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia quail model. The changes of uric acid and lipid metabolic enzyme activities may be the pathological mechanism of abdominal fat accumulation with hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia.

Effection of Lead Poisoning and Newcastle Disease Vaccine on Development of Egg Yellow Feather Quail

[ Objective] To investigate the effects of Newcastle disease vaccination and lead exposure on growth and development of egg yellow feather quail. [ Method] Ninety 14-day-old quails were assigned randomly to 10 groups （ n = 9）, and they fed and drunk at liberty. A 2 ×5 factorial design was used. The quail immunized with ND vaccine and those non-immunized were exposed to lead at a dosage of 0, 50,500, 1 000 and 2 000 mg/L, respectively. [Result] The ND immunization reduced body weight significantly （ P 〈 0.01 ） and increased liver index and serum levels of hy- aluronic acid in quail within 1 -2 weeks post inoculation. The quail exposed to 2 000 mg/L lead acetate had significantly lower body weight than the control （ P 〈 0.01 ）. From 7 weeks old, the same inhibitory effect was observed in the quail＇exposed to lead at different dosages （ P 〈 0.01 ）. In addition, the lead poisoning could cause decreased feed intake, depilation, gonadal dysgenesis, and increased serum levels of hyaluronic acid. [ Conduslon] The inhibitory effect of ND vaccination on growth of quail occurs within 1 -2 weeks post inoculation; thus, the effects of immune stress should not be worried in quail production. The lead poisoning has significant effects on body weight and feed intake of quail, and lead dosage and duration affect the inhibitory effects of lead. Gonadal dysgenesis is an important indicator of lead poisoning in. quail. The serum levels of hyaluronic acid can be used to determine whether the quail have been immunized with ND vaccine or have contacted lead pollutants.

Identification of the Sex of Earlier Embryos from Generic Hybrids of Chicken-Quail by Wpkci

In this study, a protocol was developed to identify the sex of earlier embryos of chicken （♂）-quail （♀） hybrids and successfully tested the sex proportion of each period （66-120 h）. We acquired cross bred eggs by artificial insemination, hatched them in the same batch according to the standard hatching condition of chicken, and collected earlier living embryos at 66, 72, 78, 84, 90, 96, 102, 108, 114, and 120 h randomly. We adopted RT-PCR protocol and multiple PCR, made the known sex quail as the external control, employed fl-actin as the internal control, and used primers that were designed according to conservative area of gene Wpkci of quail to identify the sex of earlier hybrid embryos. The results indicated that the primer of Wpkci can be used to identify the sex of hybrid embryos accurately; there were more male than female in earlier embryos, the sex proportion of earlier embryos compared with academic numerical value was significantly different （P〈0.01）, and there was no difference between different periods （P〉0.05）. In the present study, we concluded that a simple, fast, credible and stable protocol to identify the sex of earlier hybrids embryos had been established by using primer of Wpkci; in earlier embryos, the death rate of female was higher than that of male and there was no fluctuant peak.

Chromosomal Localization of a Quail Homeobox Gene: Quox-1

Quox 1 is an Antp like homeobox gene of quail embryo whose expression occurs throughout the developing central nevous system. Using a Dig labeled probe, we localized quox 1 gene on the terminal region of the long arm of quail's chromosome 1 by ISH.

Effect of Active Dried Yeast on Intestine Development,Intestinal Flora and Serum Cholesterol Mass Concentration of Quails

[ Objective] The experiments aimed to investigate the effect of dietary active dried yeast on intestine development, intestinal flora and serum cholesterol mass concentration of quails. [ Method] One-day-old 180 quails were randomly divided into 4 groups, 3 repetitions, each with 15 quails. Control group was fed with basic dietary, while experimental groups were added with 0.6, 1,2 g/kg active dried yeast respectively in basic dietary, [ Result] Addition of active dried yeast had little effect on quails＇ intestine development（ P 〉0.05）. With the increasing adding amount active dried yeast, the number of colibacillus decreased significantly （P 〈0.05） while lactobacillus content increasing sharply （P 〈 0.05）. Dietary with 1 and 2 g/kg active dried yeast can significantly decrease the mass concentration of cholesterol in serum （ P 〈 0.05）. [ Conclusion ] Adding active dried yeast in feed can decrease the number of colibacillus while increasing lactobacillus content in intestinal tract of quails, also can low serum cholesterol mass concentration.

Calcium Participates in Secretion of Porphyrin from Shell Gland Epithelial Cells of Japanese Quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>)

To investigate factors involved in the secretion of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a superficial eggshell pigment, from shell gland epithelial cells of Japanese quail, we cultured cells in Ham’s F12 medium with calcium chloride and quail plasma. The addition of hormones (prostaglandin F2α, progesterone, estradiol-17β) to the medium did not change the PpIX concentration in the culture supernatant, but changing the calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration did: a lower concentration of CaCl2 led to a higher PpIX concentration;0 mM CaCl2 enhanced the secretion of PpIX from epithelial cells prepared at 5 or 7 mM CaCl2. The result suggests that a drop in concentration of CaCl2 mimics the end of shell calcification and stimulates rapid secretion of PpIX in vivo. Bovine serum albumin was almost as effective as quail plasma for PpIX secretion in culture, and would facilitate further study of the mechanism of PpIX secretion.

<i>In Vitro</i>Culture of Shell Gland Epithelial Cells in Japanese Quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>)

To investigate the secretion of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), superficial eggshell pigment, from shell gland cells of Japanese quail, the epithelial cells of the gland were collected and isolated for cultivation in vitro. An analysis of a peak for PpIX in the cells was performed using a fluorescence microplate reader. The measurement showed that PpIX has a peak of excitation wavelength at 410 nm and emission wavelength at 606 nm in the culture medium (HamF12 + 4% HCl). Volumes of PpIX in the medium after 4 hour culture of the cells were measured with a microplate reader using filter set of excitation wavelength 400/30nm and emission wavelength 620/40nm. However the cells did not secrete significantly PpIX during 4 hour incubation in this culture system, addition of quail plasma to the medium resulted in significantly higher secretion. A cultivation system in this study is able to use for the study on the mechanism of the secretion of eggshell pigment, PpIX from Japanese quail shell gland epithelial cells.

Roles of Sex Steroids in the Crowings with Sexual and Non-Sexual Motivations in Female Japanese Quail, <i>Coturnix Japonica</i>

To examine the sex differences in the crowing behavior of the Japanese quail, we investigated the effects of sex steroids on calling behaviors using female birds, and the data were compared with those obtained in our previous study in male birds which was performed using the same experimental procedures as those in the present study. We injected the female quails daily from 11 to 41 days after hatching with testosterone propionate (TP), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT;a non-aromatizable androgen), estradiol benzoate (EB) or vehicle, and examined their calling behaviors in both sexual and non-sexual contexts. In a non-sexual context of the birds being isolated in a recording chamber, androgens, either TP or DHT, induced crowing in place of distress calling while EB simply inhibited distress calling. These effects of sex steroids on the calling behaviors were almost identical to those in the male quails. In a sexual context of the birds being left undisturbed in their home cages, crowing was induced by chronic treatment with TP, but not either DHT or EB, suggesting that both estrogenic and androgenic actions are required to induce the sexually motivated crowing. Although these results were basically the same as those in the male quails, the crowing in the female quails occurred much less frequently compared to that of the male quails. These data suggest that in the Japanese quail, crowing behavior, when it is restricted to sexually motivated one, is quantitatively different between male and female in the responsiveness to sex steroids.

Effect of the Quail Phenotype and Breeding Age on Egg Laying and Characteristics

In order to evaluate the effect of phenotype and quail age on laying rate and egg characteristics, a study has been carried out in Ngaoundéré from February to August 2019. 216 quails were divided into 36 batches of 6 animals each (5 females and 1 male) according to age and phenotype. The experimental animals were white, spotted white, grey and brown phenotypes and were one, six and ten months old. Eggs were collected for three weeks between 8 pm - 4 pm and 4 pm - 8 pm, counted, weighed and measured. 15 eggs per phenotype were randomly selected, broken individually, which allowed the internal parameters to be evaluated. The main results show that the quails laid more eggs between 4 pm - 8 pm, the highest laying rate was obtained in quails at one moth of laying and the spotted white phenotype had a high laying rate (74.03%) compared to other phenotypes. At one month of breeding age, quails with the spotted white phenotype showed a higher laying rate (93.34%), brown (78.75%) and grey (74%) at six months and finally white (71%) at ten months. Weight, height, diameter and egg shape index did not vary with the quail phenotype. The highest egg volume (12.60 ml) was found in white quails. The shells of white spotted quails were thicker than those of other phenotypes. Grey quails laid eggs with the highest Haugh’s index and proportion of edible matter. Brown quail eggs were found to have a higher proportion of dry yolk matter. Dry matter and moisture content of albumen did not vary with the quail phenotype. Considering the results obtained, it has been concluded that spotted white phenotype quails are more suitable for reproduction as they presented the best egg-laying proportions of edible matter.

Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizomes Essential Oil on Some Reproductive Parameters in Laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

To assess the effect of ginger rhizomes essential oil on some reproductive parameters of laying birds, 80 female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) aged 3 weeks and weighing between 120 - 130 g were randomly assigned into 4 dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. From 3 till 13 weeks, birds in group 1 (control) received distilled water orally (100 μl/kg body weight), while the other three test groups during the same period, received respectively by gavage 50, 100 and 150 μl of ginger roots essential oil per kg body weight. At 11 weeks old, eight birds per group in each treatment were randomly selected and slaughtered, blood samples collected for analysis. On the other hand, the remaining females were maintained 3 with one untreated male in identical boxes per treatment, for fertility assessment, eggs characteristics and hatchability traits. Throughout the experiment, biochemical parameters, eggs characteristics, fertility and hatchability traits were analyzed. No significant change (p > 0.05) was observed during the experimental period for body and relative ovary weights. Contrary, the relative uterus weight significantly increased (p < 0.05) in dose-dependent manner. The level of serum total proteins, LH, FSH and estradiol significantly increased (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Also, fertility, hatchability of fertile eggs, total hatchability and chick’s weight significantly increased (p < 0.05) in birds received 100 and 150 μl/kg b.w compared to those of control group. On the other hand, embryonic mortality decreased significantly (p < 0.05) whatever the ginger rhizomes essential oil dose. It was concluded that ginger rhizomes essential oil enhances bird reproductive performances, proteins and reproductive hormone levels and hatchability traits in treated female quails.

鹌鹑实验动物化简史及相关研究进展

鹌鹑是一种重要的生产和实验用家禽,可按照实验动物标准进行实验动物化。文章总结了鹌鹑实验动物化简史及当前与实验动物领域密切相关的研究进展,包括分类学地位和驯化、常用的品种品系及资源、无菌鹌鹑培育、近交系鹌鹑培育、实验室饲养健康管理和资源保存,并对实验鹌鹑的应用前景进行了展望。