Multiscale hierarchical analysis of rock mass and prediction of its mechanical and hydraulic properties

Engineering geological and hydro-geological characteristics of foundation rock and surrounding rock mass are the main factors that affect the stability of underground engineering. This paper presents the concept of multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models to describe the rock mass, including its structures in different scales and corresponding scale dependence. Four scales including regional scale,engineering scale, laboratory scale and microscale are determined, and the corresponding scaledependent geological structures and their characterization methods are provided. Image analysis and processing method, geostatistics and Monte Carlo simulation technique are used to establish the multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models, in which the main micro-and macro-structures of rock mass in different geological units and scales are reflected and connected. A computer code is developed for numerically analyzing the strength, fracture behavior and hydraulic conductivity of rock mass using the multiscale hierarchical digital models. Using the models and methods provided in this paper, the geological information of rock mass in different geological units and scales can be considered sufficiently,and the influence of downscale characteristics(such as meso-scale) on the upscale characteristics(such as engineering scale) can be calculated by considering the discrete geological structures in the downscale model as equivalent continuous media in the upscale model. Thus the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass may be evaluated rationally and precisely. The multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models and the corresponding methods proposed in this paper provide a unified and simple solution for determining the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass in different scales.

Failure evaluation and control factor analysis of slope block instability along traffic corridor in Southeastern Tibet

The instability of slope blocks occurred frequently along traffic corridor in Southeastern Tibet(TCST),which was primarily controlled by the rock mass structures.A rapid method evaluating the control effects of rock mass structures was proposed through field statistics of the slopes and rock mass structures along TCST,which combined the stereographic projection method,modified M-JCS model,and limit equilibrium theory.The instabilities of slope blocks along TCST were then evaluated rapidly,and the different control factors of instability were analyzed.Results showed that the probabilities of toppling(5.31%),planar(16.15%),and wedge(35.37%)failure of slope blocks along TCST increased sequentially.These instability modes were respectively controlled by the anti-dip joint,the joint parallel to slope surface with a dip angle smaller than the slope angle(singlejoint),and two groups of joints inclined out of the slope(double-joints).Regarding the control effects on slope block instability,the stabilization ability of doublejoints(72.7%),anti-dip joint(67.4%),and single-joint(57.6%)decreased sequentially,resulting in different probabilities of slope block instability.Additionally,nearby regional faults significantly influenced the joints,leading to spatial heterogeneity and segmental clustering in the stabilization ability provided by joints to the slope blocks.Consequently,the stability of slope blocks gradually weakened as they approached the fault zones.This paper can provide guidance and assistance for investigating the development characteristics of rock mass structures and the stability of slope blocks.

Multiscale Hierarchical Digital Rock Mass Models and Numerical Testing on Mechanical and Hydaulic Properties of Rock Mass

Underground space utilization and exploration is an irreversible trend for promoting sustainable development especially in megacities.Geotechnical engineering safety is always one of the most important issues in all phases,including planning,design, construction and operation,of the underground project.Engineering geological and hydro-geological characteristics of the foundation rock mass

Growth behavior and resource potential evaluation of gas hydrate in core fractures in Qilian Mountain permafrost area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment,due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources.Understanding the formation and distribution of multi-component gas hydrates in fractures is crucial in accurately evaluating the hydrate reservoir resources in this area.The hydrate formation experiments were carried out using the core samples drilled from hydrate-bearing sediments in Qilian Mountain permafrost area and the multi-component gas with similar composition to natural gas hydrates in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.The formation and distribution characteristics of multi-component gas hydrates in core samples were observed in situ by X-ray Computed Tomography(X-CT)under high pressure and low temperature conditions.Results show that hydrates are mainly formed and distributed in the fractures with good connectivity.The ratios of volume of hydrates formed in fractures to the volume of fractures are about 96.8%and 60.67%in two different core samples.This indicates that the fracture surface may act as a favorable reaction site for hydrate formation in core samples.Based on the field geological data and the experimental results,it is preliminarily estimated that the inventory of methane stored in the fractured gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost area is about 8.67×1013 m3,with a resource abundance of 8.67×108 m3/km2.This study demonstrates the great resource potential of fractured gas hydrate and also provides a new way to further understand the prospect of natural gas hydrate and other oil and gas resources in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.

Rapid intelligent evaluation method and technology for determining engineering rock mass quality

The evaluation of engineering rock mass quality is fundamental work for the engineering activities of rock mass.The increasing scale of rock mass engineering necessitates higher intelligence,timeliness,and accuracy in engineering rock mass quality evaluation.As the core aspects of engineering rock mass quality evaluation,the structural characteristics,mechanical characteristics,and quality classification of rock mass have been innovated in recent years.The non-contact measurement technology for rock mass structure and rapid interpretation of rock mass structure information enables the intelligent extraction and analysis of rock mass structure parameters.The modular backpack laboratory system of rock mechanics provides an effective means to acquire rock mechanical parameters on-site conveniently.The theory of statistical mechanics of rock mass(SMRM)integrates various factors such as the rock mass properties,geological environment,and engineering disturbance,providing a theoretical basis for accurately evaluating the weakening and anisotropy of rock mass.The cloud computing platform established based on SMRM can provide technical support for the rapid calculation of rock mass parameters and instant evaluation of the rock mass quality.The development of intelligent evaluation method and technology is altering the conventional technical state of qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluation of engineering rock mass quality,supporting the realization of rock mass engineering construction with intellectualization and informatization.

基于BWO-RF模型的岩体质量评价方法

岩体质量分级是地下工程初期设计和施工的基础。为了更加高效准确地开展岩体质量评价,提出了一种基于白鲸优化(BWO)随机森林的岩体质量评价模型——BWO-RF模型,同时构建了麻雀搜索算法优化随机森林(SSA-RF)、粒子群优化随机森林(PSO-RF)和未优化随机森林(RF)的岩体质量评价模型进行对比。在模型构建前,建立了包含131组工程实例数据的数据库,运用该数据库最终完成了4种模型的训练和测试。基于模型测试结果,采用准确率、查准率、召回率、F1值和AUC值5个评价指标对模型进行对比优选。研究结果表明:BWO-RF模型各项评价指标均优于其余3种模型,具有更优的评价性能;经过工程实例验证,本研究所提出的BWO-RF模型预测准确率达90%,可为实际工程建设提供参考依据,具备实际工程应用价值。

基于加权隶属度矩阵的岩体质量优化分级及支护研究

巷道围岩质量分级是巷道围岩稳定性分析、合理支护设计与施工的基础。提高分级结果的准确性,是提升支护效果和巷道围岩稳定性的关键途径。以RMR法为基础,以某一测点的分级因素指标值为例,构建RMR法各分级指标的隶属度矩阵,再结合熵值法确定分级指标的权重,得到加权隶属度矩阵,构造优化后的评分公式,进行指标优化评分和围岩质量分级,然后根据围岩质量分级结果及松动圈监测结果设计支护参数,利用FLAC3D进行模拟计算以巷道围岩塑性区体积和顶底板收敛量为评价指标,研究优化前后的支护效果。研究结果表明:经过优化后的指标评分和围岩等级更加准确,巷道支护参数设计更加合理,数值模拟结果显示其能有效地提升围岩的稳定性,并将优化后的支护设计参数应用于工程,取得了良好的效果。研究成果可有效解决巷道围岩分级因素指标值位于分级边界或分级跨度大的问题,为矿山岩体质量分级与支护设计提供参考。

基于优化组合赋权的可拓学磷矿山岩体质量评价

为解决岩体质量评价相邻等级之间指标参数模糊不确定性问题,引入可拓学理论,提出基于优化组合赋权的可拓学岩体质量分级模型,对昆阳二矿磷矿山地下开采的岩石进行质量评价。首先,根据矿山地质特征选取岩石单轴饱和抗压强度(Rc)、岩石质量指标(RQD)、节理间距(Jd)、结构面条件(Jf)、地下水状态(W)和地应力影响系数(Z)6个影响指标,将每个指标划分为5个等级;然后通过改进的层次分析法和熵权法分别确定指标的主观和客观权重,引入矩估计法对主客观权重进行优化组合;最后应用修正的RMR法和Q系统法对岩体质量进行评价,将分级结果与基于优化组合赋权的可拓学岩体质量分级结果进行比较。研究表明:5个待评价岩体中,除上矿体N3的模型分级结果与修正RMR法存在差异之外,其余岩体的分级结果与修正RMR法相同,使用Q系统法的评价结果整体偏低。此外,该模型可得出岩体质量等级偏向于相邻等级的程度,分级结果符合昆阳二矿磷矿山生产勘探地质报告岩体质量范围,比修正RMR法和Q系统法更加准确,验证了本文方法的可靠性,为地下矿山开采提供了技术支撑。

大西沟铁矿边坡稳定性数值模拟研究

基于现场工程地质调查与室内岩石物理力学试验数据,对大西沟铁矿边坡岩体质量进行评价,确定了岩体的物理力学参数。采用数值模拟方法,对露天矿不同开采阶段的边坡应力、位移、滑移带及安全系数进行了分析,研究结果表明:边坡安全系数随台阶高度下降不断降低;自然条件下,边坡开挖不同阶段安全系数均在1.8以上,边坡稳定性较好。降雨对边坡的稳定性影响显著,饱和状态下终了边坡的安全系数降至1.36,但高于GB 51016—2014《非煤露天矿边坡工程技术规范》规定的安全系数(1.25~1.20),说明矿山采场边坡设计参数合理。研究结果可为矿山后续安全设施设计提供参考依据。

基于数字钻探与多尺度模型融合的隧道岩体完整性自动解译技术研究及应用

在多岩性与多指标钻探数据收集的基础上,综合考虑解译精度与预报效果,借助机器学习工具,提出一种基于数字钻探与多尺度模型融合的隧道岩体完整性自动解译技术。首先,对原始钻探数据有针对性的进行降噪与等距分割(0.5,1,2 m)等预处理,形成多尺度、高质量机器学习数据集;然后,进行模型参数自动寻优、训练、评估与可解释性等操作,验证模型的准确性与可靠性;最后,采用加权平均的方法进行多尺度模型解译结果的融合,以增强该技术的工程实用效果。为方便实际工程应用,以上述技术为核心开发轻量化数字钻探智能解译平台,经多条灰岩与砂岩隧道应用结果表明:对比地质雷达与常规钻探解译,多尺度模型融合解译在解译效率、预测效果等方面总体表现优异,可为隧道施工的开挖与支护提供可靠的岩体完整性信息。

模糊综合评判法在蚀变岩型金矿床岩体质量评价中的应用

对于工程岩体的质量评价,不论是目前常用的Q系统分类法、地质力学RMR分类法还是国标BQ分类法,都存在一定的局限性。为了得到一个更加准确,更贴近真实岩体质量的评价结果,引用模糊综合评判法进行岩体的稳定性评价。以焦家金矿蚀变岩型金矿床为例,对不同蚀变类型的岩性稳定性进行模糊综合评判。结果表明焦家矿区调查区域为-190中段至-330中段之间,除-270以上黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩为Ⅲ类稳定性一般的岩体外,其余蚀变花岗岩的岩体质量均为Ⅳ类较差和Ⅴ类很差的岩体。品位最高的黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩岩体稳定性最差,在施工到相应岩性的采场时特别要注意做好采场的相关支护工作。

基于博弈论的密切值法在水电站岩体质量评价中的应用

针对传统岩体质量评价方法所存在的缺陷,将博弈论和密切值法相结合,用于水电站岩体质量评价。根据水电站岩体质量的分级标准和影响因素,运用密切值法建立岩体质量评价模型,依托博弈论的指标赋权法明确对应指标权重,最后根据密切值的分析结果对岩体质量进行评价,并结合实例进行对比分析。研究结果表明:基于博弈论的组合赋权法确定的组合权重不仅科学合理而且有效克服了密切值法权重计算的主观性;另一方面,采用密切值评价方法对岩体质量评价获得的结果与变权欧式距离评价方法结果比较,结果完全一致,与可拓学理论、未确知测度理论评价结果比较也基本相吻合,具有一定的工程实用价值,可以运用于水电站地下洞室岩体质量评价中。

某露天矿边坡稳定性及优化研究

文章以广西某露天矿山高陡边坡为研究对象,通过现场调查及室内岩石力学试验,结合矿山地质资料,采用RQD和RMR方法进行岩体质量评价,采用RocLab软件确定岩体力学参数,采用极限平衡法并基于Slide软件进行边坡稳定性及优化研究。研究结果表明:使用推荐的优化参数可使现状边坡的安全性和经济性之间达到最佳平衡,采场边坡参数的选取可作为同类矿山参考之依据。

基于地下深部工程岩体特性的RMR系统修正

地下深部工程岩体具有典型的高地应力、高温、高地下水压场特性,地下水、岩石流变、地温和地应力的存在会造成岩体质量下降,因而在对深部工程岩体质量进行评价时,需要根据其特性对传统的浅部岩体质量评价方法即岩体等级(RMR)系统进行修正。通过引入岩体的水弱化修正系数Rw、热弱化修正系数Rθ和岩石流变弱化修正系数Rt对岩石的单轴抗压强度σc进行修正,同时增加地应力修正项P7,并对分类指标P1,P2,P3和P7进行连续性修正,获得符合深部岩体工程围岩质量评价实际状况的修正RMR系统。研究结果表明:随着岩石含水率、温度、荷载历时和地应力的增加,采用修正的RMR系统得到的岩体质量评分值比传统的RMR系统岩体质量评分值低,岩体质量等级略下降,所得结果与深部地下工程岩体状况更吻合。

深部岩体工程围岩质量评价的IRMR法研究

通过采用连续性细化方法,考虑高压地下水和高地温对岩体力学性质的影响,分别引入地下水和地温弱化系数,对传统RMR法中的岩石单轴抗压强度、岩石质量指标和节理间距这3个评价指标的评分标准进行修正,获得3个评价指标和其对应分值之间的非线性连续回归方程;根据深部岩体工程中地应力与岩石强度特征值之间的关系,定义岩体损伤破坏危险度系数,且建立该系数和岩体质量评分修正值之间的对应关系,由此获得适用于深部岩体工程围岩质量评价实际的IRMR法,并用实例验证了该法评价结果的合理性和有效性。

分形理论在岩体质量评价中的应用研究

简要地回顾了岩体质量评价体系，提出了一种利用分形分布与概率的联系来评价岩体质量的方法，并给出了相应的岩体质量评价的标准。研究表明，分维数 Ｄ能够弥补岩石质量指标 ＲＱＤ在评价岩体质量中的某些不足，可以作为评价岩体质量的一个定量指标。

基于RS-TOPSIS法的地下工程岩体质量评价

将逼近理想解的排序法(TOPSIS)运用于地下工程岩体质量评价问题中,选用岩石质量指标、岩石单轴饱和抗压强度、岩体完整性系数、结构面强度系数和地下水渗水量5个影响因素作为地下工程岩体质量评价指标。基于粗糙集理论(RS),通过计算评价指标与评判结果的粗糙依赖度确定评价指标的重要性。以广州抽水蓄能电站1期地下工程岩体17组实测数据和13组插值数据作为学习样本,依据单指标分类区间下限构造5个不同等级的典型样本,通过计算典型样本与正理想解的相对贴近度来确定分类区间,建立RS-TOPSIS地下工程岩体质量评价模型,并逐一对30组学习样本进行回检,正判率为96.7%。将建立好的评价模型运用于该电站2期地下工程岩体质量评价。研究结果表明:采用地下工程岩体质量RS-TOPSIS评价方法获得的结果与突变基数法、BP神经网络法以及支持向量机法评价结果相吻合,该方法具有工程实用价值,可以运用于地下工程岩体质量评价。

考虑岩体开挖卸荷边坡岩体质量评价

正确评价开挖后岩体质量并对其进行分类,对研究岩石边坡开挖卸荷后的稳定性有十分重要的意义。以某水电站坝肩高边坡开挖工程为背景,运用卸荷岩体力学的理论与方法,对坝肩边坡开挖岩体进行三维有限元分析。根据边坡岩体开挖后应力应变场的动态变化情况,确定岩体开挖卸荷后质量损伤劣化程度,并根据岩体开挖卸荷后的力学参数,采用RMR法对开挖后的边坡岩体质量进行评价。结果表明,边坡岩体RMR值随开挖后卸荷量的增大基本呈线性递减趋势,进而考虑开挖卸荷影响因素,修正了RMR法中的评价参数,为以后用该法评价开挖后的岩体质量提供参考。

大型地下铁矿工程地质调查与岩体质量评价

针对劳服铁矿工程地质条件、水文地质条件、岩体力学特性及开采技术条件等,应用岩体工程地质力学方法进行了工程地质划分、节理裂隙统计和岩体结构分类。同时应用《工程岩体分级标准,GB50218-94》分级方法对劳服铁矿岩体质量进行了系统全面的分类和评价,其评价结果为矿区顶板岩层片麻岩和底板花岗质混合岩岩体质量级别为III级至II级,底板花岗质混合岩岩体质量级别为II级至I级。

溪洛渡拱坝施工期岩体质量评价与大坝稳定分析

以溪洛渡工程为例,通过施工期声波试验和变形监测手段,采用分区、分段、分层、分级对标验收评价思想,对溪洛渡拱坝建基面岩体质量进行重新评价验收。采用非线性有限元方法,对施工期典型阶段的大坝基础整体稳定工作状态进行三维数值精细模拟,分析结果与现场变形和压应力的监测值进行对比反馈,得到大坝施工期的整体稳定工作状态,预测大坝运行期的工作性态,从而指导大坝的现场施工。该岩体质量评价验收新思想对同类工程具有指导意义。