A methodological framework of landslide quantitative risk assessment in areas with incomplete historical landslide information

Landslide risk assessment(LRA)is of great significance to hazard prevention and mitigation.However,the historical landslide information is incomplete in most areas,which makes the landslide quantitative risk assessment(LQRA)extremely difficult.This research proposed a set of frameworks for LQRA,so as to achieve LQRA in areas with incomplete historical landslide information.Firstly,we constructed the convolutional neural network(CNN)model suitable for landslide susceptibility assessment(LSA)by studying the structure and hyperparameters optimization of CNN.Secondly,we proposed a method to calculate the temporal probability by using the Poisson model based on the time range of historical landslides occurrence,and then conducted landslide hazard assessment(LHA).Then,we established a mathematical model for landslide intensity of shallow landslide based on landslide area and slope,aiming at solving the problem that it is difficult to calculate landslide intensity due to the lack of landslide volume and velocity.Based on the landslide intensity and the hazard-resistant capacity of the element at risk,we assessed the landslide vulnerability.Finally,population risk map and economic risk map are obtained based on the landslide hazard,vulnerability,and estimated value of the elements at risk.The proposed LQRA framework was applied to Tumen City,China for testing and field validation.From the results,the CNN model built can help improve the accuracy of LSA.The proposed temporal probability calculation method is conducive to the completion of LHA in areas with incomplete historical landslide information.The established landslide intensity mathematical model has certain credibility.Since the landslide risk map is obtained through appropriate simplification and substitution estimation,its final value cannot be used as an accurate prediction of future losses,but it can be used as a reference for the extent of potential losses,so as to determine the areas where hazard prevention and mitigation measures need to be taken.

Penetration Study of Key Technologies for Cybersecurity Risk Assessment

In recent years,with the frequent occurrence of cyber security incidents,people have paid more attention to it.Information security risk assessment is a very important research topic.This paper gives a brief overview of the theory of cybersecurity risk assessment,focuses on the description of the current mainstream cybersecurity risk assessment methods,classifies and compares the existing methods according to the nature of the methods,and analyses the advantages,disadvantages,and application scope of each method.Finally,the main factors affecting the evaluation results are summarized and refined,and future research hotspots in this field are proposed.Through the empirical analysis of the three factors,the influence of the correlation of the three factors,the uncertainty of the evaluation indexes,and the timeliness of the evaluation on the evaluation results are concluded,which provides a reference for future research on evaluation methods.

Quantitative Risk Assessment with Data Mining for Formaldehyde Content of Imported Textile

The assessment of potential risks posed by formaldehyde in clothing to consumers is of increasing concern worldwide,for free formaldehyde is harmful to human. Some papers focus on hazard and exposure assessment,using quantitative and semi-quantitative method, rather than assessment for the factors related to formaldehyde content. In order to perform early-warning research and risk management,the quantitative risk assessment is used to analyze the imported textile testing data and find the factors related to formaldehyde content. K-means algorithm is the core of the method. It can be concluded that the disqualified textiles have relations with main fiber components,fabric color,season month,and brand. Then the data in the same attribute are clustered by Kmeans algorithm. The different classes are defined as related danger level,respectively severe,moderate,and light.

Research on Fast Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment Method for High Temperature and High Pressure Gas Wells

Aiming at the problem that the existing risk assessment methods in China cannot simply and accurately assess the safety risk of gas wells, a rapid semi-quantitative risk assessment method for gas wells under high temperature and pressure is studied. Based on the rapid risk assessment method of annulus well with pressure in Chevron Company and the existing risk assessment methods, the well barrier and annulus pressure of high temperature and high pressure gas wells are fully considered. A rapid semi-quantitative risk assessment method for high temperature and high pressure gas wells is established, which takes the annulus pressure value, well service life, annulus pressure recovery after pressure relief, reservoir conditions (formation pressure, production) and well CO2 and H2S content as the key risk indexes. The method is applied in a gas field, and the risk value and risk grade of a practical well are semi-quantitatively evaluated. The overall risk situation of the well is obtained. The research results provide important technical guidance for the safe production of gas well.

Risk of Waterborne Parasitic Infection among Vegetables Producers in the City of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: An Attempt to Quantify Them Using the Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment Method

The use of wastewater in urban agriculture has been promoted as an alternative to water scarcity and as a means to increase soil fertilizer. However, the use of wastewater in urban agriculture raises major public health concerns, mainly due to the often high concentration of pathogenic micro-organisms. Waterborne parasites are a major health concern in this regard, especially in endemic areas, mainly due to the high environmental resistance of eggs/cysts combined with a low infectious dose. In this study, the parasitological risk to vegetables producers in Ouagadougou using polluted water was evaluated through the quantitative microbiological risk analysis method. For this purpose, the search for and quantification of viable parasite eggs and cysts in irrigation water was coupled with epidemiological surveillance of vegetables producers in Ouagadougou. Protozoa and helminths belonging to 9 species were recorded and samples analyzed. These include Ancylostoma sp., Ascaris lumbricoides, tapeworm’s sp, Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia. Despite the variability of isolated parasitic species, Ancylostoma sp. eggs were common and severe to all types of water. Moreover, epidemiological approach showed that there were more parasitic species found in irrigation water and also other parasitic species circulating among vegetable farmers. In addition, there is no statistical significant association between the type of water used for irrigation and the carried parasites by vegetable gardeners. However, contamination of the groups using the raw wastewater is once higher than those using well water. When one is interested in the groups using treated wastewater as a source of irrigation, these risks of contaminations are halved. These contaminations are halved when one looks at groups using treated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Still, whatever the type of water used by the gardeners, they have a probability of infection with Ancylostoma sp. of around 9.83 × 10−1 pppy.

Study on Quantitative Assessment for the Social Risk of Major Geological Disasters

Based on the analysis of social risk of geological disasters,the index system of social risk evaluation was established. To assess the social risk quantitatively,a quantitative evaluation model of the social risk was established based on AHP,and the social risk of geological disasters was graded. Finally,the evaluation model was applied in a case.

Quantified Risk Assessment for Plants Producing and Storing Explosives

This paper presents a methodology for risk assessment of plants producing and storing explosives. The major procedural steps for quantified risk assessment （QRA） in explosive plants are the following： hazard identification, accident sequence modeling, data acquisition, accident sequence quantification, consequence assessment and integration of results. This methodology is demonstrated and applied in an explosive plant consisting of four separate units, which produce detonating cord, nitroglycol, dynamites and ammonium nitrate fuel oil （ANFO）. A GIS platform is used for depicting individual risk from explosions in this plant. Total individual risk is equal to 1.0 × 10^-4/y in a distance of 340m from the center of the plant, and 1.0 × 10^-6/y in a distance of 390m from the center of the plant.

Prevalence and Risk Assessment of Campylobacter jejuni in Chicken in China

Objective To understand the occurrence and distribution of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken in China, assess its health risk to the Chinese population, and provide recommendations for effective risk control. Methods Data from the National Food Safety Risk Surveillance Network on Campylobacter jejuni between 2007 and 2010 and from published articles were analyzed. Eleven parameters were used based on the whole chicken preparation process and prevalence of Campylobocter jejuni for risk assessment by using the Ross-Sumner Method. Results The detection rates of Campylobacterjejuni in raw chicken were between 0.29% and 2.28% during 2007-2010 in China （more than 20 provinces）. The probability of illness caused by Campylobacter jejuni due to chicken consumption was around six out of one million consumers per day in urban areas and around one out of one million consumers per day in rural areas. Total predicted illnesses per year was about 736 000, accounting for 1.6‰ of the general population in urban areas and about 301 000, accounting for 0.37‰ of the total population in rural areas. The risk rankings of Campylobocterjejuni in chicken were 52 and 49 in urban and rural areas, respectively. Conclusion A high risk score for Campylobacterjejuni in chicken was obtained in China. This result may contribute to development of food safety management strategies. Key efforts should be made to control the risk of Campylobacterjejuni in chicken in China, especially in chick breeding and chicken preparation processes.

基于QRA法的氢气管束车事故后果模拟分析

氢气泄漏后,如不能及时进行处理,可能会引起火灾、爆炸等事故。因此,文章以某实验项目氢气管束车为研究对象,利用QRA定量风险评价软件,模拟氢气管束车发生喷射火灾、蒸气云爆炸和压力容器爆炸等事故后果,并围绕可能造成的事故后果,对氢气管束车作业过程提出有针对性的安全对策措施与建议。

Cosmetic Safety and Risk Assessment Under the “New” Regulations

Regulations for the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics was promulgated by the State Council on June 29,2020 and will take effect on January 1,2021.Compared with the previous Regulations on Health Supervision of Cosmetics,there are more items proposed for the safety of cosmetics.In this paper,the main changes of the safety supervision of cosmetics by comparing the“new”and“old”regulations were summarized with the potential influences on different groups(government,cosmetic enterprises and consumers)discussed.The important laws and regulations on cosmetic safety and risk assessment in China with recently added in vitro testing methods were summarized and the principal theory of cosmetic quantitative risk assessment was introduced.

基于QRA的多米诺效应在化工园区的应用

提出了基于QRA的多米诺效应的应用方法。以某化工园区为例,用于评估其整体安全风险。结果表明,可燃物料泄漏扩散发生蒸汽云爆炸超压影响周边企业较小,引发其他企业内的二次多米诺事故可能性较小;可燃物料泄漏后发生喷射火,如无建筑外墙等防护措施,会引发临近企业设备的次生多米诺效应;液氨、液氯、硫化氢、溴素、乙胺和氟化氢等毒性物料,扩散距离相对较远,产生的灾害范围比较广,容易引发次生多米诺效应。液氨、液化气等物料液体膨胀蒸气爆炸产生的碎片抛射距离较远,有可能会引发次生多米诺事故,危害极大。企业应制定相应的应急响应计划,以降低多米诺效应带来的风险。评估结果可提升园区安全与应急管理能力、事故预防与控制技术水平。

基于QRA的某油田移动式自变装平台火灾爆炸风险评估

移动式自变装平台可在一座平台上实现注热作业、生产平台作业、伴生气回收平台作业、酸化压裂、修井作业等多种作业类型,能够满足近海小型边际油田三次开发的需要。针对某油田移动式自变装平台存在的油气火灾爆炸危险,采用HAZID方法辨识平台危险源,划分泄漏单元,通过泄漏概率和点火概率确定火灾爆炸事故的发生概率,采用CFD方法进行事故后果模拟,进而进行风险计算得到平台个人风险、潜在人员损失PLL,基于中石化安全风险矩阵和事故后果确定自变装平台的风险等级,提出针对性控制措施。

2021—2022年赤羽病通过牛羊调运传入山东省的定量风险评估研究

为分析评估赤羽病通过牛羊调运传入山东省的风险,收集、整理2021—2022年活牛和活羊调入山东省的途径、调出省份、调入数量和批次等信息,利用“情景树”法建立传入风险随机模型进行仿真分析。结果显示:从外省调入感染赤羽病羊的风险值为0.0155(95%CI:0.0118~0.0228);从外省调入感染赤羽病牛的风险值为0.0338(95%CI:0.0225~0.0493)。提示:在进行牛羊调运时,做好启运前的产地检疫和到达后的隔离检疫可降低赤羽病传入的风险。本研究为降低赤羽病传入山东省的风险策略制定提供了参考。

上海市某区生菜中阪崎克罗诺杆菌的半定量风险评估

为了评估上海市某区居民通过生菜暴露阪崎克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii)的健康风险,本文按照微生物风险评估的程序,应用半定量风险评估工具Risk Ranger和sQMRA软件,结合居民膳食消费量数据进行评估。预计上海市某区健康成人每人每天因进食污染了阪崎克罗诺杆菌的生菜而患病的概率为1.66×10^(-9),每年发病7.63×10^(-3)例,风险系数为9,健康成人的发病概率很低。说明上海市某区即食生菜中阪崎克罗诺杆菌危害为低风险,可维持现有风险控制措施,但需严格执行生产过程风险监测,制定安全事件发生应急预案,并加强对消费者家庭食品安全的科普宣传。本研究为生菜中致病微生物风险评估补充数据,可供定量风险评估和食源性疾病的防控提供科学参考。

气体泄漏扩散规律验证实验平台开发

开发了一个气体泄漏扩散规律验证的教学实验平台。平台由风场模拟模块、气体泄漏模块、数据采集模块及对应的计算流体力学(CFD)模型所组成,可开展多种工况下的气体泄漏扩散规律验证实验。在教学实验中开展不同工况的泄漏实验及CFD数值模拟,对实验采集的气体浓度数据与数值模拟结果进行对比分析。应用效果表明,该平台有助于学生直观地认识气体泄漏扩散规律,并为理解CFD方法在定量风险评估中的应用及其有效性提供了便捷途径。

Quantitative assessment and visualization of flight risk induced by coupled multi-factor under icing conditions

Aircraft icing has been proven to be one of the most serious threats to flight safety. During the analysis of flight risk under icing conditions, quantitative assessment and visualization of flight risk are quite essential as they provide safe manipulation strategies in intricate conditions.However, they are rarely studied. Since the icing flight accidents are the result of the coupling of multiple unfavorable factors, in present study, we have proposed a method to quantitatively assess flight risk induced by multi-factor coupling under icing conditions by Monte-Carlo simulation and multivariate extreme value theory. The results demonstrate that the flight risk probability increases with the rise of unfavorable factors. Besides, a flight risk visualization method named flight safety window has been presented to build the flight risk distribution cloud maps in different complex conditions. The cloud maps show that the icing would give rise to atrophy of the safety scope, and the consequence would be even more severe when coupled with other more unfavorable factors. The proposed methods in this study would be useful in flight risk analysis under icing conditions and can enhance the pilot's situational awareness in selecting correct strategies within the safety zone to avoid unsafe manipulation.

定量有害结局路径的构建方法及在毒理学中的应用研究进展

美国国家研究咨询委员会提出的“21世纪毒性测试——愿景与策略”对毒性评价和风险评估提出了新的要求和愿景,推动了新一代毒性测试方法和新一代风险评估方法学的发展。有害结局路径(AOP)作为一种先进的方法,具有较大应用潜力,近年来逐渐成为毒理学家关注的重点和新兴研究热点。定量AOP(qAOP)是在AOP理论上发展的新策略,其将定性AOP作为初始概念模型,通过数理模型描述剂量-响应和(或)响应-响应关系,提供了一种可定量预测体内毒性和风险的策略。本文就qAOP的概念和进展进行综述,介绍了2种构建qAOP的常用方法,贝叶斯网络模型和回归模型,并以实际案例展示qAOP在毒理学中的不同应用方向。

网络安全风险评估方法研究综述

网络安全风险评估是构建网络空间安全体系的重要环节,可以有效保护个人和组织机构避免受到网络安全攻击。文中简要概述了网络安全风险评估理论,重点介绍了目前主流的网络安全风险评估方法,并根据不同的方法性质对现有方法进行分类和对比,分析了各方法的优缺点以及适用范围。在此基础上,文中归纳提取出对网络安全评估结果产生影响的因素并对网络安全评估领域未来的研究重点进行提议。分析结果表明,关联性和评估指标的不确定性以及评估过程的实时性这3个因素是影响风险评估效果的主要因素,并给未来的风险评估方法研究提供了参考依据。