Numerical Simulation of Bubble Plumes and an Analysis of Their Seismic Attributes

To study the bubble plume's seismic response characteristics,the model of a plume water body has been built in this article using the bubble-contained medium acoustic velocity model and the stochastic medium theory based on an analysis of both the acoustic characteristics of a bubble-contained water body and the actual features of a plume.The finite difference method is used for forward modelling,and the single-shot seismic record exhibits the characteristics of a scattered wave field generated by a plume.A meaningful conclusion is obtained by extracting seismic attributes from the pre-stack shot gather record of a plume.The values of the amplitude-related seismic attributes increase greatly as the bubble content goes up,and changes in bubble radius will not cause seismic attributes to change,which is primarily observed because the bubble content has a strong impact on the plume's acoustic velocity,while the bubble radius has a weak impact on the acoustic velocity.The above conclusion provides a theoretical reference for identifying hydrate plumes using seismic methods and contributes to further study on hydrate decomposition and migration,as well as on distribution of the methane bubble in seawater.

Quantitative estimation of bubble volume fraction of submarine seep plumes by modeling seismic oceanography data

Submarine seep plumes are a natural phenomenon in which different types of gases migrate through deep or shallow subsurface sediments and leak into seawater in pressure gradient.When detected using acoustic data,the leaked gases frequently exhibit a flame-like structure.We numerically modelled the relationship between the seismic response characteristic and bubble volume fraction to establish the bubble volume fraction in the submarine seep plume.Results show that our models are able to invert and predict the bubble volume fraction from field seismic oceanography data,by which synthetic seismic sections in different dominant frequencies could be numerically simulated,seismic attribute sections(e.g.,instantaneous amplitude,instantaneous frequency,and instantaneous phase)extracted,and the correlation between the seismic attributes and bubble volume fraction be quantitatively determined with functional equations.The instantaneous amplitude is positively correlated with bubble volume fraction,while the instantaneous frequency and bubble volume fraction are negatively correlated.In addition,information entropy is introduced as a proxy to quantify the relationship between the instantaneous phase and bubble volume fraction.As the bubble volume fraction increases,the information entropy of the instantaneous phase increases rapidly at the beginning,followed by a slight upward trend,and finally stabilizes.Therefore,under optimal noise conditions,the bubble volume fraction of submarine seep plumes can be inverted and predicted based on seismic response characteristics in terms of seismic attributes.

Quantitative measurement of the charge carrier concentration using dielectric force microscopy

The charge carrier concentration profile is a critical factor that determines semiconducting material properties and device performance.Dielectric force microscopy(DFM)has been previously developed to map charge carrier concentrations with nanometer-scale spatial resolution.However,it is challenging to quantitatively obtain the charge carrier concentration,since the dielectric force is also affected by the mobility.Here,we quantitative measured the charge carrier concentration at the saturation mobility regime via the rectification effect-dependent gating ratio of DFM.By measuring a series of n-type GaAs and GaN thin films with mobility in the saturation regime,we confirmed the decreased DFM-measured gating ratio with increasing electron concentration.Combined with numerical simulation to calibrate the tip–sample geometry-induced systematic error,the quantitative correlation between the DFM-measured gating ratio and the electron concentration has been established,where the extracted electron concentration presents high accuracy in the range of 4×10^(16)–1×10^(18)cm^(-3).We expect the quantitative DFM to find broad applications in characterizing the charge carrier transport properties of various semiconducting materials and devices.

Quantitative multiparameter prediction of fault-related fractures： a case study of the second member of the Funing Formation in the Jinhu Sag, Subei Basin

In this paper, the analysis of faults with different scales and orientations reveals that the distribution of fractures always develops toward a higher degree of similarity with faults, and a method for calculating the multiscale areal fracture density is proposed using fault-fracture self-similarity theory. Based on the fracture parameters observed in cores and thin sections, the initial apertures of multiscale fractures are determined using the constraint method with a skewed distribution. Through calculations and statistical analyses of in situ stresses in combination with physical experiments on rocks, a numerical geomechanical model of the in situ stress field is established. The fracture opening ability under the in situ stress field is subsequently analyzed. Combining the fracture aperture data and areal fracture density at different scales, a calculation model is proposed for the prediction of multiscale and multiperiod fracture parameters, including the fracture porosity, the magnitude and direction of maximum permeability and the flow conductivity. Finally, based on the relationships among fracture aperture,density, and the relative values of fracture porosity and permeability, a fracture development pattern is determined.

Quantitative Precipitation Forecast Experiment Based on Basic NWP Variables Using Deep Learning

The quantitative precipitation forecast(QPF)performance by numerical weather prediction(NWP)methods depends fundamentally on the adopted physical parameterization schemes(PS).However,due to the complexity of the physical mechanisms of precipitation processes,the uncertainties of PSs result in a lower QPF performance than their prediction of the basic meteorological variables such as air temperature,wind,geopotential height,and humidity.This study proposes a deep learning model named QPFNet,which uses basic meteorological variables in the ERA5 dataset by fitting a non-linear mapping relationship between the basic variables and precipitation.Basic variables forecasted by the highest-resolution model(HRES)of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)were fed into QPFNet to forecast precipitation.Evaluation results show that QPFNet achieved better QPF performance than ECMWF HRES itself.The threat score for 3-h accumulated precipitation with depths of 0.1,3,10,and 20 mm increased by 19.7%,15.2%,43.2%,and 87.1%,respectively,indicating the proposed performance QPFNet improved with increasing levels of precipitation.The sensitivities of these meteorological variables for QPF in different pressure layers were analyzed based on the output of the QPFNet,and its performance limitations are also discussed.Using DL to extract features from basic meteorological variables can provide an important reference for QPF,and avoid some uncertainties of PSs.

Numerical Study of the Intensity Correlation between Secondary Flow and Heat Transfer of Circle Tube-Finned Heat Exchanger with Vortex Generators

The application of vortex generators in tube-finned heat exchangers is very universal.The vortex generators can generate secondary flow,and as we all know secondary flow can obviously strengthen heat transfer.To use vortex generators much more efficiently in the circle tube-finned heat exchangers,the intensity correlation study between secondary flow and heat transfer is needed.22 different structures of circle tube-finned heat exchangers were numerically studied,including the plain fin cases and the cases with vortex generators.In addition,the influence of fin spacing,transverse and longitudinal tube pitch,heights and attack angle of vortex generators,positions of vortex generators and shape of vortex generators on heat transfer and fluid flow are studied,too.The non-dimensional parameter Se is applied to quantify the secondary flow intensity.The results show that Se can describe the secondary flow intensity very well.There is very close corresponding relationship between overall averaged Nu and volumetrically averaged Se for all the researched cases and the relational expression is obtained.However,there is no one-to-one correlation not only between Re and f but also between volumetrically averaged Se and f for all the studied cases.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF WAVES AND TIDE-SURGE INTERACTION ON TIDE-SURGES IN THE BOHAI SEA

The author’s combined numerical model consisting of a third generation shallow water wave model and a 3 D tide surge model with wave dependent surface wind stress were used to study the influence of waves on tide surge motion. For the typical weather case, in this study, the magnitude and mechanism of the influence of waves on tide surges in the Bohai Sea were revealed for the first time. The results showed that although consideration of the wave dependent surface wind stresses raise slightly the traditional surface wind stress, due to the accumulated effects, the computed results are improved on the whole. Storm level maximum modulation can reach 0.4 m. The results computed by the combined model agreed well with the measured data.

Quantitative Prediction of Concentrated Regions of Large and Superlarge Deposits in China

Identification and quantitative prediction of large and superlarge mineral deposits of solid mineral resources using the mineral resource prediction theory and method with comprehensive information is carried out nationwide in China at a scale of 1∶5 000 000. Using deposit concentrated regions as the model units and concentrated mineralization anomaly regions as prediction units, the prediction is performed on GIS platform. The technical route and research method of locating large and superlarge mineral deposits and principle of compiling attribute table of independent variables and functional variables are proposed. Upon methodology study, the qualitative locating and quantitative predicting mineral deposits are carried out with quantitative theory Ⅲ and characteristic analysis, respectively, and the advantage and disadvantage of two methods are discussed. This research is significant for mineral resource prediction in ten provinces of western China.

Numerical analysis of electromagnetic force field through the use of two examples

In modern processing of conducting materials, such as steel,the time-varying electromagnetic field plays a key role in obtaining the desired microstructure or eliminating solidification defects such as porosity and segregation in cast billets. Up to now,few studies on the induced electromagnetic force （also called the Lorentz force） field in liquid metal have been reported. Compared with the magnetic field, the induced force field is the real and only direct cause for flow control. The electromagnetic force is comprised of two components. One is time-independent and the other is time- dependent. The time-dependent component varies with time in both amplitude and direction. When it reaches the extreme value,it can be one dozen times larger than the time-independent component. In this paper, a new method to quantitatively describe the induced electromagnetic force in liquid metal under a harmonic electromagnetic field,including both its time- independent and dependent components, was proposed based on the formula derivation from the data of amplitude and phase angle. Through this method ,the features of the time-dependent component were discussed, including the directions of rotation and the long axis. As a result, the force pattern was described. With two example calculations, the method was explained in detail. The results of both examples show that the force field in liquid metal can be divided into several regions with different force features. Example 1 shows the effect of coil position on the evolution of the force field pattern in liquid metal. Example 2 is a kind of stirring by the travelling magnetic field ,whose results present the sub-structures in metal and show that most of them have almost the same rotating direction.

动态热条件下原油罐储维温过程主要影响因素分析

掌握原油罐储维温过程主要影响因素,对原油库实现节能降耗目的起重要作用。在建立动态热条件下含蜡原油罐储维温过程三维理论模型的基础上,提出了加热盘管空间结构、周向效应对罐内对流传热的影响,划分了内、外因素影响区以及过渡区域;采用多元非线性回归的方法,建立不同季节边界位置主控影响因素模型,定量表征了罐边界油温与内、外因素之间的作用机制。结果表明:罐内大涡结构受无加热盘管区域局部湍涡影响,导致大涡结构向无盘管区域发生偏移。罐底低温区域受盘管周向效应影响较大,罐顶边界油品受内外因素影响大,形成最大厚度1.79 m的外界环境影响区;罐壁受保温层影响,只形成了内部维温热流影响区;冬季罐底形成了0.13 m的外界土壤影响区。

城镇燃气管道小孔泄漏流量系数的定量研究

流量系数是影响泄漏速率计算准确程度的一个重要参数。针对目前小孔泄漏模型中流量系数经验性取值易导致泄漏速率计算结果与实际泄漏速率间存在偏差的问题,通过理论计算模型、气相小孔泄漏试验、计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)模拟仿真相结合的方法寻求偏差产生的原因,并利用试验测试数据的拟合分析结果得到圆孔和矩形孔流量系数的定量计算模型。研究显示:在试验测试与模拟仿真中,小孔泄漏的流量系数主要受泄漏压力和几何形状的影响,在相同的泄漏压力和泄漏面积下,矩形孔的泄漏速率高于圆孔的泄漏速率。理论计算模型忽略了相关因素对流量系数的影响,将流量系数设为定值是导致泄漏速率计算结果出现偏差的主要原因。通过非线性曲线拟合得到的圆孔和矩形孔流量系数的计算方程,能有效修正气相小孔泄漏的理论计算模型,进而得到更加准确的泄漏速率,为气体泄漏后的扩散和风险评估提供理论依据。

全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性与降雨关系分析

降雨是滑坡诱发的主要因素,当前我国防灾工作理念从注重灾后救助向注重灾前预防转变、从减少灾害损失向减轻灾害风险转变,因此明晰降雨诱发机理并建立合理的预警机制,对做好地质灾害防灾减灾工作至关重要。针对降雨型全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性问题,以青岛崂山风景区全风化花岗岩返岭滑坡为实例,进行了不同含水率原状土剪切试验与大型物理相似模型试验。揭示了边坡的降雨响应规律,探究了全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性与降雨关系,并拟合相关量化公式。同时采用ABAQUS建立边坡流固耦合三维数值模型,基于强度折减法验证了公式的合理性。研究结果表明:(1)降雨型全风化花岗岩滑坡的破坏模式分为浸润侵蚀→表层变形→破坏加深→整体失稳4个阶段,变形期间坡体存在“鼓状凸起”与“片状溜滑”现象,最终发生推移式破坏;(2)边坡对降雨入渗的响应规律在水平及竖向空间上存在差异,降雨强度越大,含水率与孔压增速越大;(3)基于试验结果推导了滑坡含水率、安全系数与降雨强度、降雨持时之间的影响关系公式,数值模拟验证误差率较小,能够较好的描述全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性与降雨之间的定量关系。研究结果为类似强~全风化花岗岩地区滑坡的预警与防治提供参考。

碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏注水井储量损失原因及治理对策——以塔河油田A区为例

注水替油为塔河油田缝洞型油藏稳产的重要方式之一,近年来,注水替油失效井占比逐年提升,注水井储量损失问题日益凸显。根据单井生产特征和地质特征,通过能量指示曲线、注水指示曲线定量化分析各阶段储量变化,动静态结合并融合数模、建模一体化技术,分析了储量损失的本质原因,并针对不同储量损失类型提出不同的治理对策,恢复失控储量,提高产能。储量损失主要分为远端储量损失和体内储量损失两大类,其中,针对远端储量损失以恢复远端供液为目标,针对体内储量损失以扩大井周动用为目标。实际治理效果与数模预测方案吻合,治理效果显著。

基于华铸CAE的铸造充型过程卷气缺陷定量预测研究

目的针对目前单向流数值模拟软件无法模拟卷入金属液中的气体及其演变情况的问题,开展铸造充型过程卷气缺陷定量预测研究,开发基于华铸CAE的卷气定量预测系统,深入理解铸造卷气缺陷的形成原理与运动机理,准确预测金属充型过程中的卷气量和卷气造成的气孔缺陷,为生产实践提供指导。方法提出了一种金属充型过程卷入气体搜寻与追踪算法,将卷入金属液中未经考虑的气体进行保留,从而修正单向流系统,并基于此开发了卷气定量预测系统,并对该系统进行了验证。结果应用该系统后,原本未经考虑而消失的孤立气泡被保留下来以便进行后续计算,对液体体积进行了再分配,保证修改前后液体体积守恒,并修正了金属液速度,实现了卷气定量预测系统的基本功能。结论开发的卷气定量预测系统能够考虑到卷入金属液中的气体,并对气体做出定量预测,实现金属充型过程中气孔缺陷的定量预测,对生产实践中的工艺优化有一定的指导作用。

高位堆积体远程滑坡动力侵蚀过程量化预测模型

高位远程滑坡快速解体后,往往形成碎屑流,会沿程动力侵蚀坡体表层第四纪松散物质,改变滑坡滑移动力学特征,导致滑坡体积显著放大,灾害效应强烈,已成为近年来防灾减灾研究的重点。首先,针对高位堆积体远程滑坡动力侵蚀过程量化预测问题,基于深度积分水动力计算理论与固液两相界面剪应力侵蚀模型架构,构建了高位堆积体远程滑坡动力侵蚀过程量化预测的连续介质数值模型,自主进行了数值实现,编制了具有二阶计算精度的软件程序DisasterFlowV1.0。然后,通过经典的溃坝水流算例验证,结果表明所构建的数值模型的数值求解格式正确并具有较好的总变差不增特性(total variation diminishing,TVD)。再后,通过对柏杨林高位堆积体远程滑坡案例动力侵蚀过程预测可知,所构建的数值模型与传统雪橇模型对该滑坡滑移速度预测结果基本一致,但相较于传统雪橇模型,所构建的数值模型对滑动路径地形的适应能力强,滑移速度预测值振荡性较小。最后,利用所构建的数值模型在时间和空间维度上对柏杨林高位堆积体远程滑坡的动力侵蚀过程进行量化表达,结果表明所构建的数值模型能够对该滑坡动力侵蚀过程中各历时的滑移深度、速度及侵蚀堆积深度进行量化,这是传统雪橇模型所不具备的。所做研究可充实高位远程滑坡动力侵蚀过程量化预测理论与技术体系。

2022年夏季汉江中下游水华生消驱动因子及其贡献率量化研究

为探究2022年夏季长江流域“汛期反枯”极端水文条件下汉江中下游首次出现的蓝藻水华成因,选取叶绿素浓度为水华表征指标,考虑各环境因子间的多重共线性关系,采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)量化了不同环境因子对汉江中下游仙桃、宗关断面蓝藻水华生消的贡献率。结果表明:(1)仙桃断面叶绿素a浓度与水温、pH、溶解氧和总磷均呈显著正相关关系,与氮磷比呈显著负相关关系;宗关断面叶绿素a浓度与水温、pH、溶解氧均呈显著正相关关系,与日均水位、水位日变幅、流量、总磷和氨氮均呈显著负相关关系;(2)溶解氧、pH和水温对水华生消的贡献程度较高,对仙桃断面的贡献率分别为15.18%、13.68%和14.50%,对宗关断面的贡献率分别为18.06%、15.93%和15.65%;(3)基于偏最小二乘路径模型(PLS-PM)的环境因子解析显示,气象因子是2022年夏季汉江中下游蓝藻水华暴发的诱导因子,水华“萌发”时段可能与汉江中下游涝旱急转时段重叠。建议后续研究结合准确的中长期气象预报信息,在涝旱急转时段优化汉江中下游水华防控调度的下泄流量与下泄时机,提高水华防控效果。

基于水热平衡的分布式水文模型研究与应用

分布式水文模型在水利部“四预”建设中发挥了至关重要的作用,但无径流资料区(简称无资料区)分布式水文模拟技术仍需进一步完善。从水热循环产汇流理论、模型构建与求解、模型参数率定三个方面入手,改进传统分布式水文模型。提出了耦合热量平衡的流域产汇流理论,揭示了水量热量动力学过程耦合机理和水热循环通量量化关系。构建了系统完整的物理机制水热平衡分布式水文模型及其数值求解方法,实现了流域地表温度和水位的分布式数值模拟。明确了模型结构和参数的物理意义,降低了需要率定的参数个数。将参数率定目标由径流量转换为地表温度和水位,综合利用遥感反演和台站观测资料率定模型参数。将研发的模型在江西赣江流域进行应用,结果表明,构建的模型具有较强的物理机制,数值求解方法精度高、稳定性好,实现了无资料区参数率定和水文模拟,为无资料区分布式水文模型研发与应用提供了新思路。

道路路基脱空病害雷达波场数值模拟与瞬时属性分析

针对道路路基脱空病害的快速识别,采用时间域有限差分法进行病害的雷达波长数值模拟,模拟了脱空病害不同大小、长度、位置及填充的差异,并通过图像增益和复信号分析技术提取雷达波场的振幅、相位和频率等瞬时属性特征,分析了不同脱空地质的雷达波场响应特征。研究结果表明:根据路基脱空病害的地质雷达瞬时振幅图像和单道波归一化幅值可推算出脱空病害上界面信息和脱空区域介质类型;根据充气脱空病害和充水脱空病害瞬时相位图像特征,可判断出路基结构层间信息和脱空病害区域和边界位置;根据充水脱空病害和充气脱空病害瞬时频率图像,可判断出高频和低频电磁波存在位置。此外,根据充水脱空病害单道波瞬时频率图,可得到正向电磁波存在位置,并作为脱空病害下界面位置判断依据。研究成果可为道路病害的智能识别和快速判识提供理论依据。

基于属性约束的烃源岩地震反演定量预测

烃源岩评价是含油气盆地、凹陷勘探研究的基础。目前常用的地球化学、测井、地震识别三大类评价方法,均能实现烃源岩的评价,但又受资料制约,存在各自局限性。笔者等结合地质、沉积、地化及测井、地震等数据探索了多属性约束下基于地震反演的烃源岩定量预测技术研究,确定了研究区内文昌组烃源岩的发育规模,并对其进行了烃源岩等级评价和生烃量的估算。

隧洞施工和持续干旱对岩溶地下水影响的定量评价

隧洞施工和持续干旱导致岩溶地区地下水位大幅下降会造成严重的生态和环境问题。因此,定量评估两种因素共同影响下的岩溶地下水系统响应有助于施工单位和居民采取有效应对措施。研究采用离散管道-连续介质耦合模型方法,建立了考虑动态施工条件下的九龙岭长隧洞工程区岩溶地下水三维数值模型,并通过工程区水文地质资料和监测钻孔水位数据对模型进行校准,用控制单一影响因素方法分别评价了在2022年8月至2022年10月隧洞施工和极端干旱两种因素对区域岩溶地下水系统的影响。结果表明,研究区域均衡期内地下水位受干旱影响范围占研究区域面积的55.43%(约649.72 km2),是隧洞施工影响的35.1倍,持续干旱是造成研究区域大面积地下水下降的主要原因;随着干旱持续,隧洞沿线整体地下水位下降受干旱影响较大,但在少量局部洞段隧洞轴线上方(如距隧洞入口14~15 km、18~19 km段)水位下降是受隧洞突涌水不同程度的影响;通过对研究区域地下水水量平衡分析发现,在均衡期内干旱影响的补给减量约为824.5万m^(3),明显多于隧洞涌水造成的地下水流失量,持续干旱对研究区域地下水的影响最大。本文阐明了在隧洞施工和干旱共同影响下岩溶地下水系统扰动的时空演变特征,研究成果可为岩溶区地下工程影响评价提供参考依据。