Improvement of Physical and Biological Quality of Soil in a Sugarcane Plantation through the Management of Organic Matter Input

Changes in soil quality of sugarcane plantation as a result of changes in land management can not be measured directly, but must be demonstrated by measuring the change in the properties of the ecosystem as an indicator. This research aimed to study the effect of the addition of various quality and quantity of organic matter on soil biology （earthworms） and physical quality （aggregate stability, macroporosity and infiltration rate）. There were i 5 treatment combinations tested. The first factor is the type of organic matter： （1） cattle manure （CM）, （2） filter cake （FC）, （3） sugarcane trash （ST）, （4） a mixture ofCM ＋ FC and （5） a mixture of CM ＋ ST. The second factor is the application dose of organic matter, which consists of three levels-5, l0 and 15 Mg/ha. The treatments were arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replicates and one control treatment （without organic matter input）. The result of this research showed that the highest population density of earthworms was found in the treatment of ST （78 individuals/m2） and a mixture of CM ＋ ST （84 individuals/m2）. The type of organic matter with C/N ratio ranged from 15.5 to 34.7 and cellulose content in 33.3%-40.1% gave better growth of earthworm. The effect of increase in earthworm growth on soil physical improvement is more apparent in the treatment of mixture of low quality and high quality organic matter. The increase of earthworm density and biomass enhanced soil macroporosity （from r = 0.683 to r = 0.606） and infiltration rate （from r = 0.669 to r = 0.756）. The results of this study suggest a mixture of CM ＋ ST or ST alone as organic matters, which is recommended to improve soil physical and biological quality of sugarcane land, with the dose application ranged from 10 Mg/ha to 15 Mg/ha.

Rice Cultivation under Film Mulching Can Improve Soil Environment and Be Beneficial for Rice Production in China

Rice cultivation under film mulching is an integrated management technology that can conserve water, increase soil temperature, improve yield, and enhance water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Despite these advantages, the system does have its drawbacks, such as soil organic matter reduction and microplastic pollution, which impede the widespread adoption of film mulching cultivation in China. Nonetheless, the advent of degradable film, controlled-release fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and film mulching machinery is promoting the development of rice film mulching cultivation. This review outlines the impact of rice cultivation under film mulching on soil moisture, soil temperature, soil fertility, greenhouse gas emissions, weed control, and disease and pest management. It also elucidates the mechanism of changes in rice growth, yield and quality, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency. This paper incorporates a review of published research articles and discusses some uncertainties and shortcomings associated with rice cultivation under film mulching. Consequently, prospective research directions for the technology of rice film mulching cultivation are outlined, and recommendations for future research into rice cultivation under film mulching are proposed.

The Effect of Land Use Change on Soil and Water Quality in Northern Iran

Rapid urbanization has led to extensive land-use changes,particularly in developing countries.This research is aimed to investigate the role of land use and its effect on soil and water quality in Ziarat watershed focusing on four land uses:forest,pasture,cultivated and urban development.Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm on each land use and were analyzed by completely randomized split-plot design in two geographical directions.Results showed that bulk density(BD),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,calcium carbonate equivalent(CCE),and soil particle density(DS) of the soil samples in pastures,cultivated and urban areas increased and the mean weight diameter(MWD),soil porosity(F),organic carbons(OC),total nitrogen(TN),exchangeable cations(Ca 2+,Mg 2+,K +,Na +),cation exchange capacity(CEC) and soil microbial respirations(SMR) decreased,respectively in comparison with the forest soils.For water quality evaluations,sodium adsorption ratio(SAR),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,total dissolved solids(TDS),bicarbonate(HCO 3),chloride(Cl),total hardness(TH),calcium(Ca 2+),potassium(K +),sodium(Na +) and magnesium(Mg 2+) were investigated in two areas:Nahrkhoran and Abgir stations.Results showed that the concentration of TDS,EC and HCO 3 in Naharkhoran station is higher than that in Abgir station.On the other hand,the concentration of TDS,EC and HCO 3 in Abgir station are the relatively higher due to its location.Total hardness had the same trend during the study years except in the last three years;however,TH showed an increase of 25% TH in Naharkhoran for the last two years.Cl,K + and SAR in Naharkhoran station increased by 61%,22%,78% and 56% respectively,in comparison with Abgir station.This study demonstrated that the trend of soil degradation and mismanagement of land use may increase the frequency of urban floods and human health problems.

Biological Soil Quality Indicators and Conditioners in a Plant-Assisted Remediation of Crude Oil Polluted Farmland

Owing to vital roles played by enzymes in the preservation of the make-up of soil ecosystem and functional diversity, the influence of organic manure on the resultant biological quality of a crude oil polluted agricultural soil from a 90 d phytoremediation pot experiment was investigated. A 4-factor phyto-assisted clean-up of crude oil polluted agricultural soil was designed with options of manure amendments, to boost micobial activities. Profiles of β-glucosidases, proteases, dehydrogenases, phosphomonoesterases and respiration were investigated. Analysis of variance of triplicate experiment was carried out. Application of soil conditioner gave no marked dehydrogenase activity, which increased with depletion of available phosphorus. Marked increases in CO2 release and alkaline phosphatase activity with soil conditioning may implicate beneficial relationship with the abundance of microbial populations. Flooding in some pots correlated with β-glucosidase and respiratory acitivities. A direct relationship between cellulose breakdown, measurable with β-glucosidase activity, organic matter and CO2 release, measurable with respiratory activity within all soils was found in the present study. Use of organic manure significantly improved CO2 release by soil biota in hydrocarbon-impacted soil and may be explored for phytoremediation technique.

Impacts of Forest Harvest on Active Carbon and Microbial Properties of a Volcanic Ash Cap Soil in Northern Idaho

Soil quality assessments are essential for determining impacts on belowground microbial community structure and function. We evaluated the suitability of active carbon (C), a rapid field test, as an indicator of soil biological quality in five paired forest stands (clear cut harvested 40 years prior and unharvested) growing on volcanic ash-cap soils in northern Idaho. Active C was compared with several traditional measures of soil microbial properties (microbial biomass, respiration, fungal hyphal biomass, bacterial number and biomass and PLFA community structure). Despite the significant differences in forest vegetation between paired stands, no differences in active C and only a few significant differences in microbial properties were detected. Total bacteria (microscope counts) and PLFA signatures (gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, actinomycetes) were significantly higher in the managed stands. Our results indicate that either mineral soil biological properties in managed stands were relatively unaffected at the time of harvest or some biological recovery occurred 40 years later. Additionally, volcanic ash-cap soils in moist ecosystems could be highly resilient to the impacts of harvest operations and therefore few significant biological changes could be detected.

安徽中北部耕地土壤肥力调查分析

本文基于安徽中北部耕地质量监测点监测数据,结合多年测土配方施肥和县(区)耕地质量等级年度调查结果,对该区域耕地质量进行评价。该地区耕地土壤肥力总体为中等水平,并对研究区域耕地土壤肥力现状以及存在的问题进行综合分析。提出耕地地力提升对策,包括加强耕地质量保护,增加有机质投入,加强酸化耕地治理,实施深耕深松耕作方式,开展中微量元素试验,以及完善耕地质量监测。目的是以提高耕地质量,实现耕地资源可持续利用。

蔬菜废弃物堆肥对设施蔬菜连作土壤生态质量的改良效果

为了探究利用蔬菜废弃物堆肥制备的生物有机肥对设施蔬菜连作土壤的改良效果,将芹菜、白菜、胡萝卜、花椰菜等蔬菜废弃物与玉米秸秆进行堆肥,并施用于不同连作年限的设施小白菜土壤。研究表明,受试的4种土壤中细菌、放线菌及真菌数量,土壤酶活性及小白菜品质均随着堆肥添加量的增加而提高;而土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量则随着堆肥添加量的增加而降低。在连作5年的土壤中,高剂量施肥处理与未施肥对照相比,土壤细菌、放线菌及真菌数量,土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及磷酸酶活性分别提高0.77、1.63、1.53、3.50、1.66、0.99及1.65倍;小白菜维生素C与可溶性糖含量分别提高了88.56%和50.42%;土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量减少了94.55%。结果表明,利用蔬菜废弃物堆肥制备的生物有机肥能够显著改善连作土壤的生态质量,并且对连作年限长的土壤有着更显著的效果。

增施有机肥对河西走廊设施沙质土质量及贝贝南瓜生长的影响

为了提高河西走廊设施沙质土质量,探究有机肥对贝贝南瓜的增产效应,以栗姝5号贝贝南瓜为试验材料,设置有机肥N替代化肥N,氮、磷、钾总量保持一致的6个处理,研究增施有机肥对土壤养分含量、土壤微生物数量以及贝贝南瓜光合指标、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,高配比施用有机肥相比100%化肥处理(T1)可显著提高土壤有机质含量,且贝贝南瓜整个生育期有机质含量以T5处理(80%有机肥N+20%化肥N)最高,相对其他处理提高8.36%~36.18%。适宜的有机无机肥配施相比施用100%化肥和100%有机肥,可显著提高土壤全氮含量,且对应的土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌变化在贝贝南瓜整个生育期较为平缓。在苗期和抽蔓期,土壤有效磷和速效钾含量均以100%有机肥处理(T6)最低,在坐果期和成熟期,有效磷含量以T5处理最低,速效钾含量以T4处理(60%有机肥N+40%化肥N)最低。平均单果质量、果实横径、产量均以T5处理最高,相比其他处理增产4.82%~46.68%。果实内干物质含量随有机肥施用量的增加而增加。增施一定量有机肥相比单施化肥可明显提高贝贝南瓜维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量。综上,T5处理综合表现最佳。

宁波地区长期非粮化生产对耕层土壤理化性质的影响

本研究旨在探究宁波地区长期非粮化生产对耕层土壤理化性质的影响,为非粮化耕地的恢复利用提供参考依据。通过比较采集的全市130个非粮化耕地和53个对照样地的土壤样品,并结合地貌类型(水网平原、滨海平原、丘陵山区、河谷平原)和非粮化种植类型(苗木、果树)进行了系统分析。结果表明:非粮化耕地的土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤容重分别为5.74±0.83、24.72±8.01 g/kg和1.28±0.05 g/cm^(3),分别显著低于或高于周边水田的6.17±1.02、30.07±10.68 g/kg和1.18±0.05 g/cm^(3)(P<0.05)。不同地貌类型条件下,非粮化生产对耕层土壤理化性质的影响存在差异,其中对丘陵山区和河谷平原的耕地产生影响较大,导致土壤EC值、有机质和全氮含量均下降10%以上,土壤pH下降至酸性水平(pH<5.5)。2种非粮化生产方式(苗木和果树种植)均会不同程度导致土壤pH、EC值、CEC值、有机质和全氮含量下降与土壤容重上升,但苗木种植的影响程度均要大于果树种植,其中非粮化苗木地的有机质含量为22.90±7.18 g/kg,显著低于非粮化果园和对照样地的30.07±10.68 g/kg和26.87±8.44 g/kg(P<0.05)。研究表明,宁波地区长期非粮化生产导致土壤酸化、地力下降和土壤紧实度提高等问题,同时非粮化耕地的恢复利用应充分考虑地貌类型和非粮化种植类型等因素差异。

滇东地区气候环境对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

运用描述统计和相关性分析等方法,探究19个生物气候因子、海拔、土壤p H和土壤有机质含量等气候环境因素对滇东地区6个马铃薯产量和品质的影响.结果表明:在一定范围内,马铃薯产量与气温的BIO1、BIO5、BIO6、BIO8、BIO9、BIO10和BIO11等7个气候因子和土壤pH呈极显著负相关(p≤0.01),低温和偏酸性土壤有利于马铃薯增产,与BIO12、BIO13、BIO16、BIO18等4个降水因子和土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关(p≤0.01);还原糖与BIO15呈极显著负相关(p≤0.01),与BIO14和土壤pH呈极显著正相关(p≤0.01);淀粉与BIO14和土壤pH呈显著正相关(p≤0.05);花青素与日较差和BIO12呈极显著正相关(p≤0.01),与海拔呈显著正相关(p≤0.05).

The ecological effects of rice straw mulching on vineyard

Yongzhou often encounters drought condition in July and August. Sometimes no rainfall lasts for 20 to 40 days, causes a great damage to grape production Our four-year rice straw mulching test on vineyard indicates that if favorable mulching is supplied properly, it reduces soil temperature and conserves soil moisture in summer, increases soil temperature in winter, keeps soil loose and mellow, depresses weeds, and increases soil organic matter content in vineyard to secure good quality and higher yield even under drought condition.

柳枝稷对滨海盐碱地的改良效果及饲用价值

为探究柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)在滨海盐碱地改良方面的作用及其饲用价值,本研究在黄河三角洲盐碱地开展了田间试验和家庭农场饲喂试验,研究了柳枝稷不同种植密度和年限对盐碱地的改良效果以及柳枝稷饲喂对鲁波山羊生长性能的影响。结果显示,相较于种植以前,1 m×1 m种植密度的柳枝稷,在种植4年后土壤有机质增加了55%(P=0.09),盐分含量显著降低了59%(P<0.05)。此外,两个种植密度(1 m×1 m和1 m×3 m)的柳枝稷,均能显著降低大多数土壤重金属的含量(P<0.05)。饲喂试验发现,柳枝稷与花生(Arachis hypogaea)秧不同比例混合,均能不同程度地促进鲁波山羊的生长,以柳枝稷꞉花生秧为3꞉7时效果最佳。本研究证明,1 m×1 m种植密度的柳枝稷能够有效改良滨海盐碱土壤,同时兼具一定的饲用价值,对黄河三角洲盐碱地生态草牧业发展具有重要的指导意义。

基于最小数据集的黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量评价及障碍分析

为探究黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量特征,基于土壤物理、化学及剖面特征,建立黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法构建耕层质量评价指标的最小数据集(minimum data set,MDS),结合障碍因子诊断模型揭示黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量特征及其障碍因素。结果表明:1)研究区耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集由土壤有机质、土壤阳离子交换量、土壤pH、耕作层厚度、耕作层穿透阻力和耕作层压实度构成,基于最小数据集和全指标数据集的耕层土壤质量指数间显著正相关(R2=0.61,P<0.05),Nash有效系数和相对偏差系数分别为0.601和0.181,表明最小数据集的指标能够代替全部数据集指标对黄淮海旱作区耕层质量进行评价;2)研究区耕层土壤质量总体处于中等水平,质量指数为0.25~0.61;适宜耕层各项指标如下:耕作层厚度不小于17.20 cm,耕作层穿透阻力不大于896.10 kPa,耕作层土壤压实度不大于78.01%,pH值为8.01~9.37,有机质不小于17.87 g/kg,阳离子交换量不小于21.13 cmol/kg;3)黄淮海旱作区存在明显的障碍类型,耕层障碍可分为薄化紧实与养分贫瘠障碍耕层、养分贫瘠耕层、土壤紧实型耕层3类。其中有机质含量低、阳离子交换量低、耕作层压实度过高是黄淮海旱作区耕层质量主要障碍。研究为黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量提升和改善提供理论支撑。

化肥减量配施有机肥对尾叶桉人工林土壤肥力质量的影响

为指导桉树人工林肥料施用的科学性,文章以黄冕林场沃土工程示范林为研究对象,设置化肥减量配施有机肥以及传统施肥为对照进行试验,采集并测定15个土壤肥力指标。结果表明:增施有机肥的土壤pH值与有机质含量比传统施肥分别增加了2.70%和10.62%,有效磷的含量显著提升,说明化肥减量配施有机肥措施对于缓解土壤酸化以及提升有机质含量具有明显优势。传统施肥的土壤微量元素Ca、Mg、B等含量高于化肥减量配施有机肥,但后者的平均土壤肥力指数为(0.63)比前者(0.49)提升了28.57%,说明化肥减量配施有机肥对于肥力提升具有正向作用。

New approaches for evaluation of soil health, sensitivity and resistance to degradation

Assessment of soil health requires complexevaluation of properties and functions responsible for abroad range of ecosystem services. Numerous soil qualityindices (SQI) have been suggested for the evaluation ofspecific groups of soil functions, but comparison of variousSQI is impossible because they are based on a combinationof specific soil properties. To avoid this problem, wesuggest an SQI-area approach based on the comparison ofthe areas on a radar diagram of a combination of chemical,biological and physical properties. The new approach isindependent of the SQI principle and allows rapid andsimple comparison of parameter groups and soils. Anotherapproach analyzing the resistance and sensitivity ofproperties to degradation is suggested for a detailedevaluation of soil health. The resistance and sensitivityof soil properties are determined through comparison withthe decrease of soil organic carbon (SOC) as a universalparameter responsible for many functions. The SQI-areaand resistance/sensitivity approaches were tested based on quences after the ab and on ment of agricultural soils. Both the SQI-area and the resistance/sensitivity approaches areuseful for basic and applied research, and for decisionmakersto evaluate land-use practices and measure thedegree of soil degradation.

土壤活性有机质及其与土壤质量的关系

活性有机质是土壤的重要组成部分 ,主要包括溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量、轻组有机质。它在土壤中具有重要作用 :(1)可以表征土壤物质循环特征、评价土壤质量 ,可以作为土壤潜在生产力以及由土壤管理措施引起土壤有机质变化的早期指标 ;(2 )在养分周转中起重要作用 ,是植物的养分库 ,可以提供植物所需要的养分如氮、磷、硫等 ;(3)能稳定土壤结构 ,对维持团粒结构稳定性有重要作用。从土壤养分、土壤物理、化学性质方面讨论了活性有机质与土壤质量的关系。土壤中的溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量碳氮含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮等物质的含量呈正相关。活性有机质受土壤质地、含水量、温度等因素影响 ,与土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换量等也有关。土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物量 C/有机碳比与土壤粘粒、粉粒含量呈正相关。

秸秆焚烧对土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量的影响

秸秆露天焚烧作为对废弃秸秆常见的处理方式在中国普遍存在。目前的研究多集中在焚烧对区域大气环境的影响,对土壤环境的化学效应研究较少。因此,为揭示大田秸秆焚烧对土壤生物化学性质的影响,设置不焚烧(CK)、减量焚烧(A1)、全量焚烧(A2)、增量焚烧(A3)4个处理,通过连续4个月的田间小区定位试验,探究不同小麦秸秆焚烧量对耕层0—5 cm土壤有机质含量、微生物数量、土壤养分含量的即时效应和各指标在玉米各生育期内的变化情况。结果表明:小麦秸秆焚烧1 d后土壤有机质含量和微生物数量相对于CK显著降低(P<0.05)。其中,有机质含量在焚烧后减少11.0%—22.1%,真菌数量降低30.8%—56.1%,细菌数量降低50.6%—72.6%,放线菌数量降低46.9%—68.3%。土壤全效和速效养分含量显著增加(P<0.05):全磷含量增加6.5%—12.9%,全钾含量增加4.6%—18.1%,全氮含量增加2.6%—13.2%。速效磷含量增加9.8%—39.1%,速效钾含量增加13.2%—39.1%,铵态氮含量增加8.6%—38.7%,硝态氮含量增加1.4%—9.2%。各指标的变化幅度随焚烧量的增多而加大(A3>A2>A1)。玉米生育期内,焚烧处理的土壤有机质含量平均恢复5.6%(A1>A2>A3)。与有机质相比,焚烧处理土壤微生物数量恢复程度较高,其中细菌的恢复速率最快。在玉米苗期各焚烧处理的真菌、细菌和放线菌平均数量相对于CK依次降低12.7%、17.4%、11.9%,在大喇叭口期和成熟期,微生物数量与CK间差异不显著。速效养分含量在玉米生育期显著高于CK。在玉米苗期、大喇叭口期和成熟期,相对于CK速效磷含量平均增加24.9%、27.0%、29.2%,速效钾平均增加24.0%、14.1%、15.2%,铵态氮平均增加25.5%、23.1%、20.2%,硝态氮平均增加20.8%、19.2%、19.8%。

华北平原小麦施肥现状及影响小麦产量的因素分析

针对近年来华北平原水肥投入不断增加而小麦单产徘徊不前的局面,本研究对山东省惠民县小麦的施肥现状和影响小麦产量的主要因素进行了调查。结果表明,研究地区小麦季农民习惯的氮磷钾肥投入量在不同农户间差异较大,平均为424 kg/hm2N,226 kg/hm2P2O5,88 kg/hm2K2O,其中氮磷肥用量已远超过同期作物养分消耗量。在现有的小麦产量水平和施肥水平条件下,土壤有机质含量和亩穗数对小麦产量的贡献最大,其次为土壤速效磷含量和穗粒数,土壤速效钾和千粒重与小麦籽粒产量没有明显相关性。由于过量氮磷肥施用和高的土壤速效钾含量,不同农户间施肥量的差异对小麦产量影响较小。

藻类对土壤肥力的影响

通过完全蔽光和正常光照两个对照实验组,研究了光照、植物和藻类3个因子对土壤有机质、有效磷、微生物的影响.由极差分析知,混合藻对有效磷的变化和微生物数量的提高起主导作用.作者认为在80d内,混合藻类是藻类数量和有机质变化的主要原因;80d后,光照起主要的作用.在各处理组中,混合藻和光照的作用都强于植物的作用.土壤藻类对土壤肥力有明显的影响,与高等植物共同作用,对土壤肥力的提高效果明显.

不同施肥处理下土壤水溶性有机碳含量及其组成特征的研究

长期不同施肥处理下 ,土壤水溶性有机碳 (WSOC)含量范围为 3 2 1～ 45 5mgkg- 1,大小顺序为NPK +4 5 0 0kg稻草 >NPK +2 2 5 0kg稻草 >对照 >NPK ;WSOC占土壤总有机碳 (TOC)百分比的范围为0 1 5 %～ 0 1 9% ,大小顺序为NPK +4 5 0 0kg稻草≈对照 >NPK +2 2 5 0kg稻草 >NPK。土壤中WSOC的含量与TOC、微生物生物量碳 (SMBC)的含量都呈显著性正相关。13C核磁共振 ( 13C NMR)的研究结果表明 ,WSOC都主要是由碳水化合物C、羧基C和长链脂肪C组成。不同施肥处理下 ,WSOC和SMBC占TOC百分比的变异系数 (CV)都小于它们在土壤中绝对含量的变异系数 ,且WSOC/TOC的变异系数大于SMBC/TOC。WSOC/TOC是反映不同施肥处理下土壤有机质质量的一个较好指标。