The Characteristics of Quartz Micro-morphology of The Fault Gouge in Bailongjiang Fault System and Its Chronology

A great deal of important information referring to fault motion (such as fault activities period, intensity, frequency, and even dynamic background, etc.) can be revealed by resolving fault gouge, which are the special result of fault motion while extruding or grinding. Based on the field investigation, collected from Bailongjiang fault system of Western Qinling Orogenic (QO) Belt, 44 samples of fault gouge were for quartz micro-morphology observation and statistics by the field emission SEM, and 14 samples were tested by thermo-luminescence dating. The results showed that most of the micro-morphology of quartz grains are fish scale and orange-haut fractures, but a small amount of moss-like, stalactitic, and subconchoidal fractures. Also very few decay of quartz grains and typical conchoids fracture quartz grains can be seen. This implied that the Bailongjiang fault system was motioned repeatedly in Quaternary period but main motion period was Pleistocene. 14 thermo-luminescence dating values showed herewith two groups as 343.29-184.06 ka and 92.18-13.87 ka. Therefore, the conclusions can be reached that the fault system were motioned starting at Pliocene epoch, frequently in the middle of Pleistocene (343.29-184.06 ka), and peak frequency in late Pleistocene (92.18-13.87 ka). The fault system motions have stopped at Holocene. The results are significant for the natural disaster risk evaluation in western QO region.

Phase transitions, micro-morphology and its oxidation mechanism in oxidation of ilmenite (FeTiO_3) powder

Phase transitions, morphology changes, and oxidation mechanism of the ilmenite oxidation process were investigated. FeTi03 transforms to hematite and rutile when oxidation at 700-800 ℃, and pseudobrookite is formed when the oxidation temperature reaches 900 ℃. The initial ilmenite powder exhibits paramagnetism; however, after being oxidized at the intermediate temperature （800-850 ℃）, the oxidation product exhibits weak ferromagnetism. The oxidation mechanism was discussed. The microstructure observations show that a lot of micro-pores emerge on the surfaces of ilmenite particles at the intermediate temperature, which is deemed to be caoable ofenhancin~ the mass transfer ofoxgen during oxidation.

Leaf Micro-Morphology in Two Ecotypes of Ashleaf Maple Adaptated to Different Survival Environments

Through one hundred years of adaptation in China, The Acer negundo Linn. (as hlea f maple), originally grown in North America, has developed morphological charact er istics to cope the severe situation of its habitats. Two ecotypes from different vegetation belts in the ecotone of eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region wer e detected. Although there was no macroscopic difference, contrasting micro-ch a racteristics had been observed between the two sources. The leaves from more dro ught and warmer zone were found with more trichomes, more and smaller stomata, l arger subsidiary cells, thicker palisade and flatter epidermal wax than those of leaves from the more humid and colder zone. Microstructures of the leaves from xeric sources can more effectively reduce leaf temperature and conserving water than those of mesic sources. Intra-species difference of the two ecotypes is th e result of adaptation in different environments. This should be considered when characteristics of foliage are used as characters of species in taxonomy.

A highly sensitive LITES sensor based on a multi-pass cell with dense spot pattern and a novel quartz tuning fork with low frequency

A highly sensitive light-induced thermoelectric spectroscopy(LITES)sensor based on a multi-pass cell(MPC)with dense spot pattern and a novel quartz tuning fork(QTF)with low resonance frequency is reported in this manuscript.An erbi-um-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA)was employed to amplify the output optical power so that the signal level was further enhanced.The optical path length(OPL)and the ratio of optical path length to volume(RLV)of the MPC is 37.7 m and 13.8 cm^(-2),respectively.A commercial QTF and a self-designed trapezoidal-tip QTF with low frequency of 9461.83 Hz were used as the detectors of the sensor,respectively.The target gas selected to test the performance of the system was acetylene(C2H2).When the optical power was constant at 1000 mW,the minimum detection limit(MDL)of the C2H2-LITES sensor can be achieved 48.3 ppb when using the commercial QTF and 24.6 ppb when using the trapezoid-al-tip QTF.An improvement of the detection performance by a factor of 1.96 was achieved after replacing the commer-cial QTF with the trapezoidal-tip QTF.

Effect of substrate micro-morphology on heterogeneous nucleation

The heterogeneous nucleation process of NH4Cl crystals from a NH4Cl-70wt.%H2O solution on rough chilling substrates was considered in this paper. Scratched and etched substrates of aluminum were prepared with different surface morphologies. It was concluded that for nucleation to occur on a rough substrate surface, the wettability or the generally said roughness are not the key factors affecting the heterogeneous nucleation process. Rather the surface morphologies on the nanometer scale, which is close to the scale of the critical nucleation radius, are more important.

Diffusion and reaction mechanism of limestone and quartz in fluxed iron ore pellet roasting process

The increase to the proportion of fluxed pellets in the blast furnace burden is a useful way to reduce the carbon emissions in the ironmaking process.In this study,the interaction between calcium carbonate and iron ore powder and the mineralization mechanism of fluxed iron ore pellet in the roasting process were investigated through diffusion couple experiments.Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the elements’diffusion and phase transformation during the roasting process.The results indicated that limestone decomposed into calcium oxide,and magnetite was oxidized to hematite at the early stage of preheating.With the increase in roasting temperature,the diffusion rate of Fe and Ca was obviously accelerated,while the diffusion rate of Si was relatively slow.The order of magnitude of interdiffusion coefficient of Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO diffusion couple was 10^(−10) m^(2)·s^(−1) at a roasting temperature of 1200℃for 9 h.Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) was the initial product in the Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO-SiO_(2) diffusion interface,and then Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) continued to react with Fe_(2)O_(3) to form CaFe_(2)O_(4).With the expansion of the diffusion region,the sillico-ferrite of calcium liquid phase was produced due to the melting of SiO_(2) into CaFe_(2)O_(4),which can strengthen the consolidation of fluxed pellets.Furthermore,andradite would be formed around a small part of quartz particles,which is also conducive to the consolidation of fluxed pellets.In addition,the principle diagram of limestone and quartz diffusion reaction in the process of fluxed pellet roasting was discussed.

Etching of quartz crystals in liquid phase environment:A review

Quartz crystals are the most widely used material in resonant sensors,owing to their excellent piezoelectric and mechanical properties.With the development of portable and wearable devices,higher processing efficiency and geometrical precision are required.Wet etching has been proven to be the most efficient etching method for large-scale production of quartz devices,and many wet etching approaches have been developed over the years.However,until now,there has been no systematic review of quartz crystal etching in liquid phase environments.Therefore,this article provides a comprehensive review of the development of wet etching processes and the achievements of the latest research in thisfield,covering conventional wet etching,additive etching,laser-induced backside wet etching,electrochemical etching,and electrochemical discharge machining.For each technique,a brief overview of its characteristics is provided,associated problems are described,and possible solutions are discussed.This review should provide an essential reference and guidance for the future development of processing strategies for the manufacture of quartz crystal devices.

Crystal structure transformation and lattice impurities migration of quartz during chlorine roasting

To investigate the effect of chlorine roasting on the migration and removal of trace elements in quartz lattice,firstly,an efficient pretreatment process,grinding–HCl washing–flotation–HF and HCl leaching,was used to remove the gangue minerals in quartz ore to obtain purified quartz for the preparation of high-purity quartz and the investigation of lattice impurities migration.The results showed that the high-purity quartz with total impurities less than 50μg/g could be obtained from purified quartz after being treated with chlorine at 1200°C.The variation of crystal structure and the lattice impurities migration of quartz during chlorine roasting were studied through in-situ XRD,TGA,SEM-EDS,ICP-MS,FT-IR and XPS analysis.It revealed that the decomposable impurities H_(2)O,-OH,and residual collectors in the crystal of purified quartz could be effectively removed through chlorine roasting above 900°C,which also had an obvious effect on the removal of low-valence trace elements Li,Na and K in the crystal of quartz but didn't affect the multivalent trace elements Al and Ti.This study revealed the removal and migration mechanism of the trace elements in quartz crystal during chlorine roasting.

Unveiling Nb-Ta mineralization processes:Insight from quartz textural and chemical characteristics in the Songshugang deposit,Jiangxi Province,South China

The Songshugang deposit is a large Ta-Nb deposit in South China,with Ta-Nb mineralization associated genetically with the granite and pegmatite.A diversity of quartz from topaz-albite granite,quartz-mica pegmatite,quartz-feldspar pegmatite,and quartz-fluorite pegmatite at Songshugang was studied by CL and LA-ICP-MS in order to constrain enrichment mechanisms of Nb and Ta and to find geochemical indicators of quartz for rare metal deposits.Cathodoluminescence image illuminates a canvas of complexity,the quartz from topaz-albite granite,quartz-mica pegmatite,quartz-feldspar pegmatite,and quartz-fluorite pegmatite,exhibits numerous dark CL streaks,patches,and a series of healed fractures.These textures suggest that the rocks were fractured because of deep crustal pressure,and underwent later hydrothermal metasomatism and quartz filling.The quartz from quartz-fluorite pegmatite present limited patches or fractures but distinct growth bands,indicating that the melt fluid composition during the formation of quartz at this stage varies greatly and is less aff ected by mechanical fragmentation.The LA-ICP-MS analysis of quartz shows that there is a positive correlation between Al and Li in the quartz from topaz-albite granite,quartz-mica pegmatite,quartz-feldspar pegmatite,to quartz-fluorite pegmatite,indicating that Al mainly enters the quartz lattice through charge compensation substitution mechanism with Li.However,our data deviate from the theoretical Li:Al mass ratio of~1:3.89 in quartz,indicating that there may be competition between H^(+)and Li in a water-rich magmatic environment.The quartz from topaz-albite granite is enriched in K and Na elements,and the quartz from quartz-fluorite pegmatite is enriched in fluorite with a low Ca content in quartz,further elucidating that these rocks were subjected to hydrothermal metasomatism.From topaz-albitite granite to quartz-fluorite pegmatite,Al,Li and Ge content and Al/Ti,Ge/Ti,Sb/Ti ratios in quartz gradually increased,but Ti content gradually decreased,reflecting the high evolution of magma,which can enrich rare metal elements.Based on the characteristics of quartz CL textures and trace elements in topaz-albite granite,quartz-mica pegmatite,quartz-feldspar pegmatite,and quartz-fluorite pegmatite,combined with the albitization and K-feldspathization of rocks,it is suggested that the Nb-Ta mineralization in Songshugang may be influenced by the combined action of magmatic crystallization differentiation and fluid metasomatism.By comparing the quartz in the Songshugang pluton with the quartz in the granite type and pegmatite type rare metal deposits recognized in the world,the Songshugang pegmatite share similarities with the LCT-type pegmatite.Combined with previous studies,the Ge/Ti>0.1 and Ti<10 ppm,as well as Al,Li,Ge,Sb,K,Na contents and Al/Ti,Sb/Ti ratios in quartz have the potential to be a powerful exploration marker for identifying granite-like pegmatitic Nb-Ta deposits in other places.

Trace elements in magmatic and hydrothermal quartz:Implications on the genesis of the Xingluokeng Tungsten Deposit,South China

The Xingluokeng deposit is the largest gran-ite-related tungsten deposit within the Wuyi metallogenic belt in South China.The Xingluokeng intrusion primarily consists of porphyritic biotite granite,biotite granite,andfine-grained granite.The deposit is represented by veinlet-disseminated mineralization with K-feldspathization and biotitization,alongside quartz-vein mineralization with gre-isenization and sericitization.This study investigates in-situ analyses of quartz compositions from both the intrusion and hydrothermal veinlets and veins.Trace element correlations indicate that trivalent Al^(3+)and Fe^(3+)replace Si^(4+)within the quartz lattice,with monovalent cations(such as Li^(+),Na^(+),and K^(+))primarily serving as charge compensators.Low Ge/Al ratios(<0.013)of quartz from granites suggest a mag-matic origin.The low Al/Ti and Ge/Ti ratios,accompanied by high Ti contents in quartz,suggest that the porphyritic biotite granite and biotite granite are characterized by rela-tively low levels of differentiation and high crystallization temperatures.In contrast,thefine-grained granite exhibits a higher degree of fractionation,lower crystallization tem-peratures,and a closer association with tungsten miner-alization.Ti contents in quartz from quartz veins indicate Qz-Ⅰformed at temperatures above 400°C,while Qz-Ⅱto Qz-Ⅴformed at temperatures below 350°C.Variations in different generations of quartz,as indicated by Al content and(Al+Fe)/(Li+Na+K)ratio,suggest that Qz-Ⅰprecipi-tated from a less acidicfluid with a stable pH,whereas Qz-Ⅱto Qz-Ⅴoriginated from a more acidicfluid with notable pH variations.Consequently,alkaline alteration and acidic alteration supplied the essential Ca and Fe for the precipita-tion of scheelite and wolframite,respectively,highlighting a critical mechanism in tungsten mineralization at the Xin-gluokeng deposit.

Synergistic strengthening mechanism of Ca^(2+)-sodium silicate to selective separation of feldspar and quartz

Inhibitors are important for flotation separation of quartz and feldspar.In this study,a novel combined inhibitor was used to separate quartz and feldspar in near-neutral pulp.Selective inhibition of the combined inhibitor was assessed by micro-flotation experiments.And a series of detection methods were used to detect differences in the surface properties of feldspars and quartz after flotation reagents and put forward the synergistic strengthening mechanism.The outcomes were pointed out that pre-mixing combined inhibitors were more effective than the addition of Ca^(2+)and SS in sequence under the optimal proportion of 1:5.A concentrate from artificial mixed minerals that was characterized by a high quartz grade and a high recovery was acquired,and was found to be 90.70wt% and 83.70%,respectively.It was demonstrated that the combined inhibitor selectively prevented the action of the collector and feldspar from Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR)and adsorption capacity tests.The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)indicated that Ca^(2+)directly interacts with the surface of quartz to increase the adsorption of collectors.In contrast,the chemistry property of Al on the feldspar surface was altered by combined inhibitor due to Na^(+)and Ca^(2+)taking the place of K^(+),resulting in the composite inhibitor forms a hydrophilic structure,which prevents the adsorption of the collector on the surface of feldspar by interacting with the Al active site.The combination of Ca^(2+)and SS synergically strengthens the difference of collecting property between quartz and feldspar by collector,thus achieving the effect of efficient separation.A new strategy for flotation to separate quartz from feldspar in near-neutral pulp was provided.

试论高纯石英原料矿的找矿方向

高纯石英、高纯石英原料与高纯石英原料矿,三者概念不同,不能混淆。高纯石英是选矿之后的矿产品;高纯石英原料是野外工作大致能判断的、可以作为高纯石英选矿原料的矿石;而高纯石英原料矿是有可能从中圈定出高纯石英原料矿石、矿体的矿种,包括石英砂、粉石英、石英砂岩、石英岩和脉石英矿5个主要矿种。当前我国寻找“高纯石英原料”的主要方向,除了这5个矿种之外,还要注意这5个矿种在特定条件下形成的矿床类型。比如,稳定地台区形成的石英岩,经过区域变质之后的石英岩矿;变质石英岩风化之后的粉石英矿;白岗岩、翁岗岩、碱性花岗岩建造风化壳以及由其风化产物形成的石英砂;“干环境”中形成的脉石英等。

东昆仑波洛尕熊金矿区石英闪长玢岩锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学及地质意义

波洛尕熊金矿区位于青海东昆仑东段,矿区内石英闪长玢岩脉与金矿化带在空间上伴生产出。笔者通过锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及地球化学研究,探讨了波洛尕熊石英闪长玢岩的岩浆源区和岩石成因、大地构造意义、形成时代与找矿意义。岩石地球化学研究表明,石英闪长玢岩属准铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列岩石,富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素和Pb,相对亏损高场强元素,基本不显示铕异常。Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf等特征反映闪长玢岩具有壳幔混合的源区特征。石英闪长玢岩LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb年龄为(226.6±1.6)Ma(MSWD=0.41),形成时代为印支期晚三叠世,为东昆仑造山带古特提斯构造岩浆演化的产物。综合东昆仑地区前人年代学数据及区域构造演化,认为波洛尕熊石英闪长玢岩为后碰撞伸展阶段地壳重熔的产物,东昆仑在约228 Ma就已全面进入后碰撞演化阶段。印支期中基性岩脉尤其是闪长玢岩脉经常与东昆仑地区金矿化在时空分布及成因上关系密切,在今后金矿找矿勘查中应高度重视。

不同直径毛管中水密度变化特性及其对土壤水密度变化的启示

土壤水的密度存在较大的变化范围,但目前还没有一个完整的理论来全面描述这种变化规律。本文利用微米直径的石英管模拟多孔介质的孔隙系统,采用质量-体积法测量了直径在50~530μm之间的8个不同直径石英管中水的密度。结果表明:当石英管直径小于75μm时,水的密度大于体相水的密度,最高密度为1.19 g/cm^(3);而直径为100~250μm时,水的密度略小于体相水,最低为0.98 g/cm^(3)。水密度随石英管径而变化的规律可以用类似纳兰-琼斯势的经验公式来表达。研究表明:能使水密度增大或减小的水化作用、水-固界面作用、毛细作用或空化机制均不能解释石英管中出现的水密度变化。分析认为,毛管中的复杂的水动力学和流变学,特别是管嘴的剪切增稠及其逆过程可能是不同直径石英管中水密度变化的物理机制。该机制不同于解释土壤水密度变化的传统理论,为土壤水密度变化研究提供了一个崭新的视角。如果把石英管中水密度变化规律与基于多孔介质毛管束概念的土壤含水率模型结合,可以预测不同含水率土壤中水的密度。进一步的研究应该从流变学基本理论出发,建立剪切速率与黏度和黏度与密度之间的定量关系,从理论上构建毛管水和土壤水密度变化模型。

皖南黏土型锂矿中石英的高效回收利用研究

皖南某黏土型锂矿含0.23%Li_(2)O,锂元素主要赋存于热液蚀变矿物内,以锂绿泥石形式存在。由X射线衍射(XRD)分析可知,该矿主要矿物成分为石英、正长石、斜绿泥石、白云母、钠长石。由于该锂矿品位低,提锂尾矿产率大,为优化矿产资源的综合利用,本试验对该黏土型锂矿中石英进行了回收利用研究。结果表明,采用筛分-磨矿-擦洗脱泥-磁选-浮选的工艺流程,获得的浮选石英精矿产率为8.42%,SiO_(2)含量(质量分数,下同)为99.16%;对浮选石英精矿进行热压酸浸后,SiO_(2)含量为99.973%,杂质总含量为266.84μg/g,达到了低端高纯石英砂标准。通过试验研究,该黏土型锂矿中的石英得到有效回收,减少了提锂工艺入选量和尾矿排放量,并能产生一定的经济价值,研究结果为该类型锂矿中石英资源的高效回收提供了借鉴。

并联组合式石英灯加热器及其辐射加热性能

目的通过石英灯加热器对材料表面进行辐射加热,研究其对开展飞行器表面热载荷地面模拟的有效性。方法设计开发一套并联组合式石英灯加热器,并针对200 mm×200 mm平板材料进行辐射加热实验研究,通过一系列实验获得加热器辐射面与模型平板不同距离之间的热流变化规律,以及加热器对平板模型某点热流与加热器电参数的关联特性,并分别以模型表面某点处热流和温度参数作为控制变量,实现加热器对模型某点的热流和温度的跟踪模拟。结果本文开发的并联组合式石英灯加热器既可以单组使用,也可以2组并联组合使用,2种形式加热器对模型表面均可以形成一个稳定的辐射加热区域,辐射加热区域内从中心到边缘平均温度梯度分别为8℃/cm和3.3℃/cm,温度不均匀度分别为3.14%和1.27%。模型表面热流的跟踪响应实现毫秒级控制,控制精度保持在1%以内,加热器可以实现某点温度的动态跟踪和控制,温度控制精度受材料特性而存在一定的偏差。结论石英灯加热器对于平板某点热流与加热器功率之间存在着近似的线性关系,2组并联实现了一个更好的均匀稳定的加热区域,加热器对于辐射加热区域某点热流和温度均可以实现动态跟踪控制。

Quartz调度器与Web程序整合的研究和应用

Quartz是一个开源的作业调度框架,它完全由Java写成,运用于J2SE和J2EE应用中,能够为执行一个作业而创建简单或复杂的调度。本文简要阐述它的机制原理以及在Web中的任务制作和调度的应用过程及整合原理。

Flotation separation of andalusite from quartz using sodium petroleum sulfonate as collector

The floatability of andalusite and quartz was studied using sodium petroleum sulfonate as collector, being successfully applied in the real ore separation. The collecting performance on minerals was interpreted by means of zeta potential measurement and infrared spectroscopic analysis. The single mineral experiments showed that andalusite got good floatability in acidic pH region while quartz exhibited very poor floatability in the whole pH range. At pH 3, the presence of Fe3+ obviously activated quartz, causing the identical flotation behavior of the two minerals, and calcium lignosulphonate exhibited good selective inhibition to quartz. The real ore test results showed that andalusite concentrate with 53.46% Al2O3 and quartz concentrate with 92.74% SiO2 were obtained. The zeta potential and infrared spectroscopic analysis results indicated that chemical adsorption occurred between sodium petroleum sulfonate and andalusite.

Effects of Long-term Fertilization on Micro-morphological Features in Purple Soil

[Objective] The study aimed to better understand the effect of different fertilizer treatments on micro-morphological characteristics of a purple soil at the 0-20 cm topsoil in a long-term fertilizer experiment. [Method] Soil micro-morphology was observed and analyzed under a single polarizing microscope. [Result] For the CK （no fertilizer） treatment, soil structure was dense with little porosity developed. Its soil microstructure was poor, sandy fabric-granular fabric. After continuously applied chemical fertilizers only for more than two decades, the soil particles did not evolve into soil structures and formed little porosity. The microstructures of soil in N, NP and NPK treatments were porphyroskelic fabric-fine sandy granular fabric, better than that of the soil in CK treatment. Adding manure obviously improved the quantity of groundmass and endowed the soil a loose structure and plenty porosity, enriched animal and plant residues, and well-formed iron-manganese nodules and humus ma- terials, all resulting in better micro-aggregates development. The type of soil microstructures in MNPK treatment was pectized-compacted takyric fabric-intertextic fabric, the best among all the treatments. [Conclusion] Combined application of both or- ganic and inorganic fertilizers can significantly improve the structure of the purple soil, enhance soil fertility and achieve soil sustainable development.

Contribution of components from volume defect in natural pyrite and quartz to solution chemistry of flotation pulp

The volume defects in pure pyrite and quartz from a classical Cu-Pb-Zn-Fe sulfide deposit were investigated.The results indicate that a large number of volume defects exist in natural pyrite and quartz.The volume defects assume a variety of shapes,including long strips,oval shapes and irregular shapes,with sizes ranging from a few microns to dozens of microns.These volume defects are rich in metallogenic elements as a result of the capture of metallogenic and mineralizing fluid during the defect-forming process.The volume defects are fractured during the grinding process,and their chemical components are released into the solution,as confirmed by the abundant presence of various metal and non-metal components in the cleaning water and EDS results.Under the experimental conditions of 10 g pyrite or quartz with grinding fineness of d90=37 μm,which was cleaned in 40 m L of pure deionised water under an inert atmosphere,the total average concentrations of Cu,Pb,Zn,Fe,Ca,Mg and Cl-in the aqueous solution are 32.09×10^-7,16.51×10^-7,19.45×10^-7,516.52×10^-7,129.50×10^-7,35.30×10^-7 and 433.80×10^-7 mol/L,respectively,for pyrite and 19.20×10^-7,8.88×10^-7,8.31×10^-7,82.71×10^-7,16.21×10^-7,4.28×10^-7 and 731.26×10^-7 mol/L,respectively,for quartz.These values are significantly greater than those from the experimental non-oxidative dissolution of the pyrite or quartz,respectively.Therefore,the metallogenic fluid in volume defects of mineral crystal is concluded to represent the dominant contribution to the solution chemistry of sulfide flotation pulp.The present investigation will help to deeply understand the flotation theory of sulfide minerals.