Study of damage behavior and repair effectiveness of patch repaired carbon fiber laminate under quasi-static indentation loading

Damage caused due to low-velocity impacts in composites leads to substantial deterioration in their residual strength and eventually provokes structural failure.This work presents an experimental investigation on the effects of different patch and parent laminate stacking sequences on the enhancement of impact strength of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers(CFRP)composites by utilising the adhesively bonded external patch repair technique.Damage evolution study is also performed with the aid of Acoustic Emission(AE).Two different quasi-isotropic configurations were selected for the parent laminate,viz.,[45°/45°/0°/0°]s and[45°/0°/45°/0°]s.Quasi Static Indentation(QSI)test was performed on both the pristine laminates,and damage areas were detected by using the C-scan inspection technique.Damaged laminates were repaired by using a single-sided patch of two different configurations,viz.,[45°/45°/45°/45°]and[45°/0°/0°/45°],and employing a circular plug to fill the damaged hole.Four different combinations of repaired laminates with two configurations of each parent and patch laminate were produced,which were further subjected to the QSI test.The results reveal the effectiveness of the repair method,as all the repaired laminates show higher impact resistance compared to the respective pristine laminates.Patches of[45°/0°/0°/45°]configuration when repaired by taking[45°/45°/0°/0°]s and[45°/0°/45°/0°]s as parents exhibited 68%and 73%higher peak loads,respectively,than the respective pristine laminates.Furthermore,parent and patch of configuration[45°/0°/45°/0°]s and[45°/0°/0°/45°],respectively,attain the highest peak load,whereas[45°/45°/0°/0°]s and[45°/45°/45°/45°]combinations possess the most gradual decrease in the load.

钢支撑-钢筋混凝土掉层框架结构抗震性能试验研究

为改善坡地钢筋混凝土(RC)掉层框架结构抗侧刚度分布的不均匀性,设计了一栋在上接地层设置钢支撑的RC掉层框架结构,按1/4比例提取其顺坡向中榀框架下部5层子结构为试验对象,开展钢支撑-RC掉层框架拟静力试验,观测试件的破坏过程,并对比RC掉层框架试验所得试件的破坏形态,分析试件滞回性能、延性和刚度退化等抗震性能指标。结果表明:试件的最终破坏是以第4层柱底混凝土压溃,梁端混凝土剥落、底部钢筋断裂,顶层柱顶混凝土剥落为标志。与RC掉层框架试验结果相比,钢支撑-RC掉层框架试件上接地柱的破坏明显减轻,柱端破坏分布也更为均匀,避免了掉层框架结构“半层破坏模式”的出现,改善了结构的耗能和抗地震倒塌能力。但试件上接地层相邻上一层的变形和破坏程度较大,应对该楼层的柱端进行适当的抗震加强;设置钢支撑后,试件的滞回曲线较为饱满,并具有良好的延性(正、负向加载的位移延性系数分别可达5.13、5.69),正负向加载的刚度退化曲线也趋于对称。

新型桥梁“耗能-限位”一体化弧形板装置力学性能试验及参数敏感性分析

为解决强震作用下中小跨径简支梁桥的落梁问题,研发了一种经济高效、安装便捷的新型“耗能限位”梁一体化弧形板装置.首先采用拟静力试验研究了不同截面的弧形板装置滞回耗能行为和疲劳破坏机理,接着采用数值分析的手段探讨了参数对装置力位移骨架曲线及等效阻尼比的影响规律,并补充了弧形板装置的防落梁行为模式与极限承载能力.结果表明:提出的新型弧形板装置具有优异的耗能能力,T形截面的弧形板结构更加合理,等效阻尼比最大能达到近40%;弧形板装置可通过分离几何参数对耗能能力、滞回强度、刚度及位移能力进行设计,增大中间截面的腹板高度h2是提高弧形板耗能能力的最有效手段,增加50%的h2能提高50.1%的最大强度与约4.7%的等效阻尼比.所提出的新型防落梁装置为桥梁中小震消能和强震柔性防落梁提供一体化装置解决方案.

T型钢连接方钢管柱-H型钢梁节点抗震性能分析

目的为了研究单边螺栓和T型钢连接的方钢管柱-H型钢梁节点的抗震特性,方法采用室内试验和数值模拟分析方法,对1∶2缩尺的边节点进行拟静力试验,并通过ABAQUS有限元软件进行数值模拟,综合分析边节点的滞回特性、承载力、刚度与耗能等力学特性。有限元分析变量为T型钢加肋、梁翼缘狗骨式和梁腹板开圆孔式。结果试验中,节点试件中连接件T型钢参与耗能且其变形最明显,梁、柱构件变形较小。塑性铰主要集中在连接构件T型钢上,T型钢腹板与翼缘交接处出现应力集中状态。试验弹性阶段,节点构件共同抵抗外部作用力。进入塑性阶段,节点损伤逐渐累积至T型钢,使T型钢最终产生塑性破坏而失效。有限元模拟中,T型钢加肋的形式对节点整体承载力影响最大,其中加3号肋的形式使节点承载力的增长量达到最大;梁翼缘狗骨式的形式对节点整体耗能能力影响最大,为44.01%。结论在T型钢上加肋板对节点的承载力和刚度提升较明显,对耗能能力影响不大;梁翼缘狗骨式和梁腹板开圆孔式均能提高节点的耗能能力,节点承载力和刚度基本不变;梁翼缘做狗骨式对节点抗震性能影响最显著。

PC钢棒-钢筋混合配筋混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

为研究预应力混凝土用钢棒(steel bar for prestressed concrete, PC钢棒)-钢筋混合配筋混凝土柱的抗震性能,设计制作了5根相同尺寸、相同纵筋配筋率、不同PC钢棒替代率的PC钢棒-钢筋混合配筋混凝土柱试件,通过拟静力试验研究了PC钢棒替代率对试件抗震性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着PC钢棒替代率的提高,试件的裂缝分布高度降低,裂缝数量变少,滞回曲线的饱满程度逐渐降低,耗能能力降低,残余位移角减小,自复位能力增强;当PC钢棒的替代率不大于50%时,各试件的峰值荷载接近;当PC钢棒的替代率大于50%时,试件的峰值荷载随PC钢棒替代率的增大而提高;当加载位移角相同且不大于1.0%时,配置PC钢棒的混凝土柱的残余位移角较为接近,且明显小于未配置PC钢棒的钢筋混凝土柱的残余位移角;当加载位移角相同且大于1%时,柱的残余位移角随着PC钢棒替代率的增高而降低。

钢-PVA纤维混凝土预制连梁抗震性能试验研究

为研究钢-聚乙烯醇混杂纤维混凝土(Steel-Polyvinyl Alcohol Hybird Fiber Concrete,简称SPHFC)预制连梁的抗震性能,对1个普通混凝土(RC)预制连梁试件和3个SPHFC预制连梁试件进行低周往复加载试验,分析预制连梁的破坏过程、破坏形态、滞回性能、刚度及耗能能力等抗震指标,研究连梁基体材料和截面宽度对其抗震性能的影响,阐明了SPHFC预制连梁的破坏机理.结果表明:RC预制连梁破坏时混凝土剥落现象严重,最终表现为剪切型破坏;SPHFC预制连梁破坏时几乎无混凝土剥落现象,充分发挥了纤维混凝土多裂缝开展的特点,最终发生弯剪型破坏;SPHFC预制连梁的承载力、延性、刚度和耗能能力均远高于RC预制连梁;分别增大SPHFC预制连梁基体强度或截面宽度,连梁承载力提高,延性和耗能能力略有降低.本文提出的新型SPHFC预制连梁各项抗震指标均显著优于普通RC预制连梁,且制作简便,轻质高强,便于预制吊装,可在装配式结构中推广应用.

预张预应力-承插式预制桥墩抗震试验数值仿真

为充分利用承插式桥墩施工容差大、无黏结预应力桥墩震后可自恢复的优势,同时减少现场预应力张拉施工,提出一种承插式连接和工厂预张无黏结预应力筋连接的混合连接预制拼装桥墩。采用ABAQUS软件建立了该桥墩的三维有限元模型,基于已开展拟静力试验结果验证了该数值模型的精确性,并分析了桥墩的局部损伤、滞回行为、骨架曲线、耗能能力以及预应力筋张拉力、接缝开口等行为。结果表明:该研究建立的数值模型可以较好地再现拟静力结果,混合连接预制拼装桥墩力-位移曲线表现为“旗帜型”;当墩顶偏移率为5%时,墩柱仅出现横向裂缝,无其他明显结构损伤;当承插深度为0.4D时,承台出现轻微裂缝,当承插深度为0.7D时,承台可以提供足够的抗拔力且无明显损伤;外包钢管和钢垫板存在应力集中现象。

挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-(0.2Sr)镁合金的准静态压缩变形行为

采用准静态压缩实验研究了挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-(0.2Sr)镁合金在0.0001~0.33 s^(-1)应变速率范围内的变形行为。结果表明:挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-(0.2Sr)镁合金的流变应力响应行为具有一定的应变速率相关性,具体表现为流变应力随加载应变速率的增加呈现先降低,后增加,再降低的演变趋势。在压缩变形过程中,两种镁合金试样均产生了较为明显的动态应变时效(DSA)。产生DSA所需的临界应变随加载应变速率的增加而增加,且应力-应变曲线的锯齿类型具有强的应变速率相关性。添加Sr元素降低了镁合金沿径向压缩的流变应力,但对DSA行为具有一定的促进作用。相同应变速率下,挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-0.2Sr镁合金产生DSA的临界应变明显较小,且锯齿幅值略大。此外,Sr元素对孪生也具有一定的抑制作用,导致挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-0.2Sr镁合金的孪晶界出现不同程度的扭曲。

挤压AM80-(0.2Sr)镁合金准静态载荷拉-压变形力学响应行为及其不对称性研究

通过室温条件下的准静态拉伸和压缩试验,研究了挤压AM80-(0.2Sr)镁合金拉伸和压缩变形的力学响应行为及不对称性,并探讨了Sr元素对力学响应行为的影响。结果表明:挤压AM80和AM80-0.2Sr镁合金均具有显著的拉-压变形不对称性。挤压AM80和AM80-0.2Sr的拉伸与压缩的屈服强度比b分别为2.06和2.28,拉伸与压缩的极限强度比c分别为0.78和0.81,且拉伸应变硬化率大幅低于压缩变形。此外,在拉伸变形过程中,两镁合金试样均出现了明显的动态应变时效,其锯齿波动由C型逐渐演变为B型。相较于压缩变形,两种镁合金试样在拉伸变形过程中的动态应变时效更明显。适量添加Sr元素有利于提升拉伸的屈服强度和极限强度,但会降低断裂应变以及压缩的屈服强度和极限强度,并抑制拉伸变形过程中的动态应变时效。两种镁合金的断裂失效机制均为微裂纹的形核和穿晶扩展,微裂纹优先在变形较为严重且出现孪晶交叉的晶界处形核,然后沿与拉伸载荷夹角约为45°的方向扩展,直至贯穿多个晶粒。

传统民居木结构柱-插梁透榫插销节点抗震性能试验研究

以传统民居柱-插梁透榫插销榫卯节点为研究对象,结合节点拟静力试验和透榫插销单元剪切试验,分析节点刚度、承载能力、耗能、转动中心的非对称性及其形成机制,讨论不同加载模式对透榫插销单元抗剪性能的影响,进一步推导节点转动刚度和内应力屈服次序.结果表明:透榫插销节点正、负向转动屈服模式分别为插销连接处剪切屈服和榫头上下表面横纹嵌压屈服,对应转动初始刚度和屈服弯矩差异达3倍以上,主要受梁端对柱挤压和木销拉结作用影响;节点屈服后,木销连接处残余变形导致节点拉向转动时拔榫难以复位,梁端与柱表面脱离,仅通过榫头上下表面挤压摩擦产生抵抗弯矩;拉向、拉压循环加载模式下,透榫插销单元失效模式为插销处剪切和弯曲断裂;初始剪切刚度和屈服荷载均高于单调加载,但极限位移仅为单调加载的56%和78%,因插销连接失效对应整体节点极限转角为0.08~0.11 rad.通过分别推导榫头-卯口挤压内力和梁端-柱拉、压内力形成的弯矩,叠加获得节点弯矩-转角关系与试验值吻合良好.

Quasi-static Analysis of Thrust-loaded Angular Contact Ball Bearings Part Ⅰ:Theoretical Formulation

Ball bearings play an important role in various rotating machineries,but the complicated kinematic and tribological features of ball bearings make many aspects of their operating behaviors still inconclusive.Most theoretical analyses of ball bearings up to date are based on either the hypothesis of race control or other empirical models to determine the ball motion of ball bearings,but none of these strategies can reveal and consequently employ the intrinsic coupling mechanism between the spin and the tangential traction of contacting bodies rolling upon one another.To remedy the deficiency of current analytical models for ball bearing analysis,the rolling contact theory is employed to establish an explicit link between motions and interactions within ball bearings.A differential slip model is established to precisely define the slip component due to the significant curvature of the common contact patches between the ball and inner/outer raceways.The creepage and the spin ratio are formulated to accurately define the relative rigid motion between the ball and the inner/outer raceway.Then a quasi-static analytical model is established that can accurately determine the motions of the balls and races of the ball bearing.It can also give a vivid description of the slip and traction distributions within the contact area.The analytical model can be effectively used to analyze the operational conditions and tribological features of solid-lubricated ball bearings.It can also be used optimize the construction of ball bearings for specific applications.

Theoretical research and experimental validation of quasi-static load spectra on bogie frame structures of high-speed trains

One of the major problems in structural fatigue life analysis is establishing structural load spectra under actual operating conditions.This study conducts theoretical research and experimental validation of quasi-static load spectra on bogie frame structures of high-speed trains.The quasistatic load series that corresponds to quasi-static deformation modes are identified according to the structural form and bearing conditions of high-speed train bogie frames.Moreover,a force-measuring frame is designed and manufactured based on the quasi-static load series.The load decoupling model of the quasi-static load series is then established via calibration tests.Quasi-static load–time histories,together with online tests and decoupling analysis,are obtained for the intermediate range of the Beijing—Shanghai dedicated passenger line.The damage consistency calibration of the quasi-static discrete load spectra is performed according to a damage consistency criterion and a genetic algorithm.The calibrated damage that corresponds with the quasi-static discrete load spectra satisfies the safety requirements of bogie frames.

Quasi-static Analysis of Thrust-loaded Angular Contact Ball Bearings Part Ⅱ:Results and Discussion

Ball bearings are widely employed mechanical components characterized by high precision and quality,and usually play important roles in various rotary machines and mechanisms.Many advanced applications require a deep understanding of their various kinematic and tribological characteristics that are essential to predict the fatigue endurance,relieve the vibration and minimize the power dissipation of ball bearings in particular applications.An angular contact ball bearing under a specified operating condition is simulated with the quasi-static/creepage analytical model proposed in the preceding article.The results demonstrate that the ball bearing is a statically determinate system.That the balls spin on both inner and outer races means the ball is controlled by neither the inner nor the outer raceway.The friction between the ball and raceway renders the inner and outer contact angles unequal.The larger the coefficient of friction is,the larger the angle deviation.The tangential traction perpendicular to the rolling direction due to the spin induces a gyro-like rotation of the ball with respect to the raceway even if no inertial effects are considered.The tangential elastic compliance of contacting surfaces gives rise to locked areas within the contact patch and transforms the sliding lines from circles into spirals.The differential slip due to the close conformity of the ball and raceway makes the sliding and traction distributions asymmetric,which will influence the location of the spinning center of the ball with respect to the raceway.The quasi-static/creepage model can be used to reveal the operating behaviors of ball bearings running under steady conditions and to optimize the design of ball bearings for specific applications.

Seismic performance evaluation of an infilled rocking wall frame structure through quasi-static cyclic testing

Earthquake investigations have illustrated that even code-compliant reinforced concrete frames may suffer from soft-story mechanism.This damage mode results in poor ductility and limited energy dissipation.Continuous components offer alternatives that may avoid such failures.A novel infilled rocking wall frame system is proposed that takes advantage of continuous component and rocking characteristics.Previous studies have investigated similar systems that combine a reinforced concrete frame and a wall with rocking behavior used.However,a large-scale experimental study of a reinforced concrete frame combined with a rocking wall has not been reported.In this study,a seismic performance evaluation of the newly proposed infilled rocking wall frame structure was conducted through quasi-static cyclic testing.Critical joints were designed and verified.Numerical models were established and calibrated to estimate frame shear forces.The results evaluation demonstrate that an infilled rocking wall frame can effectively avoid soft-story mechanisms.Capacity and initial stiffness are greatly improved and self-centering behavior is achieved with the help of the infilled rocking wall.Drift distribution becomes more uniform with height.Concrete cracks and damage occurs in desired areas.The infilled rocking wall frame offers a promising approach to achieving seismic resilience.

PEC柱-钢梁摩擦耗能部分自复位组合框架抗震试验研究

为系统研究梁柱采用自复位连接组合框架的抗震机理,选取预拉杆长度设置、PEC柱截面强弱轴布置和柱脚连接方式3个设计参数,设计制作了4榀PEC柱-钢梁梁柱摩擦耗能部分自复位连接组合框架1∶2缩尺试件并进行拟静力抗震试验。通过试验现象观察和数据分析,对试件的滞回特性、抗侧刚度退化、复位能力、滞回耗能等抗震性能进行研究。结果表明:摩擦耗能部分自复位连接通过T形件长圆孔合理设置实现了“设计地震水平阶段实现复位,大震设计水平阶段自复位连接连接转化为伴随出现螺栓承压型受力实现部分自复位”的性能化设计目标;设计地震阶段,试件主要通过辅助摩擦耗能件耗能,且卸载残余侧移小于自复位结构侧移限值(0.3%),在大震作用阶段,试件通过辅助摩擦耗能件与结构构件损伤联合耗能,承载能力仍继续增大,且仍具有部分自复位能力;预拉杆设置有限长度可显著增强结构整体性,PEC柱弱轴布置一定程度上降低了结构整体性,而PEC柱脚采用铰接可显著削弱结构整体性。

三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂浸渍改性对杉木压缩吸能特性的影响

采用质量分数为8%的三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin,MUF)树脂溶液浸渍处理杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata),通过准静态大变形压缩测试,考察杉木改性前后的压缩破坏模式、力学性能和压缩吸能特性等。结果表明:在改性材增重率为33.22%时,抗湿胀率达64.44%,尺寸稳定性得到改善;改性处理未影响杉木的压缩破坏形态,纵向主要为纤维屈曲和撕裂,径向主要为早晚材逐层压溃破坏,弦向主要呈火柴棍状破坏;改性材弹性模量和破坏强度提高,横纹平台应力显著增大,顺纹平台应力略有降低,致密化应变减小,纵向和横向之间的差异减小;改性材径向和弦向的单位体积吸能值分别增加了30%和17%,顺纹压缩吸能值及最大吸能效率则显著降低。低质量分数的MUF树脂浸渍处理可改善杉木的尺寸稳定性,缩小其纵向和横向之间的能量吸收差异。

Theoretical analysis on quasi-static lateral compression of elliptical tube between two rigid plates

Based on the rigid plastic theory; the load-deflection functions with and without considering the effect of strain hardening are respectively derived for an elliptical tube under quasi-static compression by two parallel rigid plates. The non-dimensional load-deflection responses predicted by the present theory and the finite element simula- tions are compared, and the favorable agreement is found. The results show that strain hardening may have a noticeable influence on the load-deflection curves of an elliptical tube under quasi-static compression. Compared with the circular counterpart, the ellip- tical tube exhibits different energy absorption behavior due to the difference between the major axis and the minor axis. When loaded along the major axis of a slightly oval tube, a relative even and long plateau region of the load-deflection curve is achieved, which is especially desirable for the design of energy absorbers.

Failure behavior of highly stressed rocks under quasi-static and intensive unloading conditions

Unloading failure of rocks,especially highly stressed rocks,is one of the key issues in construction of underground structures.Based on this,analytical models for rocks under quasi-static and intensive unloading conditions are established to study the failure behavior of highly stressed rocks.In case of rock failure under quasi-static unloading,the rock mass ahead of working face is regarded as an elasto-brittle material,and the stress-displacement curves are used to characterize the tensile fracture of peak-stress area.It is observed that,when intensive unloading happens,there is an elastic unloading wave（perturbation wave） propagating in the rock mass.If the initial stress exceeds the critical stress,there will be a fracture wave,following the elastic unloading wave.To study the propagation feature of fracture wave,the conservation laws of mass,momentum and energy are employed.Results show that the post-peak deformation,strength and energy dissipation are essential to the failure process of highly stressed rocks.

Microstructure and Quasi-Static Mechanical Behavior of Cryoforged AA2519 Alloy

In this study, AA2519 alloy was initially processed by multi axial forging (MAF) at room and cryogenic temperatures. Subsequently, the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of the processed samples under quasi-static loading were investigated to determine the influence of cryogenic forging on alloys’ subgrains dimensions, grain boundaries interactions, strength, ductility and toughness. In addition, the failure mechanisms at the tensile rupture surfaces were characterized using scanning electron micro-scope (SEM). The results show significant improvements in the strength, ductility and toughness of the alloy as a result of the cryogenic MAF process. The formation of nanoscale crystallite microstructure, heavily deformed grains with high density of grain boundaries and second phase breakage to finer particles were characterized as the main reasons for the increase in the mechanical properties of the cryogenic forged samples. The cryogenic processing of the alloy resulted in the formation of an ultrafine grained material with tensile strength and toughness that are ~41% and ~80% higher respectively after 2 cycles MAF when compared with the materials processed at ambient temperature. The fractography analysis on the tested materials shows a substantial ductility improvement in the cryoforged (CF) samples when compared to the room temperature forged (RTF) samples which is in alignment with their stress-strain profiles. However, extended forging at higher cycles than 2 cycles led only to increase in strength at the expense of ductility for both the CF and RTF samples.